Aplicação das regras de vinculação da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde com a Avaliação Geriátrica Ampla / Linking the content of the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment of a reference center for the health of the elderly with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Objetivo: Vincular o conteúdo da Avaliação Geriátrica Ampla (AGA) de um centro de referência na saúde da pessoa idosa com a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF) e apresentar seu Conjunto Básico de categorias da CIF. Método: A AGA foi vinculada à CIF por dois especialistas, treinados de acordo com as regras de vinculação estabelecidas. A concordância entre os especialistas foi determinada com base no índice kappa de Cohen. Resultados: A concordância entre os especialistas foi considerada perfeita para cada domínio da CIF (k= 0,91; p<0,00; concordância= 93,32%). A AGA continha 419 itens, sendo que 106 não puderam ser vinculados à CIF, por estarem associados a condições de saúde ou não se enquadrarem nas categorias da CIF. Foi verificado que 313 estavam ligados aos domínios da CIF e que 181 (60,13%) estavam relacionados às funções do corpo, 18 (5,98%) às estruturas do corpo, 73 (24,258%) à atividade e participação, 30 (9,97%) a fatores ambientais e 11 (3,51%) aos fatores pessoais. Conclusões: A CIF pode ser inserida em contextos específicos dos serviços de saúde sendo viável a vinculação da CIF com formulários elaborados pelos próprios serviços de saúde. A correspondência entre um instrumento de avaliação geriátrico e a CIF potencializa discussões de casos, planos terapêuticos e cuidado continuado. A dinâmica do processo de cuidado padronizado pela CIF pode facilitar a ampliação do cuidado e estabelecimento de metas terapêuticas que ultrapassem o contexto do serviço e alcancem a esfera familiar e social.

Objective: Linking the content of the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) of a reference center for the health of the elderly with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and present its Basic Set of ICF codes. Method: The AGA were linked to the ICF by two specialists, trained according to the established linking rules. Agreement between the health professionals was determined based on Cohen's kappa index. Results: The agreement between the two health professionals was considered perfect for each ICF domain (k= 0.91; p<0.00; agreement= 93.32%). The AGA contained 419 items, 106 of which could not be linked to the ICF, as they were associated with health conditions or did not fit into any category. It was found that 313 were linked to the ICF domains and that 181 (60.13%) were related to body functions, 18 (5.98%) to body structures, 73 (24.258%) to activity and participation, 30 (9.97%) to environmental factors and 11 (3.51%) to personal factors. Conclusions: The ICF can be inserted in specific contexts of health services, making it feasible to link the ICF with forms prepared by the health services themselves. The correspondence between a geriatric assessment instrument and the ICF enhances case discussions, therapeutic plans and continued care. The dynamics of the care process standardized by the ICF can facilitate the expansion of care and the establishment of therapeutic goals that go beyond the context of the service and reach the family and social sphere.

Electroacupuncture modulates cortical excitability in a manner dependent on the parameters used.

INTRODUCTION: There is evidence that electroacupuncture (EA) acts through the modulation of brain activity, but little is known about its influence on corticospinal excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of EA parameters on the excitability of M1 in healthy individuals. METHODS: A parallel, double blind, randomized controlled trial in healthy subjects, evaluating the influence of an EA intervention on M1 excitability. Participants had a needle inserted at LI4 in the dominant hand and received electrical stimulation of different frequencies (10 or 100 Hz) and amplitude (sensory or motor threshold) for 20 min. In the control group, only a brief (30 s) electrical stimulation was applied. Single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation coupled with electromyography was applied before and immediately after the EA intervention. Resting motor threshold, motor evoked potential, short intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation were measured. RESULTS: EA increased corticospinal excitability of M1 compared to the control group only when administered with a frequency of 100 Hz at the sensory threshold (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the other measures. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that EA with an intensity level at the sensorial threshold and 100 Hz frequency increases the corticospinal excitability of M1. This effect may be associated with a decrease in the activity of inhibitory intracortical mechanisms. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: U1111-1173-1946 (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos; http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/).

