Cholera control and anti-Haitian stigma in the Dominican Republic: from migration policy to lived experience.

As cholera spread from Haiti to the Dominican Republic, Haitian migrants, a largely undocumented and stigmatized population in Dominican society, became a focus of public health concern. Concurrent to the epidemic, the Dominican legislature enacted new documentation requirements. This paper presents findings from an ethnographic study of anti-Haitian stigma in the Dominican Republic from June to August 2012. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with Haitian and Dominican community members. Five in-depth interviews were held with key informants in the migration policy sector. Theoretical frameworks of stigma's moral experience guided the analysis of how cholera was perceived, ways in which blame was assigned and felt and the relationship between documentation and healthcare access. In FGDs, both Haitians and Dominicans expressed fear of cholera and underscored the importance of public health messages to prevent the epidemic's spread. However, health messages also figured into experiences of stigma and rationales for blame. For Dominicans, failure to follow public health advice justified the blame of Haitians and seemed to confirm anti-Haitian sentiments. Haitians communicated a sense of powerlessness to follow public health messages given structural constraints like lack of safe water and sanitation, difficulty accessing healthcare and lack of documentation. In effect, by making documentation more difficult to obtain, the migration policy undermined cholera programs and contributed to ongoing processes of moral disqualification. Efforts to eliminate cholera from the island should consider how policy and stigma can undermine public health campaigns and further jeopardize the everyday 'being-in-the-world' of vulnerable groups.

Prevalence of cholera risk factors between migrant Haitians and Dominicans in the Dominican Republic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cholera risk factor prevalence in the Dominican Republic can be explained by nationality, independent of other factors, given the vulnerability of many Haitians in the country and the need for targeted prevention. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational household survey (103 Haitian and 260 Dominican) was completed in 18 communities in July 2012. The survey included modules for demographics, knowledge, socioeconomic status, and access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. Logistic regression assessed differential access to WASH infrastructure and Poisson regression assessed differences in cholera knowledge, controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Dominican and Haitian households differed on demographic characteristics. Haitians had lower educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and less knowledge of cholera than Dominicans (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.55-0.81). Access to improved drinking water was low for both groups, but particularly low among rural Haitians (aOR = 0.21; 95%CI: 0.04-1.01). No differences were found in access to sanitation after adjusting for sociodemographic confounders (aOR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.57-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Urban/rural geography and socioeconomic status play a larger role in cholera risk factor prevalence than nationality, indicating that Haitians' perceived vulnerability to cholera is confounded by contextual factors. Understanding the social dynamics that lead to cholera risk can inform control strategies, leading to better targeting and the possibility of eliminating cholera from the island.

Prevalence of cholera risk factors between migrant Haitians and Dominicans in the Dominican Republic / Prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de cólera entre los inmigrantes haitianos y los dominicanos en la República Dominicana

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cholera risk factor prevalence in the Dominican Republic can be explained by nationality, independent of other factors, given the vulnerability of many Haitians in the country and the need for targeted prevention. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational household survey (103 Haitian and 260 Dominican) was completed in 18 communities in July 2012. The survey included modules for demographics, knowledge, socioeconomic status, and access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. Logistic regression assessed differential access to WASH infrastructure and Poisson regression assessed differences in cholera knowledge, controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Dominican and Haitian households differed on demographic characteristics. Haitians had lower educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and less knowledge of cholera than Dominicans (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.55-0.81). Access to improved drinking water was low for both groups, but particularly low among rural Haitians (aOR = 0.21; 95%CI: 0.04-1.01). No differences were found in access to sanitation after adjusting for sociodemographic confounders (aOR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.57-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Urban/rural geography and socioeconomic status play a larger role in cholera risk factor prevalence than nationality, indicating that Haitians' perceived vulnerability to cholera is confounded by contextual factors. Understanding the social dynamics that lead to cholera risk can inform control strategies, leading to better targeting and the possibility of eliminating cholera from the island.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de cólera en la República Dominicana puede explicarse por la nacionalidad, independiente de otros factores, dada la vulnerabilidad de muchos habitantes haitianos que viven en el país y la necesidad de actividades de prevención orientadas. MÉTODOS: En julio del 2012, se llevó a cabo una encuesta domiciliaria transversal y de observación (103 hogares haitianos y 260 hogares dominicanos) en 18 comunidades. La encuesta incluía módulos sobre características demográficas, conocimientos, nivel socioeconómico y acceso a una infraestructura adecuada de agua, saneamiento e higiene (WASH). Mediante regresión logística, se evaluaron las diferencias de acceso a una infraestructura de WASH y, mediante regresión de Poisson, se evaluaron las diferencias en materia de conocimientos sobre el cólera, con control de los potenciales factores de confusión. RESULTADOS: Los hogares dominicanos y haitianos diferían en cuanto a características demográficas. Los segundos mostraban un nivel educativo inferior, una peor situación socioeconómica y menores conocimientos sobre el cólera que los hogares dominicanos (razón de posibilidades ajustada [ORa] = 0,66; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%] = 0,55-0,81). El acceso a agua potable mejorada fue bajo en ambos grupos pero particularmente entre los hogares haitianos rurales (ORa = 0,21; IC95%: 0,04-1,01). No se observaron diferencias en cuanto al acceso al saneamiento después de ajustar para los factores de confusión sociodemográficos (ORa = 1,00; IC95%: 0,57-1,76). CONCLUSIONES: La geografía urbana o rural y el nivel socioeconómico repercuten más ampliamente en la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de cólera que la nacionalidad, lo que indica que la vulnerabilidad percibida de los habitantes haitianos al cólera se confunde por factores contextuales. La comprensión de la dinámica social que conduce al riesgo de cólera puede servir de base a las estrategias de control, y llevar a una mejor orientación de las iniciativas y a la posibilidad de eliminar el cólera de la isla.