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The increasing exploitation of fossil resources needs to shift people's attention to developing unconventional reservoir resources. Polyacrylamide-based emulsion drag reducers can effectively reduce the turbulence of fracturing fluid and improve oil recovery, but their release effect is poor, which limits their practical application. Here, we constructed a pH-responsive inverse polymer emulsion of poly(acrylamide-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid). Interestingly, HOA/Tween 80 exhibits remarkable pH-responsive behavior, which enables the monomer emulsion to change the type of emulsion under pH stimulation. Our results propose that the P(AM-AMPS) polymer emulsion is eluted with the same aqueous phase as the W/O P(AM-AMPS) polymer emulsion, thereby achieving the effect of drag reduction. P(AM-AMPS) can be rapidly released from the inverse polymer emulsion within 70 s upon pH stimulation, the drag reduction rate of which was 60.4%. Obviously, the inverse polymer emulsion prepared by a pH-responsive surfactant not only has good stability but also can achieve rapid release of the polymer upon pH stimulation, which supplies an interesting indication to explain why a balance exists between the stability of the emulsion and release of P(AM-AMPS).
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As a new pollutant treatment technology, microbial fuel cell (MFC) has a broad prospect. In this article, the devices assembled using walnut shells are named biochar-microbial fuel cell (B-MFC), and the devices assembled using graphene are named graphene-microbial fuel cell (G-MFC). Under the condition of an external resistance of 1,000 Ω, the B-MFC with biochar as the electrode plate can generate a voltage of up to 75.26 mV. The maximum power density is 76.61 mW/m2, and the total internal resistance is 3,117.09 Ω. The removal efficiency of B-MFC for ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) was higher than that of G-MFC. The results of microbial analysis showed that there was more operational taxonomic unit (OTU) on the walnut shell biochar electrode plate. The final analysis of the two electrode materials using BET specific surface area testing method (BET) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the pore size of walnut shell biochar was smaller, the specific surface area was larger, and the pore distribution was smoother. The results show that using walnut shells to make electrode plates is an optional waste recycling method and an electrode plate with excellent development prospects.
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Fuentes de Energía Bioeléctrica , Carbón Orgánico , Electrodos , Grafito , Juglans , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Juglans/química , Carbón Orgánico/química , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Grafito/química , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Nitrógeno/química , Fósforo/químicaRESUMEN
To achieve the green, sustainable, and controllable recovery of oil-water resources and to address the limited functionality of single superwet materials in oil-water separation, this study reports a multifunctional oil-water separation strategy by compositing the underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic materials (HS). The underwater superoleophobic quartz sands with an oil contact angle of 152.68° were prepared by adjusting the particle size. This material demonstrated a water flux of 4688 L m-2 h-1 and a low-density oil and water mixture separation efficiency of 98.6%, which remained above 97.9% over 50 cycles. It was effective in separating oil-in-water emulsions with a separation efficiency of >99%. For HS, quartz sands were modified with dodecyltrimethoxysilane. The optimized HS-4 exhibited superhydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of 157.06°. It achieved an oil flux of 5775 L m-2 h-1 and a water and dichloromethane mixture separation efficiency of 98.4%. Additionally, they exhibited significant potential in the separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Furthermore, by placing the underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic units at the bottom of the filter, we achieved cyclic separation of high-density oil and water mixtures, low-density oil and water mixtures, water-in-oil emulsions, and oil-in-water emulsions. The separation efficiency consistently exceeded 96.5% over 10 cycles. In addition, the oil-water separation mechanism of underwater oleophobic and underoil hydrophobic materials was demonstrated by the relative concentration distribution of water and oil with molecular dynamics simulations. This intelligent oil-water separation method marks a significant advancement in the sustainable separation of diverse oil-water mixtures.
