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The authenticity of fish products has become a widespread issue in markets due to substitution and false labeling. Lipidomics combined with chemometrics enables the fraudulence identification of food through the analysis of a large amount of data. This study utilized ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-QE Orbitrap MS technology to comprehensively analyze the lipidomics of commercially available basa catfish and sole fish. In positive and negative ion modes, a total of 779 lipid molecules from 21 lipid subclasses were detected, with phospholipid molecules being the most abundant, followed by glycerides molecules. Significant differences in the lipidome fingerprinting between the two fish species were observed. A total of 165 lipid molecules were screened out as discriminative features to distinguish between basa catfish and sole fish, such as TAG(16:0/16:0/18:1), PC(14:0/22:3), and TAG(16:1/18:1/18:1), etc. This study could provide valuable insights into authenticating aquatic products through comprehensive lipidomics analysis, contributing to quality control and consumer protection in the food industry.
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Larimichthys crocea (LYC) holds significant economic value as a marine fish species. However, inaccuracies in labeling its origin can adversely affect consumer interests. Herein, a laser assisted rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (LA-REIMS) and machine learning (ML) was developed for geographical authentication. When compared to iKnife, the LA demonstrated to be superior owing to reduced thermal damage to sample tissue, enhanced automation, and ease of use. Analysis of LYC from six distinct geographical origins across China revealed a total of 798 ions, which were then subjected to six classifiers to establish ML models. Following hyperparameter optimization and feature engineering, the Chi2(15%)-KNN model exhibited the highest training and testing accuracy, achieving 98.4 ± 0.9% and 98.5 ± 1.4%, respectively. This LA-REIMS/ML methodology offers a rapid, accurate, and intelligent solution for tracing the origin of LYC, thereby providing valuable technical support for the establishment of traceability systems in the aquatic product industry.
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In this study, an enzymatic reaction was developed for synthesizing pure triacylglycerols (TAG) with a high content of palmitoleic acid (POA) using fish byproduct oil. The characteristics of synthesized structural TAGs rich in POA (POA-TAG) were analyzed in detail through ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry. Optimal conditions were thoroughly investigated and determined for reaction systems, including the use of Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435, 15 wt % lipase loading, substrate mass ratio of 1:3, and water content of 2.5 and 0.5 wt %, respectively, resulting in yields of 67.50 and 67.45% for POA-TAG, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that TAG 16:1/16:1/20:4, TAG 16:1/16:1/16:1, TAG 16:1/16:1/18:1, and TAG 16:0/16:1/18:1 were the main variables in Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 enzyme-catalyzed products under different water content conditions. Finally, the fate of POA-TAG across the gastrointestinal tract was simulated using an in vitro digestion model. The results showed that the maximum release of free fatty acids and apparent rate constants were 71.44% and 0.0347 s-1, respectively, for POA-TAG lipids, and the physical and structural characteristics during digestion depended on their microenvironments. These findings provide a theoretical basis for studying the rational design of POA-structural lipids and exploring the nutritional and functional benefits of POA products.
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Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados , Aceites de Pescado , Agua , Triglicéridos/química , Aceites de Pescado/química , DigestiónRESUMEN
Temperature fluctuations occurring during the cold chain logistics of salmon contribute to lipid oxidation. This study aimed to simulate cold chain interruption through freeze-thaw operations and evaluate the lipidomics data from salmon samples subjected to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles by using rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) combined with an intelligent surgical knife (iKnife). The results indicated significant differences in the relative abundance of characteristic ions among the samples (p < 0.05). A total of 34 ions with variable importance for the projection values ≥1 were identified as potential biomarkers, including m/z 719.4233 ([PCC36:5-NH(CH3)3]-), m/z 337.3134 ([FAC22:1]-), m/z 720.4666 ([PEC35:6-H]-), m/z 309.2780 ([FAC20:1]-), m/z 777.4985 ([PCC40:4-NH(CH3)3]-), m/z 745.4421 ([PCC38:6-NH(CH3)3]-/[PEC38:6-NH3]-), m/z 747.4665 ([PCC38:5-NH(CH3)3]-/[PEC38:5-NH3]-), etc. The degree of lipid oxidation was found to be associated with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, exhibiting the most significant alterations in the relative abundance of lipid ions in the 8T samples. Additionally, sensory evaluation by the CIE-L*a*b* method and volatile analysis by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.05) in color and odor among the salmon samples, with a correlation to the number of freeze-thaw cycles. The primary compounds responsible for alterations in salmon odor were aldehydes with lower odor thresholds. In summary, the iKnife-REIMS method accurately differentiated salmon muscle tissues based on varying levels of lipid oxidation, thus expanding the application of REIMS.
