Validation of the Short Assessment of Health Literacy in Portuguese-speaking Adults in Portugal.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Brazilian version of the Short Assessment of Health Literacy in Portuguese-speaking Adults (SAHLPA), a 50-item test proposed as a particularly helpful instrument to assess health literacy in people with limited skills, in the Portuguese population. METHODS: We used the standard procedure for cultural adaptation and administered the instrument to 249 participants. We examined construct validity using groups with expectedly increasing levels of health literacy (laypersons from the general population, engineering researchers, health researchers, and physicians), and through association with age and educational attainment, dichotomizing scores at the median of the layperson's group. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed the instrument was one-dimensional and justified reduction to 33 items. SAHLPA-33 displayed adequate reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.73). The frequency of limited health literacy was highest among laypersons and lowest among physicians (p <0.001; p for trend <0.001). The proportion of participants with limited health literacy decreased with increasing education attainment (age- and sex-adjusted p for trend <0.001). Limited health literacy also tended to decrease with age, although the association was non-significant (sex- and education-adjusted p for trend = 0.067). CONCLUSION: We culturally adapted a brief and simple instrument for health literacy assessment, and showed it was valid and fairly reliable. In Portuguese low-literate adults, SAHLPA-33 fills the gap in health literacy assessment instruments, and may be used to guide communication strategies with vulnerable patients and communities.

Use of medicines by homeless people in Porto, Portugal.

The objective of this study was to describe patterns of medication use among homeless adults from the city of Porto, Portugal. We recruited 146 homeless participants in four social services institutions. Data on the use of medicines in the previous week were collected using face-to-face interviews. We described the prevalence and main correlates of use of medicines from different Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification (ATC) groups. A total of 56.8% of the homeless reported to have used at least one medicine in the previous week. The most frequently reported were benzodiazepines (21.9%) and antipsychotics (15.1%); socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle variables and use of health care were not found to be significantly associated with their use. The prevalence was 1.4% for anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, and 6.2% for antihypertensives, diuretics and beta-blocking agents. Medicines pertaining to the nervous system ATC group were by far the most frequently used, while those for the treatment of other common chronic and acute conditions seem to be underused.

Assessment of the contents related to screening on Portuguese language websites providing information on breast and prostate cancer.

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of the contents related to screening in a sample of websites providing information on breast and prostate cancer in the Portuguese language. The first 200 results of each cancer-specific Google search were considered. The accuracy of the screening contents was defined in accordance with the state of the art, and its readability was assessed. Most websites mentioned mammography as a method for breast cancer screening (80%), although only 28% referred to it as the only recommended method. Almost all websites mentioned PSA evaluation as a possible screening test, but correct information regarding its effectiveness was given in less than 10%. For both breast and prostate cancer screening contents, the potential for overdiagnosis and false positive results was seldom addressed, and the median readability index was approximately 70. There is ample margin for improving the quality of websites providing information on breast and prostate cancer in Portuguese.

Assessment of the contents related to screening on Portuguese language websites providing information on breast and prostate cancer / Avaliação dos conteúdos em websites sobre rastramento do câncer da mama e da próstata em língua portuguesa / Evaluación de contenidos en páginas web de lengua portuguesa sobre rastreo del cáncer de mama y próstata