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Purpose: To identify the key mental health and improvement factors in hospital administrators working from home during COVID-19 normalization prevention and control. Methods: The survey was conducted from May to June 2023, and the practical experiences of 33 hospital administrators were collected using purposive sampling. The study examined a set of mental health factor systems. The relationship structure between the factors was constructed using the Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. Finally, the structure was transformed using the influence weight of each factor via the DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process. Results: Regarding influence weight, the key mental health factors of hospital administrators are mainly "lack of coordination," "time management issues," and "work-life imbalances." The influential network relation map shows that improvements can be made by addressing "improper guidelines," "laziness due to being at home," and "job insecurity" because they are the main sources of influence. The reliability level of the results for the network structure and weight was 98.79% (i.e., the gap was 1.12% < 5%). Conclusion: The network analysis model based on DEMATEL proposed in this study can evaluate the mental health factors of hospital administrators during the pandemic period from a multidimensional and multidirectional perspective and may help improve mental health problems and provide suggestions for hospital administrators.
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Administradores de Hospital , Salud Mental , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Proyectos de Investigación , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Age-related functional deterioration in skeletal muscle raises the risk for falls, disability, and mortality in the elderly, particularly in obese people or those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, the response of the skeletal muscle to transitioning from obesity to diabetes remains poorly defined, despite that obesity is classified as a stage of pre-diabetes. We screened and selected spontaneously obese and diabetic rhesus monkeys and examined altered protein expression in skeletal muscle of healthy aging (CON), obesity aging (OB), and type 2 diabetes mellitus aging (T2D) rhesus monkeys using Tandem Mass Tags (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis. In total, we identified 142 differentially expressed proteins. Muscle-nerve communication proteins were firstly suppressed at obese-stage. With the disintegration of skeletal muscle, mitochondrial complex I and other energy homeostasis relate proteins were significantly disordered at T2D stage. Indicating that aging related obesity suppressed muscle-nerve communication and contribute to T2D related functional deterioration of skeletal muscles in elderly rhesus monkeys. Some alterations of muscular functional regulator are detected in both obesity and T2D samples, suggesting some T2D related skeletal muscular hypofunctions are occurring at obesity or pre-obesity stage. Muscle-nerve communication proteins and muscular function related proteins could be potential therapy target or early diagnose marker of for skeletal muscular hypofunctions in aging obesity populations.
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The enormous demand for petroleum consumption has resulted in the shortage of fossil resources, prompting the need to explore unconventional reservoirs. Polyacrylamide emulsion drag reducers are capable of inhibiting the turbulence of fracturing fluids for enhancing the reservoir stimulation results, but the poor dissolution efficiency of polyacrylamide emulsion drag reducers is the primary limitation to their large-scale application. Here, a pH-responsive ionic liquid surfactant, oleic acid/cyclohexanediamine (HOA/HMDA), is synthesized by using oleic acid (HOA) and cyclohexanediamine (HMDA). HOA/HMDA shows a remarkable pH-responsive behavior due to the pH-induced deconstruction of the HOA/HMDA structure. Interestingly, the HOA/HMDA-stabilized monomer emulsion exhibits an obvious pH-induced emulsion structure transformation behavior. In addition, the HOA/HMDA-stabilized monomer emulsion possesses excellent dynamic and storage stability, supporting the inverse emulsion polymerization of the polymer P(AM/AMPS/AA). The obtained P(AM/AMPS/AA) polymer inverse emulsions maintained stability for 30 days. Our finding proposes that the structure of the P(AM/AMPS/AA) polymer inverse emulsions changes with pH stimulation, which is capable of facilitating the release of polymers. P(AM/AMPS/AA) is released from the P(AM/AMPS/AA) polymer inverse emulsions within 30 s at a pH value of 12.06, along with a drag reduction rate of 62.54%. Obviously, the HOA/HMDA-stabilized P(AM/AMPS/AA) polymer inverse emulsions eliminate the contradiction between the stability and release of polyacrylamide emulsion drag reducers, which is promising for meeting the demands of reservoir stimulation.
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Although stimuli-responsive microemulsions (MEMs) consisting of water, oil and surfactants have found extensive potential applications in industrial fields, a responsive MEM exhibiting either macroscale superlubricity or two friction states where its coefficient of friction (CoF) can be switched by more than one order of magnitude has not yet been reported. Moreover, although traditional liquid superlubricants can provide ultralow friction and wear, effective control over the friction between two contacting surfaces is crucial for both achieving accurate control of the operation of an instrument and fabricating smart devices. Here we create a thermo- and magneto-responsive MEM capable of providing superlubrication for metallic materials in a broad temperature range from -30 to 20 °C using n-hexane, water, surfactant DDACe ((C12H25)2N+(CH3)2[CeCl4]-) and ethylene glycol. The MEM can abruptly and dramatically switch its CoF by approximately 25 fold based on a thermally reversible MEM-emulsion (EM) transition. Its anti-freezing performance allows it to provide effective lubrication even when the surrounding temperature attains as low as -60 °C. Together with its facile preparation, ultrahigh colloidal stability and magnetically controlled migration, such a novel smart MEM is envisioned to find widespread applications in materials science.