Health care network model for older adults: a co-creation and participatory action research approach / Modelo assistencial à saúde do idoso em rede: uma abordagem de cocriação e pesquisa-ação participativa

OBJECTIVE: To develop a collaborative, multidisciplinary care model for older adults that improves interdisciplinary teamwork and increases access to specialized services for frail patients, helping solve management problems in the Brazilian Unified Health System. In the state of Bahia, the health care network for older adults requires better interaction and integration with the Unified Health System and the Unified System of Social Assistance to improve patient flow in the network. METHODS: We used a co-creation and participatory action research approach based on reflection, data collection, interaction, and feedback with participants and stakeholders. Data was collected from health professionals, representatives of health agencies, and older adults through collective and individual interviews, reflective diaries, and direct communication. RESULTS: An action plan involving members of the older adult care network was developed to put the new model into practice. A pilot study with a multidisciplinary team allowed adjustments and implementation of the model at our institution. CONCLUSIONS: The new model improved both the internal management of the State Reference Center for Older Adult Health Care (Centro de Referência Estadual de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso - CREASI) and its interaction with primary care, optimizing patient flow and establishing rules for shared management between CREASI and primary care institutions. In view of this, restructuring the care model reorganized relations between the agencies, expanding CREASI's role in the management and systematization of older adult health.

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo assistencial colaborativo, multiprofissional e centrado na pessoa idosa para melhorar o trabalho em equipe interdisciplinar e o acesso de idosos frágeis ao serviço especializado, ajudando na resolução de problemas com o gerenciamento do idoso no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A rede de assistência à saúde do idoso na Bahia requer avanços na interação e na integração entre os órgãos do SUS e do Sistema Único de Assistência Social para melhorar o fluxo dos pacientes na rede. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizada uma pesquisa-ação participativa e cocriação baseadas na reflexão, coleta de dados, interação e feedback com participantes e partes interessadas. A coleta dos dados foi realizada com os profissionais de saúde, representantes dos órgãos de saúde e idosos por meio entrevistas coletivas e individuais, diários reflexivos e registros de comunicação direta. RESULTADOS: Foi elaborado um plano de ação com participação dos membros da rede de assistência ao idoso para colocar em prática o novo modelo. Realizou-se um piloto com uma equipe multidisciplinar que possibilitou ajustes e a implementação do modelo na instituição. CONCLUSÕES: O novo modelo favoreceu tanto o gerenciamento interno do Centro de Referência Estadual de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso (CREASI) como a interação com a atenção básica, otimizando o fluxo de pacientes e estabelecendo regras de gerenciamento compartilhado entre CREASI e atenção básica. Diante disso, a reestruturação do modelo assistencial representou uma reorganização das relações entre os órgãos, ampliando o papel do CREASI no gerenciamento e na sistematização da saúde do idoso.

Hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e comorbidade em idosos: Um estudo transversal / Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and comorbidity in the elderly: A cross-sectional study

Mecanismos fisiológicos do envelhecimento estão associados ao surgimento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) em idosos. As repercussões sistêmicas da HAS favorecem o surgimento de doenças cardiovasculares, neurológicas e endócrinas em idosos. Contudo, a associação da HAS com o maior número de doenças em idosos e consumo de medicamentos ainda precisa de respaldo científico. OBJETIVO: Verificar a quantidade de doenças diagnosticadas em idosos hipertensos e não hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de dados secundários dos prontuários de idosos com cadastro ativo no Centro de Referência Estadual de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso (CREASI) em Salvador, Bahia no período de setembro de 2018 até julho de 2019. Dos 3.158 prontuários, foram identificados 2.122 idosos com diagnóstico de HAS. A coleta foi realizada por 13 pesquisadores assistentes que capturam os dados da primeira avaliação. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente com suas medidas de tendência central e de dispersão. RESULTADO: Idosos hipertensos apresentaram maior faixa etária e maior consumo de medicamento, mas o impacto da funcionalidade foi afetado no aumento do risco de quedas nestes indivíduos. CONCLUSÃO: A HAS está associada ao maior número de doenças cardiovasculares, neurológicas e endócrinas, ocasionado repercussões na vida deste idoso como maior consumo de medicamento e aumento do risco de quedas.