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of the contents related to screening in a sample of websites providing information on breast and prostate cancer in the Portuguese language. The first 200 results of each cancer-specific Google search were considered. The accuracy of the screening contents was defined in accordance with the state of the art, and its readability was assessed. Most websites mentioned mammography as a method for breast cancer screening (80%), although only 28% referred to it as the only recommended method. Almost all websites mentioned PSA evaluation as a possible screening test, but correct information regarding its effectiveness was given in less than 10%. For both breast and prostate cancer screening contents, the potential for overdiagnosis and false positive results was seldom addressed, and the median readability index was approximately 70. There is ample margin for improving the quality of websites providing information on breast and prostate cancer in Portuguese.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade dos conteúdos sobre rastreamento, numa amostra de websites com informação sobre o câncer da próstata e/ou mama, em língua portuguesa. Consideraram-se os primeiros 200 resultados de cada busca no Google. A adequação dos conteúdos sobre rastreio foi definida de acordo com a melhor evidência científica disponível e se avaliou a sua legibilidade. Cerca de 80% dos websites referiu a mamografia como um método para rastreamento do câncer da mama, mas apenas 28% a referiram como o único método recomendado. Quase todos os websites referiram a pesquisa de PSA como um possível teste de rastreio, mas somente 10% apresentaram informação correta relativamente à efetividade dessa forma de rastreio. Para os conteúdos de ambos os cancros, o potencial para sobrediagnóstico e para um resultado falso-positivo raramente foi mencionado, e a mediana do índice de legibilidade foi de aproximadamente 70. Existe uma larga margem para melhorar a qualidade dos websites com informações sobre câncer da mama e da próstata.

El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad de los contenidos en lengua portuguesa sobre rastreo en una muestra de páginas web con información sobre el cáncer de próstata y/o mama. Se consideraron los primeros 200 resultados de cada búsqueda en Google. La adecuación de los contenidos sobre rastreo se definió de acuerdo con la mejor evidencia científica disponible y se evaluó su legibilidad. Cerca de un 80% de las páginas web se refirieron a la mamografía como un método para el rastreo del cáncer de mama, sin embargo, solamente un 28% la mencionaron como el único método recomendado. Casi todas las páginas web señalaron el examen de Antígeno Prostático Total (APT/PSA en inglés) como un posible test de rastreo, pero solamente un 10% presentó información correcta respecto a la efectividad de esta forma de rastreo. En lo referente a los contenidos de ambos cánceres, el potencial para un sobrediagnóstico y un resultado falso positivo raramente fue mencionado, y la mediana del índice de legibilidad fue de aproximadamente 70. Existe un ancho margen para mejorar la calidad de las páginas web con información sobre cáncer de mama y de próstata.

Low prevalence of hypertension with pharmacological treatments and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of the lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension. METHODS: In 2005, 3,323 Mozambicans aged 25-64 years old were evaluated. Blood pressure, weight, height and smoking status were assessed following the Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Hypertensives (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive drug therapy) were evaluated for awareness of their condition, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, as well as use of herbal or traditional remedies. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and non-pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: Most of the hypertensive subjects (92.3%), and nearly half of those aware of their condition were not treated pharmacologically. Among the aware, the prevalence of untreated hypertension was higher in men {PR = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (95%CI 1.10;2.36)} and was lower in subjects under non-pharmacological treatment (PR = 0.58; 95%CI 0.42;0.79); there was no significant association with traditional treatments (PR = 0.75; 95%CI 0.44;1.26). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension was more frequent in men, and was not influenced by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors; it could not be explained by the use of alternative treatments as herbal/traditional medicines or non-pharmacological management. It is important to understand the reasons behind the lack of management of diagnosed hypertension and to implement appropriate corrective actions to reduce the gap in the access to healthcare between developed and developing countries.

Low prevalence of hypertension with pharmacological treatments and associated factors / Baixa prevalencia de hipertensao com tratamento farmacologico e fatores associados / Baja prevalencia de hipertension con tratamiento farmacologico y factores asociados

OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of the lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension. METHODS: In 2005, 3,323 Mozambicans aged 25-64 years old were evaluated. Blood pressure, weight, height and smoking status were assessed following the Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance. Hypertensives (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive drug therapy) were evaluated for awareness of their condition, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, as well as use of herbal or traditional remedies. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and non-pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: Most of the hypertensive subjects (92.3%), and nearly half of those aware of their condition were not treated pharmacologically. Among the aware, the prevalence of untreated hypertension was higher in men {PR = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (95%CI 1.10;2.36)} and was lower in subjects under non-pharmacological treatment (PR = 0.58; 95%CI 0.42;0.79); there was no significant association with traditional treatments (PR = 0.75; 95%CI 0.44;1.26). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of pharmacological treatment for hypertension was more frequent in men, and was not influenced by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors; it could not be explained by the use of alternative treatments as herbal/traditional medicines or non-pharmacological management. It is important to understand the reasons behind the lack of management of diagnosed hypertension and to implement appropriate corrective actions to reduce the gap in the access to healthcare between developed and developing countries. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar os determinantes da falta de tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 3.323 moçambicanos de 25 a 64 anos em 2005. A pressão arterial, peso, altura e tabagismo foram avaliados segundo o estudo Stepwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance . Os hipertensos (pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg e/ou terapia anti-hipertensiva) foram avaliados para verificar se eram conscientes de sua hipertensão, se recebiam tratamento farmacológico ou não farmacológico e se usavam ervas ou remédios tradicionais. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência (PR) para hipertensão não tratada, ajustadas para características sociodemográficas, fatores de risco cardiovascular e tratamento não farmacológico. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos hipertensos (92,3%) e quase metade dos conscientes de sua hipertensão não eram tratados com fármacos. Entre os que sabiam ser hipertensos, a hipertensão sem tratamento era mais frequente em homens (PR = 1,61; IC95% 0,56;1,43) e não podia ser explicada pelo uso de tratamento não farmacológico (PR = 0,58; IC95% 0,42;0,79); não havia associação significativa com os tratamentos tradicionais (PR = 0,75; IC95% 0,44;1,26). CONCLUSÕES: A falta de tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão, mais frequente em homens, não se explica por outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, nem pelo uso de tratamentos tradicionais ou tratamento não farmacológico. É importante entender as razões da falta de tratamento da hipertensão diagnosticada e implementar medidas corretivas apropriadas, para reduzir as diferenças ...

OBJETIVO: Analizar los determinantes de la falta de tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión. METODOS: Se evaluaron 3.323 mozambicano de 25 a 64 años en 2005. La presión arterial, peso, altura y tabaquismo fueron evaluados según el estudio Stepwise Approach to Chronic Risk Factor Surveillance. Los hipertensos (presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg y/o presión arterial diastólica 90 mmHg y/o terapia anti-hipertensiva) fueron evaluados para verificar si eran conscientes de su hipertensión, si recibían tratamiento farmacológico o no farmacológico, y si usaban hierbas o remedios tradicionales. Se calcularon los cocientes de prevalencia (PR) para hipertensión no tratada, ajustadas para características sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y tratamiento no farmacológico. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los hipertensos (92,3%) y casi la mitad de los conscientes de su hipertensión no eran tratadas con fármacos. Entre los que sabían ser hipertensos, la hipertensión sin tratamiento era más frecuente en hombres (PR =1,61; IC95% 0,56;1,43) y no podía ser explicada por el uso de tratamiento no farmacológico (PR= 0,58; IC95% 0,42;0,79); no había asociación significativa con los tratamientos tradicionales (PR= 0,75; IC95% 0,44;1,26). CONCLUSIONES: La falta de tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión, más frecuente en hombres, no se explica por otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, ni por el uso de tratamientos tradicionales o tratamiento no farmacológico. Es importante entender las razones de la falta de tratamiento de la hipertensión diagnosticada e implementar medidas correctivas apropiadas, para reducir las diferencias en el acceso a ...

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among the homeless and in the general population of the city of Porto, Portugal.