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Photocatalysis is an effective technique to remove antibiotic residues from aquatic environments. Typical metal sulfides like Zn3 In2 S6 have been applied to a wide range of photocatalytic applications. However, there are currently no readily accessible methods to increase its antibiotic-degrading activity. Here, a facile hydrothermal approach is developed for the preparation of flower-like Zn3 In2 S6 with tunable sulfur lattice defects. Photogenerated carriers can be separated and transferred more easily when there is an adequate amount of lattice defects. Moreover, lattice defect-induced electronic modulation enhances light utilization and adsorption properties. The modified Zn3 In2 S6 demonstrates outstanding photocatalytic degradation activity for levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. This work sheds light on exploring metal sulfides with sulfur lattice defects for enhancing photocatalytic activity.
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Long running-in period and corrosion problems have greatly hindered the practical applications of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lubricants. In this work, benzotriazole group-terminated carbon dots (BT-CDs) were specifically synthesized through a facile solvothermal method. The benzotriazole groups on BT-CD surfaces not only imparted them excellent dispersibility in the PEG base oil but also brought in outstanding anticorrosion ability for BT-CDs. With the aid of the coordination effects between benzotriazole groups and metal atoms, the BT-CDs could quickly and solidly adsorb onto the steel surface to form a dense adsorption layer, which resulted in an amazing phenomenon, i.e., the disappearance of the running-in period for the friction test. Adding 5.0 wt % BT-CDs reduced the friction and wear of PEG200 by 49.16 and 49.52%, respectively. When the duration was prolonged from 20 to 120 min, these values were further enlarged to 53.77 and 60.71%. The worn surface characterization demonstrated that the BT-CDs induced the generation of robust lubricating films on the frictional interfaces, accounting for their distinguished tribological performance. Considering the superior anticorrosion ability and the potential possibility of avoiding the running-in period, the BT-CDs are expected to be developed as particularly promising additives toward PEG.
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Heparanase (HPSE), an endo-ß-D-glucuronidase, cleaves heparan sulfate and serves an important role in the tumor microenvironment and thus in tumorigenesis. HPSE is known to promote tumor cell evasion of apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism of this requires further study. In the present study, the results demonstrated that myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1), an antiapoptotic protein, and HPSE were upregulated in prostate cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. In addition, the HPSE inhibitor, OGT 2115, inhibited PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 20.2 and 97.2 µM, respectively. Furthermore, annexin V/PI double-staining assays demonstrated that OGT 2115 induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. OGT 2115 treatment markedly decreased MCL-1 protein expression levels, whereas RNA interference-mediated downregulation of MCL-1 and OGT 2115 drug treatment synergistically induced apoptosis in PC-3 and DU-145 cells. In vivo, OGT 2115 40 mg/kg (ig) significantly inhibited PC-3 cell xenograft growth in nude mice and increased the positive TUNEL staining rate of xenograft tissues. It was therefore hypothesized that MCL-1 was an important signaling molecule in OGT 2115-induced apoptosis. The results of the present study also demonstrated that the proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, markedly inhibited the downregulation of MCL-1 protein expression levels induced by OGT 2115. However, the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, did not affect the role of OGT 2115 in regulating MCL-1. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that the proapoptotic activity of OGT 2115 was achieved by downregulating MCL-1.
