HS-SPME-GC-MS untargeted metabolomics reveals key volatile compound changes during Liupao tea fermentation.

This study used headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis to comprehensively analyze the volatile components in Liupao tea samples throughout fermentation. In total, 1009 volatile organic compounds were detected and identified, including terpenoids, heterocyclic compounds, esters, ketones, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics, and acids. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses, characterize the volatile components of Liupao tea samples were characterized at various fermentation stages. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis identified 248 differentiating compounds (VIP ≥ 1, P < 0.05, and |Log2FC| ≥ 1.0) during fermentation. K-means clustering analysis showed that 11 metabolites increased significantly throughout the fermentation process, whereas 31 metabolites decreased continuously. Annotation of these differential compounds revealed significant changes in sensory flavor characteristics in "green, sweet, fruity, floral, and woody" flavors. The results demonstrated significant variations in the volatile components of Liupao tea fermentation, along with notable changes in flavor characteristics.

Aneuploid embryonic stem cells drive teratoma metastasis.

Aneuploidy, a deviation of the chromosome number from euploidy, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. High levels of aneuploidy are generally correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis in cancer patients. However, the causality of aneuploidy in cancer metastasis remains to be explored. Here we demonstrate that teratomas derived from aneuploid murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but not from isogenic diploid ESCs, disseminated to multiple organs, for which no additional copy number variations were required. Notably, no cancer driver gene mutations were identified in any metastases. Aneuploid circulating teratoma cells were successfully isolated from peripheral blood and showed high capacities for migration and organ colonization. Single-cell RNA sequencing of aneuploid primary teratomas and metastases identified a unique cell population with high stemness that was absent in diploid ESCs-derived teratomas. Further investigation revealed that aneuploid cells displayed decreased proteasome activity and overactivated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during differentiation, thereby restricting the degradation of proteins produced from extra chromosomes in the ESC state and causing differentiation deficiencies. Noticeably, both proteasome activator Oleuropein and ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA can effectively inhibit aneuploid teratoma metastasis.

Epidemiology and determinants of Clonorchis sinensis infection: A community-based study in southeastern China.

Clonorchiasis is caused by the ingestion of raw freshwater fish and causes high burden in East Asia. The epidemiological profiles and determinants of C. sinensis infection, knowledge, practice and attitude related to clonorchiasis were demonstrated in Hengxian county, Guangxi, China. The overall prevalence of C. sinensis was 60.3%, which was higher in male than in female and in elder population compared to children. The percentage knowing local transmission, transmission route and harm of C. sinensis was 20.9%, 31.4% and 32.5%. A percentage of 60.4% reported ingestion of raw freshwater fish, while 70.1% persons would like to accept treatment if infected with C. sinensis. Of the individuals ingesting raw freshwater fish, 82.0% did at home and 81.3% drunk alcohol when ingesting raw freshwater fish. Sixty-two percent showed the persistence on ingestion of raw freshwater fish in future. The ingestion of raw freshwater fish varied by seasons, with a proportion of 57.8% in spring, 48.3% in summer, 60.2% in autumn and 92.2% in winter. In multivariable regression models, age groups, history with C. sinensis treatment, and frequency on ingesting raw freshwater fish were related to C. sinensis infection, while gender, educational level, history with C. sinensis infection, and knowing local transmission were related to the practice of ingesting raw freshwater fish. Gender, history with C. sinensis treatment, frequency on ingesting raw freshwater fish, duration of ingesting raw freshwater fish and drinking alcohol when ingesting raw freshwater fish were associated to the attitude to the ingestion of raw freshwater fish in future. Great efforts are needed to combat clonorchiasis, in which the heterogeneity of population in knowledge, practice, attitude and infection needs to be considered. Men are of crucial importance in term of the morbidity control through chemotherapy. Meanwhile, massive education is expected to implement, which needs to promote the change of ingesting raw freshwater fish for sustainable control of clonorchiasis.

Severe hepatobiliary morbidity is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection: The evidence from a cross-sectional community study.

Clonorchis sinensis infection is highly prevalent in Asia. Diverse hepatobiliary morbidity has been documented for C. sinensis infection. This study aimed to assess the association between C. sinensis infection and hepatobiliary morbidity, taking into consideration of the control, confounders and infection intensity. A cross-sectional community survey was implemented in Hengxian county, southeastern China. Helminth infections were detected by fecal examination. Physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography were then conducted. After excluding confounding effects from gender, age and alcohol drinking, quantitative association between C. sinensis infection and hepatobiliary morbidity was assessed, and the effect from infection intensity was also evaluated, through adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). 696 villagers older than 10 years were enrolled. The prevalence and infection intensity of C. sinensis were higher in male, elder people and the individuals consuming alcohol. Light C. sinensis infection was associated with the increase of diarrhoea (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). C. sinensis infection was associated with the increase of fatty liver (aOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4-5.2), and the effect was similar in different infection intensities. Moderate C. sinensis infection was associated with the increase of gallbladder stone (aOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.1-8.6), while moderate and heavy infections with the increase of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.0-4.9 and aOR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.9-9.9, respectively). C. sinensis infection had an effect on the development of periductal fibrosis (aOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.1-4.9), which showed increasing trend by infection intensity. The length and width of gallbladder in those with C. sinensis infection were enlarged, especially in those over 30 years old. C. sinensis infection is significantly associated with hepatobiliary morbidity. The occurrence of some morbidity was strongly related to the infection intensity. Awareness on harm of clonorchiasis should be raised both for policy-makers and villagers to adopt effective interventions.

Increasing prevalence and intensity of foodborne clonorchiasis, Hengxian County, China, 1989-2011.

During 1989-2011, three parasitic disease surveys were conducted in Hengxian County, China, where soil-transmitted helminthiases and foodborne clonorchiasis are endemic. We compared the data and found that the prevalence of helminthiases decreased and the prevalence and intensity of clonorchiasis increased over time, especially among men. Clonorchiasis control/intervention measures are urgently needed in this area.