We described the distribution of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among homeless people living in the city of Porto, Portugal. Comparisons were made between subsamples of homeless people recruited in different settings and between the overall homeless sample group and a sample of the general population. All "houseless" individuals attending one of two homeless hostels or two institutions providing meal programs on specific days were invited to participate and were matched with subjects from the general population. We estimated sex, age and education-adjusted prevalence ratios or mean differences. The prevalence of previous illicit drug consumption and imprisonment was almost twice as high among the homeless from institutions providing meal programs. This group also showed lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Prevalence of smoking was almost 50% higher in the overall homeless group. Mean body mass index and waist circumference were also lower in the homeless group and its members were almost five times less likely to report dyslipidemia. Our findings contribute to defining priorities for interventions directed at this segment of society and to reducing inequalities in this extremely underprivileged population.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among the homeless and in the general population of the city of Porto, Portugal / Fatores de risco cardiovascular em pessoas sem-abrigo e na população geral da cidade do Porto, Portugal

We described the distribution of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among homeless people living in the city of Porto, Portugal. Comparisons were made between subsamples of homeless people recruited in different settings and between the overall homeless sample group and a sample of the general population. All "houseless" individuals attending one of two homeless hostels or two institutions providing meal programs on specific days were invited to participate and were matched with subjects from the general population. We estimated sex, age and education-adjusted prevalence ratios or mean differences. The prevalence of previous illicit drug consumption and imprisonment was almost twice as high among the homeless from institutions providing meal programs. This group also showed lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Prevalence of smoking was almost 50% higher in the overall homeless group. Mean body mass index and waist circumference were also lower in the homeless group and its members were almost five times less likely to report dyslipidemia. Our findings contribute to defining priorities for interventions directed at this segment of society and to reducing inequalities in this extremely underprivileged population.

Este estudo descreve a distribuição de fatores de risco cardiovascular em pessoas sem-abrigo que vivem no Porto, Portugal, recrutadas em diferentes contextos, comparando-as entre si e com a população em geral. Todos os indivíduos "sem-casa" presentes em dois albergues de sem-abrigo ou dois refeitórios sociais em dias selecionados para as avaliações foram convidados, e emparelhados com indivíduos da população geral. Foram estimadas as razões de proporções ou diferenças entre médias, ajustadas para sexo, idade e educação. Nos refeitórios sociais, observou-se maior prevalência de consumo de drogas ilícitas e de história prévia de prisão no último ano, e menor pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica do que nos albergues de sem-abrigo. Os sem-abrigo apresentaram uma prevalência quase 50% maior de fumadores, menor índice de massa corporal e perímetro da cintura, e uma probabilidade 5 vezes menor de referir dislipidemia. Este trabalho contribui para a definição de prioridades de intervenção para a redução de desigualdades sociais nessas populações com extremas carências socioeconômicas.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prostate pathology.

PURPOSE: Previous studies suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) circulating levels might improve identification of patients with prostate cancer but results are conflicting. Our aim was to compare serum VEGF levels across different prostate pathologies (including benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer) in patients at high risk of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We consecutively enrolled 186 subjects with abnormal digital rectal examination and/or total PSA (tPSA) > or = 2.5 ng/mL. Blood was collected before diagnostic ultrasound guided trans-rectal prostate biopsy, or any prostate oncology treatment, to measure PSA isoforms and VEGF. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute age-, tPSA- and free/total PSA-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between serum VEGF and different prostatic pathologies. RESULTS: Prostate biopsy main diagnoses were normal or benign prostatic hyperplasia (27.3%), prostatitis (16.6%), and prostatic cancer (55.0%). The median VEGF levels (ng/mL) in these groups were 178.2, 261.3 and 266.4 (p = 0.029), respectively, but no significant differences were observed for benign vs. malignant pathologies (215.2 vs. 266.4, p = 0.551). No independent association was observed between VEGF (3rd vs. 1st third) and prostate cancer, when compared to benign conditions (adjusted OR = 1.44; CI 95%: 0.64-3.26). CONCLUSIONS: In patients at high risk of prostate cancer, circulating VEGF levels have no clinical role in deciding which patients should be submitted to prostate biopsy. Prostatitis patients, often with higher PSA levels, also present high serum levels of VEGF, and their inclusion in control groups might explain the heterogeneous results in previous studies.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prostate pathology