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Wormlike micelles (WLMs) are highly sensitive to alkanes, resulting in structural destruction and loss of viscosity. Therefore, the study of WLMs against alkanes holds great significant importance. Surface-active ionic liquids have shown increasing promise for different situations for customizing molecular structures with the specialty of flexible functional assembly. In this paper, we found that WLMs constructed from the long-chain fatty acid surface-active ionic liquid (N,N-dimethylbenzylamine-oleic acid, abbreviated as BD-OA) exhibit strengthened viscoelasticity with the introduction of alkanes, expanding the resistance range to alkane damage. Here, the rheological behavior, microstructure, and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations of BD-OA WLMs were investigated at macro-, micro-, and mesoscopic scales, before (and after) the introduction of alkane. Our findings confirm the structural transformation of the micellar system from WLMs to lamellar micelles with higher viscoelasticity after alkane induction. The rearrangement of the micelle configuration may be attributed to the infiltration of alkane molecules into the fence layer formed by the BD-OA WLMs, leading to an increase in the boundary accumulation parameter and ultimately resulting in the formation of lower curvature lamellar micelles. More importantly, the against alkanes BD-OA WLMs have exhibited excellent in enhanced oil recovery, which has a promise for substituting common oil-displacing agents in tertiary oil recovery processes.
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Additional hydrophilic surfactants are generally introduced into W/O emulsion drag reducer systems to enhance the dissolution capacity of polymers. The hydrophilic surfactants may decrease the stability of W/O emulsion, which leads to deterioration of polymer emulsions in the storage and transport process instead. Herein, a pH-switchable surfactant, N-(2-morpholinoethyl) oleamide (NMEO) was designed for stabilizing a W/O emulsion drag reducer. The surface activity and solubility changes occurring at pH < 6 of NMEO guaranteed the phase inversion from W/O to O/W of emulsions upon pH stimulation. Based on optimal conditions (oil-water ratio of 0.429, NMEO concentration of 3 wt%, and pH of 6.5), the inverse emulsion polymerization of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid-co-2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) was proceeded to obtain a W/O polymer emulsion with the pH-switchable behavior. It was demonstrated that the polymer emulsions were provided with prolonged storage stability by NMEO and could be stored for at least 30 days due to the absence of hydrophilic surfactants. The polymers were released and completely dissolved within 2.5 min by pH stimulation, compared with traditional emulsion polymers and powder polymers that require 4 and 17 min, respectively. In addition, the emulsion drag reducer prepared by NMEO provided drag-reduction performance of 64.67% at 0.021 wt% concentration. The pH-switchable behavior of NMEO promotes the validity of W/O polymer emulsions along with the capacity of rapid release and solubilization, which eliminates the imbalance between the long-term storage stability and rapid solubility of traditional drag reducers. Thus, NMEO-stabilized emulsion drag reducers are expected to be a promising alternative for traditional products.
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The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has been increasing over the last 50 years worldwide. A higher rate of overdiagnosis in indolent thyroid lesions has resulted in unnecessary treatment. An accurate detection of TC at an early stage is highly demanded. We aim to develop an enhanced isobaric labeling-based high-throughput plasma quantitative proteomics to identify biomarkers in a discovery cohort. Selected candidates were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the training cohort and validation cohort. In total, 1063 proteins were quantified, and 129 proteins were differentially expressed between patients and healthy subjects. Serum levels of ISG15 and PLXNB2 were significantly elevated in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) or thyroid adenoma, compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001) and patients with nodular goiter (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of combined markers (ISG15 and PLXNB2) significantly distinguished PTC from healthy control (HC) subjects. Similar differentiations were also found between thyroid adenoma and HC subjects. Notably, this combined marker could distinguish stage-I PTC from HC subjects (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.872). Our results revealed that ISG15 and PLXNB2 are independent diagnostic biomarkers for PTC and thyroid adenoma, showing a promising value for the early detection of PTC.
