Construction of Ag─Co(OH)2 Tandem Heterogeneous Electrocatalyst Induced Aldehyde Oxidation and the Co-Activation of Reactants for Biomass Effective and Multi-Selective Upgrading.

The electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) provides a feasible way for utilization of biomass resources. However, how to regulate the selective synthesis of multiple value-added products is still a great challenge. The cobalt-based compound is a promising catalyst due to its direct and indirect oxidation properties, but its weak adsorption capacity restricts its further development. Herein, by constructing Ag─Co(OH)2 heterogeneous catalyst, the efficient and selective synthesis of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furanoic acid (HMFCA) and 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) at different potential ranges are realized. Based on various physical characterizations, electrochemical measurements, and density functional theory calculations, it is proved that the addition of Ag can effectively promote the oxidation of aldehyde group to a carboxyl group, and then generate HMFCA at low potential. Moreover, the introduction of Ag can activate cobalt-based compounds, thus strengthening the adsorption of organic molecules and OH- species, and promoting the formation of FDCA. This work achieves the selective synthesis of two value-added chemicals by one tandem catalyst and deeply analyzes the adsorption enhancement mechanism of the catalyst, which provides a powerful guidance for the development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts.

Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure and Childhood Asthma Trajectories: A National Population-Based Birth Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Early-life antibiotic exposure is common and impacts the development of the child's microbiome and immune system. Information on the impacts of early-life antibiotics exposure on childhood asthma is lacking. METHODS: This study examined associations between early-life (0-24 months) antibiotics exposure with childhood (6-15 years) asthma trajectories through the Australian Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) and their linked data from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Asthma phenotypes were derived by group-based trajectory modeling. RESULTS: Of 5107 LSAC participants, 4318 were included in the final analyses (84.6% retention). Four asthma phenotypes were identified: Always-low-risk (79.0%), early-resolving asthma (7.1%), early-persistent asthma (7.9%), and late-onset asthma (6.0%). Any early-life antibiotic exposure increased risk 2.3-fold (95% CI: 1.47-3.67; p < 0.001) for early-persistent asthma among all children. In subgroup analyses, early-persistent asthma risk increased by 2.7-fold with any second-generation cephalosporin exposure, and by 2-fold with any ß-lactam other than cephalosporin or macrolide exposure. CONCLUSION: We concluded that early-life antibiotic exposure is associated with an increased risk of early-persistent childhood asthma. This reinforces scrutiny of early-life antibiotic use, particularly for common viral infections where no antibiotics are required.

Thoughts on surgical excision of onychopapilloma.

Although onychopapilloma (OP) is a benign tumor of the nail bed and distal matrix, there is nevertheless a demand for treatment in some patients. Classical longitudinal excision (CLEx) with avulsion of the nail plate was the most suitable surgical procedure. However, there may be better ways to produce a pleasing esthetic effect. The aim of this study was to modify CLEx to render it more effective, reduce the rate of recurrence, and achieve better esthetic results. We identified 23 patients with OP in varying clinical manifestations that were treated with CLEx and modified CLEx with or without avulsion of the nail plate. With the procedure of modified CLEx without avulsion of the nail plate, there was no bleeding as a side effect and recovery was faster. The appearance of the nail was nearly unchanged and no patient complained about the cosmetic results. We modified CLEx to treat OP to improve the esthetic effect while maintaining surgical effectiveness.