[Use of infrared thermography in ophthalmology]. / Primenenie termografii v oftal'mologii.

Thermoregulation disorders are associated with Body temperature fluctuation. Both hyper- and hypothermia are evidence of an ongoing pathological process. Contralateral symmetry in the Body heat spread is considered normal, while asymmetry, if above a certain level, implies an underlying pathology. Infrared thermography (IRT) is employed in many medical fields including ophthalmology. The earliest attempts of eye surface temperature evaluation were made in the 19th century. Over the last 50 years, different authors have been using this method to assess ocular adnexa, however, the technique remains insufficiently studied. The reported IRT data is often contradictory, which may be due to heterogeneity (in terms of severity) of patient groups and disparities between research parameters.

[Icrocirculatory changes I bulbar conjunctiva in various diseases].

The article presents a literature review of the latest achievements in visualizing microcirculation and studying anatomical and physiological characteristics of microcirculation in the bulbar conjunctiva in various diseases.

[Capabilities of physiotherapy for orbital trauma].

The article describes the results of conservative treatment of 78 patients with injuries of ocular adnexa (isolated fractures of orbital walls as well as cicatrical deformities of orbits and eyelids). Ophthalmological assessment was made both in the early and the late periods following blunt trauma. All patients underwent a standard assessment of functional ability of the eye and, additionally, an orbital computed tomography scan to characterize the fractures. In all cases physiotherapy (endonasal electrophoresis with proteolytic enzymes) was carried out to resolve the orbital hemorrhage. Binocular vision evaluation was done to control the effectiveness of the treatment. For that, the extent of diplopia in the central field and the total area of peripheral double vision were measured and the vertical edges of the diplopia zone were defined.

[Modern aspects of diagnostics and treatment of orbital fractures].

Data on etiology, clinical presentation, and main characteristics of orbital fractures from major Russian and foreign literature sources is reviewed. Features of early and late posttraumatic orbital deformities, such as diplopia, enophthalmos, and hypoglobus, as well as treatment options are described. Capabilities of up-to-date computed tomography in diagnostics of orbital fractures are covered in detail. Data from different authors concerning major problems of orbital reconstruction, treatment tactics, surgical approaches and techniques is provided. Specifics of different materials for orbital walls reconstruction are described, advantages and disadvantages discussed. The absence of a common opinion on these issues among surgeons is accentuated. Possible complications of surgical treatment of orbital fractures are described. Limited use of conservative therapy potential is noted and the necessity of finding new ways of improving diagnostics, planning, and performance of surgical and complex treatment of orbital trauma patients is stressed.

[Potentialities of confocal microscopy in the evaluation of the cornea in the dry eye syndrome].

The purpose of the investigation was to study the potentialities of confocal microscopy in the evaluation of the corneal status in the dry eye syndrome (DES). Fifty-two patients (104 eyes) were examined and divided into 2 groups: 1) 32 patients with the verified diagnosis of DES of various etiology; 2) 20 healthy volunteers (a control group). Corneal confocal microscopy was made on a Confoscan-4 device (Nidek, Japan). The investigations ascertained that there was a direct relationship between the functional parameters, the degree of severity, rather than the etiology of DES and the changes in the corneal morphological pattern. Overall, corneal changes in patients with DES primarily involved the anterior epithelium and anterior stromal layers. The non-invasive and high informative value of confocal microscopy made it possible to study at the fundamentally new level the corneal structure that is always involved in the pathological process in DES.

[Analysis of the diagnostic efficiency of the Schirmer test versus the lacrimal meniscus biometric technique in impaired tear production].

The paper analyzes the diagnostic capacities of two studies (the routine Schirmer test and lacrimal meniscus biometry). It indicates the basic limitations of the Schirmer test and describes a procedure for lacrimal meniscus biometry. Based on the results of studying the lacrimal meniscus in healthy individuals from a control group, the authors revealed a relationship of the height of the lacrimal meniscus to the area and horizontal size of the palpebral fissure. Comparison of the results of studies of basal lacrimal secretion in the presence of dry keratoconjunctivitis and dry eye syndrome in the study patients with hypolacrimation defined the latter as mild, moderate, and severe. There was discordance between the values in 33.85% of cases. The Schirmer test has not shown to be the method of choice in examining basal lacrimal production; erroneous results may be obtained in a third of patients. Lacrimal meniscus biometry makes it possible to identify the degree of significant hypolacrimation more exactly and to minimize the indices of preserved basal secretion.

[Orbital hernias: new views of the pathogenesis, possibilities of correction].

The paper deals with the basic pathogenetic aspects of development of orbital hernias--the factors of a tarsoorbital fascial change in the presence of the hereditary syndrome of connective tissue hyperplasticity and elevated intraorbital pressure, which affects the volume of orbital fat. The possibilities of a differential diagnosis of orbital hernias and eyelid edemas are considered. There is a biomechanical association of orbital hernias with acquired age-related enophthalmos. The examples of impairments in the tolerance of the optic nerve and in the development of optic neuropathy in enophthalmos are considered. The fact that there may be tarsoorbital fascial lesions, followed by the development of orbital hernias after parabulbar injections is indicated. The author proposes an operation dealing with the reposition of orbital hernias instead of their resection during blepharoplastic interventions.

[A cosmetic dermal incision: morphological and biochemical bases]. / Kosmeticheskii razrez kozhi: morfologicheskie i biomekhanicheskie osnovy.

The article deals with the issue of skin reparation under the conditions of surgical-wound healing. The authors carried out a comprehensive experimental study comprising the morphological-and-biochemical investigations of peculiarities of the morphological healing pattern and of the elastic-and-deformative scars' features in experimental animals. Dermal scars with the vertical and skew profiles, made by steel and crystal blades, were comparatively analyzed. The advantages related with healing of the skew crystal incision, consisting in a lower volume of the scar tissue, smooth epithelization, and in high elastic scar characteristics, were detected. The crystal scalpels and skew incision profile were made use of within practical blepharoplasty surgery performed in 500 patients with high cosmetic results.

[Hyperplastic connective tissue syndrome in patients with high myopia]. / Izuchenie sindroma giperélastichnosti soedinitel'noi tkani u bol'nykh s miopiei vysokoi stepeni.

A conventional ophthalmologic and special somatic examination was carried out in 50 patients with myopia and 30 patients of the control group to determine hypermobility of joints by 9-point scale. Hypermobility of joints in patients with myopia was estimated at 5.95 points and in patients in the control group--2.7 points. All the patients with high myopia showed 12 various additional features of connective tissue hyperelasticity, on the average, with no more than 4 such features in the control group. It is suggested that hereditary predisposition to hyperelasticity of connective tissue determines a particular inclination of the sclera to overextension. This plays a definite role in appearance and progress of axial myopia.