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BACKGROUND: Both pathological and normal processes depend on proteins. In this study, plasma protein profiles were analyzed by a novel proximity extension assay (PEA) to identify potential pathogenic mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers in patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: In this study, we identified a total of 92 plasma proteins using the Olink Target 96 Cardiovascular III panel in a cohort consisting of 30 healthy controls (HC), 28 patients with unstable angina (UA) and 30 patients with AMI. Subsequently, we conducted a differential expression analysis to identify protein molecules that were specifically expressed in patients with AMI. To gain insights into the potential functional mechanisms of these differentially expressed molecules, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Following that, the utilization of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression facilitated the identification of potential protein biomarkers, enabling the differentiation between AMI and UA. A diagnostic model was subsequently developed through logistic regression, and the effectiveness of these markers was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Ultimately, the diagnostic capabilities of these potential biomarkers were validated in an independent validation cohort consisting of 30 UA cases and 30 AMI cases. RESULTS: In this study, a comprehensive analysis of plasma proteins identified a total of 92 proteins. Further analysis using analysis of variance revealed that 25 proteins exhibited specific expression in the AMI group compared to the HC and UA groups. Additionally, KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these differentially expressed proteins were primarily associated with the activation of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and GnRH signaling pathway. AGRP, TGM2, IL6, GH1, and CA5A were identified through LASSO regression as prospective protein biomarkers for distinguishing between UA and AMI. The diagnostic model comprising these five proteins exhibited exceptional performance in both the discovery and validation datasets, surpassing AUC values of 0.9. CONCLUSION: The findings of our study provide additional insights into the involvement of the inflammatory response and AKT cascade response in the development of AMI. Moreover, we have identified potential protein markers that could be utilized for the accurate diagnosis of AMI. These results offer a fresh perspective for clinical decision-making in the context of AMI.
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Infarto del Miocardio , Proteómica , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , BiomarcadoresRESUMEN
The phenomenon of droplets impacting elastic surfaces is common in nature and in many engineering applications. It has been shown that droplet impact on an elastic surface drastically reduces droplet contact time and hinders droplet spreading. However, most of the current studies are based on experiments, and the analysis of the influence mechanism of the elastic substrate on the dynamic behavior of droplets is not complete. In addition, the simulations of droplet impact on elastic substrates are mainly focused on 2D elastic films or vibrating rigid substrates, ignoring the effect of 3D elastic substrate deformation on the droplet dynamic behavior. Therefore, in this paper, we propose to model the droplet impact on a 3D hydrophobic elastic substrate using the molecular dynamics method. We find that droplet pancake rebound can substantially reduce the droplet contact time. Moreover, we record the conditions required for the pancake rebound of the droplet. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of the elastic modulus of the substrate and the initial velocity of the droplet on the droplet contact time, contact area, and spreading factor. This study further elucidates the influence mechanism of the elastic substrate on the dynamic behavior of the droplet and provides theoretical guidance for regulating the dynamic behavior of the droplet in related fields.
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Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has shown high sensitivity to diagnose breast cancer. However, few computer-aided algorithms focus on employing DCE-MR images for breast cancer diagnosis due to the lack of publicly available DCE-MRI datasets. To address this issue, our work releases a new DCE-MRI dataset called BreastDM for breast tumor segmentation and classification. In particular, a dataset of 232 patients selected with DCE-MR images for benign and malignant cases is established. Each case consists of three types of sequences: pre-contrast, post-contrast, and subtraction sequences. To show the difficulty of breast DCE-MRI tumor image segmentation and classification tasks, benchmarks are achieved by state-of-the-art image segmentation and classification algorithms, including conventional hand-crafted based methods and recently-emerged deep learning-based methods. More importantly, a local-global cross attention fusion network (LG-CAFN) is proposed to further improve the performance of breast tumor images classification. Specifically, LG-CAFN achieved the highest accuracy (88.20%, 83.93%) and AUC value (0.9154,0.8826) in both groups of experiments. Extensive experiments are conducted to present strong baselines based on various typical image segmentation and classification algorithms. Experiment results also demonstrate the superiority of the proposed LG-CAFN to other breast tumor images classification methods. The related dataset and evaluation codes are publicly available at smallboy-code/Breast-cancer-dataset.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Neoplasias Mamarias Animales , Humanos , Animales , Femenino , Medios de Contraste , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Mama/diagnóstico por imagen , Mama/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , AlgoritmosRESUMEN
Background: Owing to the lack of valid biomarkers, the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis relies solely on the behavioral phenotypes of children. Several researchers have suggested an association between ASD and inflammation; however, the complex relationship between the two is unelucidated to date. Therefore, the current study aims to comprehensively identify novel circulating ASD inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: Olink proteomics was applied to compare the plasma inflammation-related protein changes in a group of the healthy children (HC, n = 33) and another with ASD (n = 31). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were calculated. The functional analysis of the DEPs was performed using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes. Pearson correlation tests were used employed to analyze the correlation between the DEPs and clinical features. Results: A total of 13 DEPs were significantly up-regulated in the ASD group compared with the HC group. The four proteins, namely, STAMBP, ST1A1, SIRT2, and MMP-10 demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy with the corresponding AUCs (95% confidence interval, CI) of 0.7218 (0.5946-0.8489), 0.7107 (0.5827-0.8387), 0.7016 (0.5713-0.8319), and 0.7006 (0.568-0.8332). Each panel of STAMBP and any other differential protein demonstrated a better classification performance [AUC values from 0.7147 (0.5858-0.8436, STAMBP/AXIN1) to 0.7681 (0.6496-0.8867, STAMBP/MMP-10)]. These DEP profiles were enriched in immune and inflammatory response pathways, including TNF and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. The interaction between STAMBP and SIRT2 (R = 0.97, p = 8.52 × 10-39) was found to be the most significant. In addition, several DEPs related to clinical features in patients with ASD, particularly AXIN1 (R = 0.36, p = 0.006), SIRT2 (R = 0.34, p = 0.010) and STAMBP (R = 0.34, p = 0.010), were positively correlated with age and parity, indicating that older age and higher parity may be the inflammation-related clinical factors in ASD. Conclusion: Inflammation plays a crucial role in ASD, and the up-regulated inflammatory proteins may serve as potential early diagnostic biomarkers for ASD.