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Refrigeración , Salmón , Animales , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Lípidos , Iones , Microextracción en Fase SólidaRESUMEN
Hypothyroidism has been found to have an effect on the nutritional composition of human milk during pregnancy. This study aims to explore the combined influence of rheological properties, macronutrient content, particle size, and the zeta potential of milk fat globules, as well as the composition of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins on the quality of human milk in gestational hypothyroidism. The study revealed that human milk from the group with hypothyroidism during pregnancy (AHM) was less viscoelastic and stable when compared with normal pregnancy group human milk (NHM). Furthermore, the particle size and macronutrient content of NHM were found to be larger than that of AHM. In contrast, the zeta potential of AHM was greater than that of NHM. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE results disclosed that the composition of MFGM proteins in these 2 groups were generally the same, but the content of AHM was lower than that of NHM. In conclusion, this study confirms that hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have a significant effect on the quality of human milk.
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Hipotiroidismo , Leche Humana , Reología , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Leche Humana/química , Hipotiroidismo/veterinaria , GlucolípidosRESUMEN
The illegal adulteration of non-dairy cream in milk fat cream during the manufacturing process of baked goods has significantly hindered the robust growth of the dairy industry. In this study, a method based on rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) lipidomics pattern recognition integrated with machine learning algorithms was established. A total of 26 ions with importance were picked using multivariate statistical analysis as salient contributing features to distinguish between milk fat cream and non-dairy cream. Furthermore, employing discriminant analysis, decision trees, support vector machines, and neural network classifiers, machine learning models were utilized to classify non-dairy cream, milk fat cream, and minute quantities of non-dairy cream adulterated in milk fat cream. These approaches were enhanced through hyperparameter optimization and feature engineering, yielding accuracy rates at 98.4-99.6%. This artificial intelligent method of machine learning-guided REIMS pattern recognition can accurately identify adulteration of whipped cream and might help combat food fraud.
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Aprendizaje Automático , Leche , Animales , Leche/química , Espectrometría de Masas , Algoritmos , Análisis DiscriminanteRESUMEN
Comprehensive screening for functional substances from natural resources is always a hot research topic. Eicosapentaenoic acid- (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-structured phospholipids (PLEPA/DHA) have versatile cardiovascular benefits as well as superior bioavailability. Herein, the abundance of PLEPA/DHA in 16 aquatic products was specifically and selectively screened using a recently developed precursor ion scan-driven hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (PreIS-HILIC/MS) method with the fatty acyl moieties of EPA (m/z 301.6) and DHA (m/z 327.6) locked. The aim focused on the characteristics and differences in the varieties and contents of EPA/DHA-structured phosphatidylcholine (PCEPA/DHA) and EPA/DHA-structured phosphatidylethanolamine (PEEPA/DHA) molecular species. A total of 80 PLEPA/DHA molecules were identified in these natural sources, including 47 PCEPA/DHA and 33 PEEPA/DHA. After analysis, PC 16:0/20:5 and PC 16:0/22:6 are present in all aquatic products and at high levels. Antarctic krill was found to be the best resource of PLEPA/DHA in total (2574.69 µg·g-1), followed by mackerel (2330.11 µg·g-1), salmon (2109.91 µg·g-1), and Farrer's scallop (1883.59 µg·g-1), while abalone contained the lowest level of PLEPA/DHA (310.44 µg·g-1). Besides, sea cucumber and sea bass contained the highest contents of EPA-structured and DHA-structured ether phospholipids, respectively, which could be highly recommended as dietary sources of special functional phospholipids. Finally, the multiple discrepancies between the 16 aquatic products were revealed by multivariate statistical analysis. These findings improve the awareness of the composition and content of PLEPA/DHA contained in aquatic products, providing a reference for their integrated development.