PURPOSE: Previous studies suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) circulating levels might improve identification of patients with prostate cancer but results are conflicting. Our aim was to compare serum VEGF levels across different prostate pathologies (including benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer) in patients at high risk of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We consecutively enrolled 186 subjects with abnormal digital rectal examination and/or total PSA (tPSA) = 2.5 ng/mL. Blood was collected before diagnostic ultrasound guided trans-rectal prostate biopsy, or any prostate oncology treatment, to measure PSA isoforms and VEGF. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute age-, tPSA- and free/total PSA-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI) for the association between serum VEGF and different prostatic pathologies. RESULTS: Prostate biopsy main diagnoses were normal or benign prostatic hyperplasia (27.3 percent), prostatitis (16.6 percent), and prostatic cancer (55.0 percent). The median VEGF levels (ng/mL) in these groups were 178.2, 261.3 and 266.4 (p = 0.029), respectively, but no significant differences were observed for benign vs. malignant pathologies (215.2 vs. 266.4, p = 0.551). No independent association was observed between VEGF (3rd vs. 1st third) and prostate cancer, when compared to benign conditions (adjusted OR = 1.44; CI 95 percent: 0.64-3.26). CONCLUSIONS: In patients at high risk of prostate cancer, circulating VEGF levels have no clinical role in deciding which patients should be submitted to prostate biopsy. Prostatitis patients, often with higher PSA levels, also present high serum levels of VEGF, and their inclusion in control groups might explain the heterogeneous results in previous studies.

Adequacy of prenatal care as a major determinant of folic acid, iron, and vitamin intake during pregnancy.

This study aimed to quantify the association between adequacy of prenatal care and prevalence of folic acid, iron, and multivitamin intake during pregnancy. Data were obtained on socio-demographics, prenatal care, pregnancy complications, and use of vitamin/mineral supplements for 836 women, using a postpartum interview. Associations with the use of vitamin/mineral supplements were quantified with risk ratios (RR), computed by generalized binomial regression. A high proportion of women reported the use of folic acid (81.9%), iron (55.4%), and multivitamins (76.2%) as supplements during pregnancy. Use of supplements was independently associated with adequacy of prenatal care (adequate vs. inadequate: folic acid, RR = 2.28; 95%CI: 1.58-3.29; iron, RR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.57-2.52, multivitamins, RR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.54-2.51). Higher schooling was also associated with increased use of folic acid (RR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.18-1.70), but not multivitamins (RR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.77-0.98). Use of folic acid was less prevalent in single women (RR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.48-0.95) and during unplanned pregnancies (RR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.71-0.92). Adequacy of prenatal care is a major determinant of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy.

Adequacy of prenatal care as a major determinant of folic acid, iron, and vitamin intake during pregnancy

This study aimed to quantify the association between adequacy of prenatal care and prevalence of folic acid, iron, and multivitamin intake during pregnancy. Data were obtained on socio-demographics, prenatal care, pregnancy complications, and use of vitamin/mineral supplements for 836 women, using a postpartum interview. Associations with the use of vitamin/mineral supplements were quantified with risk ratios (RR), computed by generalized binomial regression. A high proportion of women reported the use of folic acid (81.9 percent), iron (55.4 percent), and multivitamins (76.2 percent) as supplements during pregnancy. Use of supplements was independently associated with adequacy of prenatal care (adequate vs. inadequate: folic acid, RR = 2.28; 95 percentCI: 1.58-3.29; iron, RR = 1.99; 95 percentCI: 1.57-2.52, multivitamins, RR = 1.97; 95 percentCI: 1.54-2.51). Higher schooling was also associated with increased use of folic acid (RR = 1.42; 95 percentCI: 1.18-1.70), but not multivitamins (RR = 0.87; 95 percentCI: 0.77-0.98). Use of folic acid was less prevalent in single women (RR = 0.67; 95 percentCI: 0.48-0.95) and during unplanned pregnancies (RR = 0.81; 95 percentCI: 0.71-0.92). Adequacy of prenatal care is a major determinant of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy.