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Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) have been applied to colloidal systems such as microemulsions, despite the development of stimulus-responsive HDESs still being in a preliminary stage. Here, menthol and indole were hydrogen bonded to form CO2-responsiveness HDES. A surfactant-free microemulsion constituted of HDES (menthol-indole) as the hydrophobic phase, water as the hydrophilic phase, and ethanol as the double solvent was demonstrated to be CO2- and temperature-responsive. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) proved the single-phase region of the phase diagram, while conductivity and polarity probing techniques confirmed the kind of microemulsion. The ternary phase diagram and DLS methods were used to investigate the responsiveness of CO2 and effect temperature on the microemulsion drop size and behavior of the phase of the HDES/water/ethanol microemulsion. The findings revealed that when temperature increased, the homogeneous phase region increased. The droplet size in the homogeneous phase region of the associated microemulsion may be reversibly and accurately adjusted by adjusting the temperature. Surprisingly, a slight temperature change can cause a significant phase inversion. Furthermore, in the system, there was no demulsification in time for the CO2/N2 responsiveness process but rather the production of a homogeneous and pellucid aqueous solution.
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In order to solve problems such as environmental pollution and pipeline blockage caused by oily wastewater after washing, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) with CO2 response was selected as the oil phase, and an O/W microemulsion wellbore cleaning fluid with CO2 switching characteristics was successfully prepared with erucamide propyl betaine (EAB-40), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), n-butanol, silicone defoamer, and water. The water content of the microemulsion was 89.99%, and it had good stability at 40 and -5 °C. The emulsion was rapidly demulsified after being injected with CO2 in the CO2-repurification microemulsion detergent, and CO2 was removed with a N2 detergent. The emulsion was restored to its original state, which demonstrated the CO2/N2 switching properties of the emulsion. It is proven that the switching microemulsion has a good wetting transformation ability by cleaning the steel sheet and quartz sheet contaminated by oil-based slurry. The switching microemulsion system can clean the simulated wellbore contaminated by oil-based slurry, and the cleaning efficiency is above 99%. CO2 can be used at room temperature to separate oil and water from oily wastewater after cleaning.
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Current evidence on digital health interventions is disproportionately concerned with high-income countries and hospital settings. This scoping review evaluates the extent of use and effectiveness of digital health interventions for non-communicable disease (NCD) management in primary healthcare settings of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and identifies factors influencing digital health interventions' uptake. We use PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science search results from January 2010 to 2021. Of 8866 results, 52 met eligibility criteria (31 reviews, 21 trials). Benchmarked against World Health Organization's digital health classifications, only 14 out of 28 digital health intervention categories are found, suggesting critical under-use and lagging innovation. Digital health interventions' effectiveness vary across outcomes: clinical (mixed), behavioral (positively inclined), and service implementation outcomes (clear effectiveness). We further identify multiple factors influencing digital health intervention uptake, including political commitment, interactivity, user-centered design, and integration with existing systems, which points to future research and practices to invigorate digital health interventions for NCD management in primary health care of LMICs.