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Ácido Eicosapentaenoico , Fosfolípidos , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/química , Fosfolípidos/química , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , LecitinasRESUMEN
Trichiurus lepturus (hairtail) is an important economic component of China's marine fishing industry. However, due to the difficulty in identifying the appearance of hairtail from different geographical distributions, hairtails with geographical indication trademarks were imitated by general varieties. In this study, the texture characteristics, color, basic nutrients, amino acids, mineral, fatty acids, and volatile flavor substances were used as indicators for multivariate statistical analysis to determine whether three origins of hairtails from the habitats of Zhoushan (East China Sea, T.Z), Hainan (South China Sea, T.N), and Qingdao (Yellow Sea, T.Q) in the market could be distinguished. The findings revealed that there were significant differences in amino acids composition, mineral composition, fatty acid composition in lipids, and volatile flavor substances among the hairtails of three origins (P < 0.05), but no differences in color, texture, protein content. T.Z had moisture, crude fat, essential amino acids (EAA), flavor amino acids (FAA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and docosahexaenoic acids and dicosapentaenoic acids (ΣEPA + DHA) contents of 74.33, 5.4%, 58.25 mgâ g-1, 46.20 mgâ g-1, 66.84 and 19.38%, respectively, and the contents of volatile alcohols, aldehydes and ketones were 7.44, 5.30, and 5.38%, respectively. T.N contains moisture, crude fat, EAA, FAA, UFA and ΣEPA + DHA as 77.69, 2.38%, 64.76 mgâ g-1, 52.44 mgâ g-1, 65.52 and 29.45%, respectively, and the contents of volatile alcohols, aldehydes and ketones as 3.21, 8.92, and 10.98%, respectively. T.Q had the contents of moisture, crude fat, EAA, FAA, UFA, and ΣEPA + DHA 79.69, 1.43%, 60.9 mgâ g-1, and 49.42 mgâ g-1, respectively. The contents of unsaturated fatty acid and ΣEPA + DHA were 63.75 and 26.12%, respectively, while the volatile alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were 5.14, 5.99, and 7.85%, respectively. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) multivariate statistical analysis showed that volatile flavor compounds could be used as the most ideal indicators for tracing the source of hairtail. In conclusion, the findings of this study can distinguish the three hairtail origins using some basic indicators, providing ideas for hairtail geographical identification.
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BACKGROUND: Increased professional commitment is essential for relieving the nursing workforce shortage, which is exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The professional commitment of graduating nursing students is a powerful predictor of their work commitment. However, limited information is available regarding graduating nursing students' professional commitment. Existing studies investigating nursing students' professional commitment are limited by their lack of theoretical foundation. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the level of graduating nursing students' professional commitment and its multilevel influencing factors from the perspective of the Ecological Systems Theory in the early days following the COVID-19 outbreak. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three educational institutions in Shanghai, China. PARTICIPANTS: 513 nursing students who were graduating with an associate or bachelor's degree. METHODS: The independent variables were measured by a self-designed questionnaire. The dependent variable professional commitment was measured by the Nursing Professional Commitment Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses, which allowed the independent variables entered in order, were performed to identify the significant predictor variables of the professional commitment and its dimensions. RESULTS: The level of professional commitment was 100.15 ± 20.35 (score ranged between 34 and 136). The individual factors (degree, whether had received a scholarship during the past academic years, ΔR2 = 0.142), family factors (parents and siblings' attitudes towards one's majoring in nursing, ΔR2 = 0.153), educational factors (academic faculty's belief in nursing profession, leaders' emphasis on nursing profession, satisfaction with clinical instructors' role modeling, ΔR2 = 0.097), and social factors (reason for majoring in nursing, perceived nurse-patient relationship, ΔR2 = 0.153) were significant predictors of the graduating nursing students' professional commitment (R2 = 47.6 %, F = 32.277, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The graduating nursing students had a moderate level of professional commitment, which needed to be improved. Nursing educators should comprehensively consider various factors to understand the relationship between individuals and environmental systems, and implement targeted interventions to shape the positive professional values of nursing students.
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COVID-19 , Bachillerato en Enfermería , Estudiantes de Enfermería , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Pandemias , China , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , EcosistemaRESUMEN
The price of mammalian milk from different animal species varies greatly due to differences in their yield and nutritional value. Therefore, the authenticity of dairy products has become a hotspot issue in the market due to the replacement or partial admixture of high-cost milk with its low-cost analog. Herein, four common commercial varieties of milk, including goat milk, buffalo milk, Holstein cow milk, and Jersey cow milk, were successfully profiled and differentiated from each other by rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) combined with chemometric analysis. This method was developed as a real-time lipid fingerprinting technique. Moreover, the established chemometric algorithms based on multivariate statistical methods mainly involved principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, and linear discriminant analysis as the screening and verifying tools to provide insights into the distinctive molecules constituting the four varieties of milk. The ions with m/z 229.1800, 243.1976, 257.2112, 285.2443, 299.2596, 313.2746, 341.3057, 355.2863, 383.3174, 411.3488, 439.3822, 551.5051, 577.5200, 628.5547, 656.5884, 661.5455, 682.6015, and 684.6146 were selected as potential classified markers. The results of the present work suggest that the proposed method could serve as a reference for recognizing dairy fraudulence related to animal species and expand the application field of REIMS technology.