Quantificar a associação entre a adequação dos cuidados pré-natais e a prevalência de utilização de ácido fólico, ferro e vitaminas durante a gravidez. Após o parto, 836 mulheres foram questionadas relativamente a características sócio-demográficas, utilização dos cuidados pré-natais, complicações durante a gravidez e utilização de suplementos vitamínicos/minerais. A associação entre as variáveis foi quantificada por meio de riscos relativos (RR) calculados por regressão binomial generalizada. Uma elevada proporção de mulheres reportou ter tomado ácido fólico (81,9 por cento), ferro (55,4 por cento) e multivitaminas (76,2 por cento) durante a gravidez. A utilização de suplementos esteve independentemente associada à adequação dos cuidados pré-natais (adequado vs. inadequado: ácido fólico, RR = 2,28; IC95 por cento: 1,58-3,29; ferro, RR = 1,99; IC95 por cento: 1,57-2,52; multivitaminas, RR = 1,97; IC95 por cento: 1,54-2,51). O elevado nível de escolaridade associou-se ao uso de ácido fólico (RR = 1,42; IC95 por cento: 1,18-1,70), mas não de multivitaminas (RR = 0,87; IC95 por cento: 0,77-0,98). A utilização de ácido fólico foi menos prevalente em mulheres que viviam sozinhas (RR = 0,67; IC95 por cento: 0,48-0,95) e cuja gravidez não foi planeada (RR = 0,81; IC95 por cento: 0,71-0,92). A adequação dos cuidados pré-natais é um determinante importante da utilização de vitaminas/minerais durante a gravidez.

Patterns in the use of medicines by university students in Maputo, Mozambique.

Patterns in the use of medicines are expected to reflect distinct health features between populations. This study aimed to describe the self-reported use of medication by a sample of university students in Maputo, Mozambique. We conducted a survey of 797 students in a private university in Maputo. Participants completed a questionnaire including socio-demographic data and pattern of medication use in the preceding month. Information was collected on the number and names of drugs, duration of use, and prescription. The drugs were grouped according to therapeutic indication. In the previous month, 56% of students had used at least one pharmaceutical drug, with higher prevalence for women (65.2% vs. 42.2%) and men attending health-related courses (67.4% vs. 53.2%). The most commonly used medicines were anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs (62.2%), anti-infectives (25.9%), and vitamins/minerals (13.6%). The most frequently used single drugs were paracetamol (42.8%), amoxicillin (12.6%), and ibuprofen (8.4%). Duration of use was lowest for anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs and highest for oral contraceptives. Use of medication by Mozambican students was similar to that observed in other university populations.

Patterns in the use of medicines by university students in Maputo, Mozambique

Patterns in the use of medicines are expected to reflect distinct health features between populations. This study aimed to describe the self-reported use of medication by a sample of university students in Maputo, Mozambique. We conducted a survey of 797 students in a private university in Maputo. Participants completed a questionnaire including socio-demographic data and pattern of medication use in the preceding month. Information was collected on the number and names of drugs, duration of use, and prescription. The drugs were grouped according to therapeutic indication. In the previous month, 56 percent of students had used at least one pharmaceutical drug, with higher prevalence for women (65.2 percent vs. 42.2 percent) and men attending health-related courses (67.4 percent vs. 53.2 percent). The most commonly used medicines were anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs (62.2 percent), anti-infectives (25.9 percent), and vitamins/minerals (13.6 percent). The most frequently used single drugs were paracetamol (42.8 percent), amoxicillin (12.6 percent), and ibuprofen (8.4 percent). Duration of use was lowest for anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs and highest for oral contraceptives. Use of medication by Mozambican students was similar to that observed in other university populations.