Physiological mechanisms of aging are associated with the onset of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) in the elderly. The systemic repercussions of SAH favor the appearance of cardiovascular, neurological and endocrine diseases in the elderly. However, the association of SAH with the highest number of diseases in the elderly and consumption of drugs still needs scientific support. OBJECTIVE: To verify the number of diseases diagnosed in hypertensive and non-hypertensive elderly people. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of secondary data from the medical records of elderly people with active registration at the State Reference Center for Elderly Health Care (CREASI) in Salvador, Bahia from September 2018 to July 2019. Of the 3,158 records, 2,122 were identified elderly diagnosed with SAH. The collection was carried out by 13 assistant researchers who capture the data from the first evaluation. The data were analyzed descriptively with their measures of central tendency and dispersion. RESULT: Hypertensive elderly people had a higher age range and higher consumption of medication, but the impact of functionality was affected by the increased risk of falls in these individuals. CONCLUSION: SAH is associated with a greater number of cardiovascular, neurological and endocrine diseases, causing repercussions in the life of this elderly person, such as increased consumption of medication and increased risk of falls.

Análise da rede de multibormidades em idosos atendidos em um centro de referência: estudo transversal / Analysis of the multimorbidities network in the elderly in a reference center: a cross-section study

Idosos possuem múltiplos diagnósticos com padrões de similaridade que podem ser analisados pela teoria das redes complexas. Distúrbios crônicos com repercussões na capacidade funcional tendem aumentar em número e gravidade nesses indivíduos, sendo necessária análise integrada para compreender a relação entre envelhecimento e multimorbidades. OBJETIVO: Analisar os padrões de interação entre as doenças que acometem idosos de um centro de referência. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram coletados dados clínicos e doenças diagnosticadas em 2973 prontuários de idosos cadastrados de um centro de referência de atenção à saúde do idoso. As doenças foram consideradas nós da rede e os idosos as arestas de modo não direcionada. O peso das arestas correspondiam à quantidade de idosos com duas doenças simultaneamente. Através do software Gephi (versão 0.9.2) foram analisados grau de conectividade entre as doenças (grau de entrada), interação das doenças em sugbrupos (Comunity), doenças mais influentes (Hubs) e doenças que atuam como pontes entre duas ou mais comunidades. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 30 nós (doenças) e 433 arestas com pesos distintos de acordo com a quantidade de idosos, e 3 comunidades onde o grau de conectividade é maior entre si. A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) apresentou-se como o Hub de maior influência na rede. CONCLUSÃO: A construção da rede complexa mapeou as doenças e a influência na assistência ao idoso. Informações relevantes para os gestores locais, na busca de intervenções efetivas no serviço que visem contribuir para prevenção das principais comorbidades e auxiliar na independência funcional dos pacientes.

Elderly people have multiple diagnoses with similar patterns that can be analyzed by the theory of complex networks. Chronic disorders with repercussions on functional capacity tend to increase in number and severity in these individuals, requiring an integrated analysis to understand the relationship between aging and multimorbidities. OBJECTIVE: To analyze patterns of interaction between diseases that affect elderly people in a reference center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical data and diagnosed diseases were collected from 2973 medical records of elderly people registered at a reference center for elderly health care. Diseases were considered nodes in the network and the elderly were considered to be rough edges. The weight of the edges corresponded to the number of elderly people with two diseases simultaneously. Through the Gephi software (version 0.9.2), the degree of connectivity between diseases (degree of entry), the interaction of diseases in subgroups (Community), most influential diseases (Hubs), and diseases that act as bridges between two or more communities were analyzed. RESULTS: 30 nodes (diseases) and 433 edges with different weights were identified according to the number of elderly people, and 3 communities where the degree of connectivity is greater among themselves. Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) was the most influential hub in the network. CONCLUSION: The construction of the complex network mapped diseases and the influence on care for the elderly. Relevant information for local managers, in search of effective interventions in the service that aims to contribute to the prevention of the main comorbidities and assist in the functional independence of patients.

Electromyographic Biofeedback in Motor Function Recovery After Peripheral Nerve Injury: An Integrative Review of the Literature.

Electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) has been applied to treat different types of peripheral nerve injuries (PNI). However, despite the clinical practice widespread use its evidence is controversial. With the objective of summarize the available evidence on the electromyographic biofeedback effectiveness and efficacy to help motor function recovery after PNI an integrative review was performed. A secondary objective was to identify the conceptual framework and strategies of EMG-BF intervention, and the quality of technical description of EMG-BF procedures. To conduct this integrative review a systematic search of the literature was performed between October 2013 and July 2018, in PUBMED, ISI and COCHRANE databases for EMG-BF original studies in PNI patients of any etiology, in English, Portuguese, Spanish or French, published after 1990. Exclusion criteria were poor description of EMG-BF treatment, associated treatment that could impair EMG-BF effect, inclusion of non-PNI individuals and case studies design. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate study quality of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) included. This resulted in 71 potential articles enrolled to full reading, although only nine matched the inclusion criteria. PNI included facial paralysis, acute sciatic inflammation and carpal tunnel syndrome. The average quality score of the included RCTs was five, corresponding to low methodological quality. Due to the small number of included articles, low quality studies and heterogeneity of interventions, outcomes and population we concluded that there is limited evidence of EMG-BF effectiveness and efficacy for motor function recovery in PNI patients.

Additive effect of tDCS combined with Peripheral Electrical Stimulation to an exercise program in pain control in knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been linked to maladaptive plasticity in the brain, which may contribute to chronic pain. Neuromodulatory approaches, such as Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Peripheral Electrical Stimulation (PES), have been used therapeutically to counteract brain maladaptive plasticity. However, it is currently unclear whether these neuromodulatory techniques enhance the benefits of exercise when administered together. Therefore, this protocol aims to investigate whether the addition of tDCS combined or not with PES enhances the effects of a land-based strengthening exercise program in patients with knee OA. METHODS: Patients with knee OA (n = 80) will undertake a structured exercise program for five consecutive days. In addition, they will be randomized into four subgroups receiving either active anodal tDCS and sham PES (group 1; n = 20), sham tDCS and active PES (group 2, n = 20), sham tDCS and PES (group 3, n = 20), or active tDCS and PES (group 4, n = 20) for 20 min/day for five consecutive days just prior to commencement of the exercise program. The primary outcomes will be subjective pain intensity (VAS) and related function (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes will include quality of life (SF-36), anxiety and depression symptoms (HAD), self-perception of improvement, pressure pain thresholds over the knee, quadriceps strength, and quadriceps electromyographic activity during maximum knee extension voluntary contraction. We will also investigate cortical excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, 1 month after, before any intervention, after 5 days of intervention, and at 1 month post exercise intervention. DISCUSSION: The motor cortex becomes less responsive in knee OA because of poorly adapted plastic changes, which can impede exercise therapy benefits. Adding tDCS and/or PES may help to counteract those maladaptive plastic changes and improve the benefits of exercises, and the combination of both neuromodulatory techniques must have a higher magnitude of effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry on Clinical Trials (ReBEC) - Effects of electrical stimulation over the skull and tight together with exercises for knee OA; protocol number RBR-9D7C7B. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ID: RBR-9D7C7B . Registered on 29 February 2016.

Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Chronic Pain Display Enhanced Alpha Power Density at Rest.

Patients with chronic pain due to neuropathy or musculoskeletal injury frequently exhibit reduced alpha and increased theta power densities. However, little is known about electrical brain activity and chronic pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For this purpose, we evaluated power densities of spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) band frequencies (delta, theta, alpha, and beta) in females with persistent pain due to RA. This was a cross-sectional study of 21 participants with RA and 21 healthy controls (mean age = 47.20; SD = 10.40). EEG was recorded at rest over 5 min with participant's eyes closed. Twenty electrodes were placed over five brain regions (frontal, central, parietal, temporal, and occipital). Significant differences were observed in depression and anxiety with higher scores in RA participants than healthy controls (p = 0.002). Participants with RA exhibited increased average absolute alpha power density in all brain regions when compared to controls [F (1.39) = 6.39, p = 0.016], as well as increased average relative alpha power density [F (1.39) = 5.82, p = 0.021] in all regions, except the frontal region, controlling for depression/anxiety. Absolute theta power density also increased in the frontal, central, and parietal regions for participants with RA when compared to controls [F (1, 39) = 4.51, p = 0.040], controlling for depression/anxiety. Differences were not exhibited on beta and delta absolute and relative power densities. The diffuse increased alpha may suggest a possible neurogenic mechanism for chronic pain in individuals with RA.