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Quimiometría , Leche , Animales , Bovinos , Análisis Discriminante , Femenino , Lípidos/análisis , Mamíferos , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Leche/químicaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cardiovascular disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in VTE; however, the role of exosomal miRNAs in VTE remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to identify key exosomal miRNAs and their potential mechanisms in VTE. METHODS: We collected 31 samples from unprovoked VTE patients and 25 samples from healthy individuals. Exosomal miRNA sequencing was performed on 11 unprovoked VTE samples and 9 normal samples, and the remaining samples were used to verify the expression level of candidate 9 miRNAs in VTE and normal samples. The sequencing data were used to analyze exosomal miRNA expression. Meanwhile, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to determine the potential biological functions of differentially expressed miRNA target genes. RESULTS: A total of 32 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by sequencing. Among the 32 miRNAs, 23 miRNAs were upregulated (72%), and 9 miRNAs were downregulated (28%). In addition, we found that the biological functions and metabolic pathways of the target genes were related to hemostatic factors involved in VTE, indicating the regulation of differentially expressed miRNAs. We identified key miRNAs by constructing a miRNA-messenger RNA regulatory network and found that the target genes were related to VTE. We finally determined that the abnormal expression of 9 miRNAs is closely related to VTE, and the expression level between VTE and normal was verified through other samples. CONCLUSION: Our study identified a set of key miRNAs for future research on the molecular mechanisms of VTE.
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Hemostáticos , MicroARNs , Tromboembolia Venosa , Biomarcadores , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Tromboembolia Venosa/genéticaRESUMEN
Minced shrimp is popular seafood due to its delicious flavor and nutritional value. However, the biological species of raw material of minced shrimp are not distinguished by naked eyes after processing. Thus, an in situ and real-time minced shrimp authentication method was established using iKnife rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) based lipidomics. The samples were analyzed under ambient ionization without any tedious preparation step. Seven economic shrimp samples were tested, whose phenotypes were used to develop a real-time recognition model. A total of 19 fatty acids and 45 phospholipid molecular species were efficiently identified and statistically analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the seven shrimp species were well distinguished, and the most contributing ions at m/z 255.2, 279.2, 301.2, 327.2, 699.5, 742.5, etc., were revealed by variable importance in projection. The proposed iKnife REIMS showed excellent performance in minced shrimp authentication.
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Lipidómica , Alimentos Marinos , Animales , Crustáceos , Ácidos Grasos/química , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Fosfolípidos/química , Alimentos Marinos/análisisRESUMEN
Eicosapentaenoic acid- and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (PLEPA/DHA) have versatile health-beneficial functions and can be well absorbed in the intestine. Herein, a precursor ion scan-driven hydrophilic interaction chromatography mass spectrometry (PreIS-HILIC-MS) method with the fatty acyl moieties of m/z 301.6 and 327.6 locked was established to specifically and selectively screen PLEPA/DHA in different fish oil samples, including saury, grass carp, hairtail, and yellow croaker. Taking saury oil as an example, a total of 24 PLEPA/DHA were successfully identified and quantified, including 20 PCEPA/DHA and 4 PEEPA/DHA. Finally, this method was validated in terms of sensitivity (limit of detection ≤ 4.15 µg·mL-1), linearity (≥0.9979), precision (RSDintraday ≤ 4.65%), and recovery (≥78.6%). The performance of the PreIS-HILIC-MS method was also compared with that of the traditional full-scan mode, and the former demonstrated its unique superiority in targeted screening of PLEPA/DHA in fish oils.
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Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Aceites de Pescado , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico , Espectrometría de Masas , FosfolípidosRESUMEN
Oyster is rich in plasmalogens that are ether phospholipids with biological functions to human body. Air-frying is a popular technique for preparing delicious oyster but makes the plasmalogens vulnerable to oxidation. In this study, the effect of air-frying processing on plasmalogens oxidation was studied by lipidomic approach. Plasmalogens were always mixed with normal phospholipids, thus the lipid extract was treated with mild acid hydrolysis to rapidly degrade plasmalogens owing to the acid lability of vinyl ether linkage at sn-1 position. After hydrophilic interaction chromatography MS/MS analysis, there were three plasmalogen classes, plasmanylcholine, plasmanylethanolamine, and plasmanylinositol, completely separated, and each plasmalogen molecular species was identified and quantified. It indicated that the content of plasmalogens underwent an obvious decrease during the air-frying process. To weaken such effect, the influence of air-frying temperature was further inspected by multivariate statistical analyses. The main variables, including the ions of m/z 756.4927, 784.5486, 828.5812, etc., were revealed by unsupervised principle component analysis, supervised orthogonal partial least-square analysis, and variable importance in projection plot. As a conclusion, air-frying has health benefits in reducing fat content but destructive to plasmalogens, thus interventions are recommended to prevent the degradation of plasmalogens.