O padrão de utilização de medicamentos nas populações pode refletir diferenças na sua saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o uso de medicamentos numa população universitária em Maputo, Moçambique. Foram avaliados 797 estudantes de uma universidade privada. Os participantes preencheram um questionário que incluía variáveis sócio-demográficas e de utilização de medicamentos no mês anterior. Foi colhida informação relativa ao número e nome dos medicamentos, duração da utilização e prescrição. Os fármacos foram classificados conforme a indicação terapêutica. Entre os estudantes, 56 por cento tinham utilizado pelo menos um fármaco, com maior prevalência nas mulheres (65,2 por cento vs. 42,2 por cento) e nos homens que freqüentavam cursos de saúde (67,4 por cento vs. 53,2 por cento). Os estudantes usaram principalmente antiinflamatórios/analgésicos (62,2 por cento), anti-infecciosos (25,9 por cento) e vitaminas/minerais (13,6 por cento). Os fármacos mais freqüentemente utilizados foram paracetamol (42,8 por cento), amoxicilina (12,6 por cento) e ibuprofeno (8,4 por cento). A duração da terapêutica foi menor para antiinflamatórios/analgésicos e maior para contraceptivos orais. O padrão de utilização de medicamentos por estudantes moçambicanos foi semelhante ao observado noutras populações universitárias.

[Breast cancer mortality trend in Portugal (1955-2002)]. / Evolução da mortalidade por cancro da mama em Portugal (1955-2002).

INTRODUCTION: In the last decade there were significant changes in breast cancer mortality that is declining since the 90 s in several countries. The aim of this study was to quantify the variation of the female breast cancer mortality rates, in Portugal and in different regions of the country, considering the changes in the trends. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Breast cancer mortality rates and the number of deaths were obtained from the World Health Organization, for the years from 1955 to 2002, and the number of deaths and population in each region were obtained from the publication Risco de Morrer em Portugal. Age-standardized rates were computed by the direct method, using the European standard population. Joinpoint regression analyses were performed to identify the years in which changes in trends have occurred, and to estimate the annual percent changes in each period, for the age groups 35-74, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and 65-74 years. The annual variation was computed for each Portuguese region from 1990 to 2002. RESULTS: Breast cancer mortality rates increased 1.55%/year (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.43 to 1.68) between 1955 and 1992 and changed -2.02%/year (95%CI: -2.81 to -1.31) from 1992 to 2002 in women aged 35 to 74 years. No significant differences were observed in the joinpoints or the estimated annual percent changes across age strata. At a regional level, the mortality trends between 1990 and 2002 were inversely associated with the rates at the beginning of this period (r= -0.74, p <0.001), the larger decline being observed in Lisbon, with rates varying -3.58%/ year (95% CI: -5.30 to -1.48). CONCLUSION: A decrease in breast cancer mortality has been observed in Portugal in the early 90 s, with an estimated annual percent change of -2%/year in the last decade. The decline in mortality correlated positively with the rates at the beginning of the period.

Coffee and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.

We systematically reviewed the literature on the association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer and performed a meta-analysis of the results. Published cohort and case-control studies were identified in PubMed and reference lists. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool effects from 23 studies, and heterogeneity was explored by stratification and meta-regression. The odds ratio (OR) for the overall association between coffee and gastric cancer (highest vs. lowest category of exposure) was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.86-1.09), similar for cohort (OR = 1.02; 95%CI: 0.76-1.37) and case-control studies (population-based: OR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.70-1.15; hospital-based: OR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.83-1.13). The OR was 1.26 (95%CI: 1.02-1.57) when considering five studies conducted in the USA, 0.97 (95%CI: 0.82-1.14) for the five Japanese studies, 0.98 (95%CI: 0.81-1.17) for the six studies from Europe, and 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47-0.86) for the two studies from South America. In this meta-analysis we found no adverse effect of coffee associated with gastric cancer. Knowledge on the level of exposure to different coffee constituents may provide a deeper understanding of this reassuring result and the real role of coffee on cancer risk.