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Ostreidae , Animales , Hidrólisis , Lipidómica , Plasmalógenos , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
In this study, a steam explosion pretreatment method was established to prepare tuna bone powder. The conditions were optimized such that steam pressure of 0.6 MPa, reaction time of 5 min, and sample weight of 100 g. The result showed that steam explosion pretreatment would not change the chemical structure of bone powder, however, the median particle size (D50) of the steam explosion pretreated tuna bone powder (SE-TBP) (13.186 µm) was significantly smaller than that of normal biological calcium tuna bone powder (N-TBP) (169.762 µm). The calcium absorption rate (79.75 ± 2.33%) and utilization rate (78.75% ± 2.85%) of the mice fed with SE-TBP were both higher than those of fed with CaCO3 or N-TBP with the same calcium equivalent in the feed. The steam explosion pretreatment method could obtain ideal tuna bone powder in a shorter time, provide a method for deep processing and utilization of tuna bone by-product.
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Huesos/química , Calcio de la Dieta/farmacocinética , Productos Pesqueros/análisis , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Vapor , Atún , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Tamaño de la PartículaRESUMEN
Shellfishes contain plasmalogens correlating to the functions of brain, heart, etc. Herein, a mild acid hydrolysis and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for analyzing plasmalogens in six shellfish species. A total of 19 plasmalogen molecular species were successfully identified, including nine phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen (plasPC), seven phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (plasPE), and three phosphatidylserine plasmalogen (plasPS). The quantitative results indicated that mussel (32 µg·mg-1) possessed the highest content of plasmalogens, followed by oyster (21 µg·mg-1) and razor clam (15 µg·mg-1). The statistic models showed that the plasPE P-18:0/20:5 (m/z 748), plasPE P-16:0/22:2 & P-18:0/20:2 (m/z 754) and plasPS were the most contributing difference between shellfishes. The results indicated that this method was sensitive and precise to determine plasmalogens in shellfish, and mussel was demonstrated to be a good choice for the large-scale preparation of plasmalogens.
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Bivalvos/química , Cromatografía/métodos , Plasmalógenos/análisis , Mariscos/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Animales , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Lipidómica/métodos , Ostrea/química , Fosfatidilcolinas/análisis , Fosfatidilserinas/análisis , Plasmalógenos/químicaRESUMEN
Clam (Corbicula fluminea) contains significant amount of phospholipids, and the profile of phospholipids could be used as an index for nutrition evaluation. In this study, a titania-coated fibrous silica (TiO2/KCC-1) core-shell microsphere based solid-phase extraction (SPE) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) method was developed to study the phospholipids in clam. The structure and morphology of TiO2/KCC-1 were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The analytical results indicated that the phospholipid molecular species (PMS) could be extracted in a cleaner manner after TiO2/KCC-1 SPE, benefiting from the enhanced signals and decreased MS noise of phospholipids. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models, the PMS with the most obvious beneficiaries of TiO2/KCC-1 SPE were identified, e.g. PC 16:0/20:5 (m/z 824.6), PC 16:0/22:6 (m/z 850.6), PE 18:1/18:2 (m/z 740.4), and PE 18:0/22:6 (m/z 790.5). Finally, the proposed method was validated to be sensitive and precise. This study provides an efficient tool to analyze the phospholipids in clam and the prospect to use this method for future applications in various samples.