Coffee and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis

Efetuamos uma revisão sistemática dos estudos publicados avaliando a associacão entre café e câncer de estômago. Identificamos estudos de coorte e caso-controle na PubMed e nas listas de referências. Foram obtidas estimativas conjuntas do risco por meta-análise de 23 estudos (método de efeitos aleatórios). A heterogeneidade foi explorada por estratificacão e meta-regressão. O odds ratio (OR) conjunto para a associacão entre café e câncer gástrico (categoria de exposicão mais elevada vs. mais baixa) foi de 0,97 (IC95 por cento: 0,86-1,09), semelhante para estudos de coorte (OR = 1,02; IC95 por cento: 0,76-1,37) e caso-controle (populacional: OR = 0,90; IC95 por cento: 0,70-1,15; hospitalar: OR = 0,97; IC95 por cento: 0,83-1,13). O OR foi de 1,26 (IC95 por cento: 1,02-1,57) para cinco estudos efetuados nos Estados Unidos, 0,97 (IC95 por cento: 0,82-1,14) para cinco estudos japoneses, 0,98 (IC95 por cento: 0,81-1,17) para cinco estudos europeus, e 0,64 (IC95 por cento: 0,47-0,86) para dois estudos sul-americanos. Nesta meta-análise não observamos efeito significativo do consumo de café na ocorrência de câncer gástrico. Contudo, o conhecimento dos níveis de exposicão a diferentes constituintes do café poderá permitir uma melhor compreensão deste resultado e o verdadeiro contributo do café para a ocorrência de câncer.

Association between child-care and acute diarrhea: a study in Portuguese children.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the influence of the type of child-care on the occurrence of acute diarrhea with special emphasis on the effect of children grouping during care. METHODS: From October 1998 to January 1999 292 children, aged 24 to 36 months, recruited using a previously assembled cohort of newborns, were evaluated. Information on the type of care and occurrence of diarrhea in the previous year was obtained from parents by telephone interview. The Chi2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare proportions and quantitative variables, respectively. The risk of diarrhea was estimated through the calculation of incident odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), crude and adjusted by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Using as reference category children cared individually at home, the adjusted ORs for diarrhea occurrence were 3.18, 95% CI [1.49, 6.77] for children cared in group at home, 2.28, 95% CI [0.92, 5.67] for children cared in group in day-care homes and 2.54, 95% CI [1.21, 5.33] for children cared in day-care centers. Children that changed from any other type of child-care setting to child-care centers in the year preceding the study showed a risk even higher (OR 7.65, 95% CI [3.25, 18.02]). CONCLUSIONS: Group care increases the risk of acute diarrhea whatsoever the specific setting.

Association between child-care and acute diarrhea: a study in Portuguese children

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the influence of the type of child-care on the occurrence of acute diarrhea with special emphasis on the effect of children grouping during care. METHODS: From October 1998 to January 1999 292 children, aged 24 to 36 months, recruited using a previously assembled cohort of newborns, were evaluated. Information on the type of care and occurrence of diarrhea in the previous year was obtained from parents by telephone interview. The X² and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare proportions and quantitative variables, respectively. The risk of diarrhea was estimated through the calculation of incident odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI), crude and adjusted by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Using as reference category children cared individually at home, the adjusted ORs for diarrhea occurrence were 3.18, 95 percent CI [1.49, 6.77] for children cared in group at home, 2.28, 95 percent CI [0.92, 5.67] for children cared in group in day-care homes and 2.54, 95 percent CI [1.21, 5.33] for children cared in day-care centers. Children that changed from any other type of child-care setting to child-care centers in the year preceding the study showed a risk even higher (OR 7.65, 95 percent CI [3.25, 18.02]). CONCLUSIONS: Group care increases the risk of acute diarrhea whatsoever the specific setting.