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Corbicula , Dióxido de Silicio , Animales , Cromatografía Liquida , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Espectrometría de Masas , Microesferas , Extracción en Fase Sólida , TitanioRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) on hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP). DESIGN: This is a prospective randomized controlled trial. SETTING: A rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (N=90) were randomized into NMES (n=36), TENS (n=36), or control groups (n=18). INTERVENTIONS: NMES (15Hz, pulse width 200µs) was applied to supraspinatus and deltoids (medial and posterior parts), whereas TENS (100Hz, pulse width 100µs) was used on the same areas. The surface electrodes were placed near the motor points of the supraspinatus and medial or posterior bundle of deltoids. The 4-week treatment consisted of 20 sessions, each session composed of 1 hour of stimulation per day. Routine rehabilitation program without any stimulation was administered to the control and the NMES/TENS groups. Numerical rating scale (NRS), active/passive range of motion (AROM/PROM) of shoulder, upper extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), modified Ashworth scale (MAS), Barthel Index (BI), and stroke-specific quality of life scale (SSQOLS) were assessed in a blinded manner at baseline, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the improvement from baseline in NRS for HSP at 4 weeks. RESULTS: NRS scores in NMES, TENS, and control groups had decreased by 2.03, 1.44, and 0.61 points, respectively after 4 weeks of treatment, with statistically significant differences among the 3 groups (P<.001). The efficacy of the NMES group was significantly better than that of the TENS group (P=.043). Moreover, the efficacy of NMES and TENS groups was superior to that of the control group (P<.001, P=.044, respectively). The differences in the therapeutic efficacy on shoulder AROM/PROM, FMA, MAS, BI, and SSQOLS scores were not significant among the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: TENS and NMES can effectively improve HSP, the efficacy of NMES being distinctly superior to that of TENS in maintaining long-term analgesia. However, NMES was not more efficacious than the TENS or control group in improving the shoulder joint mobility, upper limb function, spasticity, the ability of daily life activity, and stroke-specific quality of life in HSP patients.
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Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Hemiplejía/terapia , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Dolor de Hombro/terapia , Estimulación Eléctrica Transcutánea del Nervio/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Hemiplejía/complicaciones , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Rango del Movimiento Articular , Hombro/inervación , Hombro/fisiopatología , Dolor de Hombro/etiología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Extremidad Superior/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: the reversibility of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is evaluated mainly by FEV(1) after bronchodilators. However, lung volumes also change significantly in COPD, but few studies addressed the characteristics of the changes in post bronchodilator airflow and lung volume in patients with COPD. This study was carried out to evaluate the difference of FEV(1) response and forced vital capacity (FVC) response to bronchodilators in patients with COPD as well as the impact of severity of COPD on the flow and volume reversibility. METHODS: 465 patients with COPD (male 426, female 39), aged 67.1 +/- 8.3 (42 approximately 86) yrs were enrolled from Jan. 2006 to Aug. 2008. The severity of COPD was graded according to the GOLD criteria. The change and rate of change of FVC and FEV(1) 20 minutes after inhalation of salbutamol 400 microg via spacer were measured and compared. Positive response to the bronchodilator was determined as FEV(1) or FVC increased 12% as well as 200 ml or above. The impacts of severity on flow and volume response were also studied. RESULTS: post-bronchodilator FEV(1) increased 117 ml with a 13.2% improvement on average compared with baseline. Post-bronchodilator FVC increased 258 ml and improved by 14.0% on average. The rate of positive reversibility in FEV(1) and FVC was 18.7% (87/465) and 44.1% (205/465), respectively. The improvement of FEV(1) decreased as a function of the severity of COPD. In contrast, the improvement of FVC was increased in those with more severe disease. CONCLUSION: the improvement of lung volume is more significant and maybe more important than airflow response in patients with COPD, especially in those with severe disease. In addition to FEV(1), the reversibility of COPD should also be evaluated by FVC.
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Bronquios/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/fisiopatología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Flujo Espiratorio Forzado , Volumen Espiratorio Forzado , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , EspirometríaRESUMEN
Mr. Wiseman believes that Western medical terms chosen as equivalents of Chinese medical terms should be the words known to all speakers and not requiring any specialist knowledge or instrumentation to understand or identify, and strictly technical Western medical terms should be avoided regardless of their conceptual conformity to the Chinese terms. According to such criteria, many inappropriate Western medical terms are selected as English equivalents by the authors of the Dictionary, and on the other hand, many ready-made appropriate Western medical terms are replaced by loan English terms with the Chinese style of word formation. The experience obtained by translating Western medical terms into Chinese when Western medicine was first introduced to China should be helpful for developing English equivalents at present. However, the authors of the Dictionary adhere to their own opinions and reject others' experience. The English terms thus created do not reflect the genuine meaning of the Chinese terms, but make the English glossary in chaos. The so-called true face of traditional Chinese revealed by such terms is merely the Chinese custom of word formation and metaphoric rhetoric. In other words, traditional Chinese medicine is not regarded as a system of medicine but merely some Oriental folklore.