RESUMEN
A strategy to conformationally restrain a series of GlyT1 inhibitors identified potent analogs that exhibited slowly interconverting rotational isomers. Further studies to address this concern led to a series of azetidine-based inhibitors. Compound 26 was able to elevate CSF glycine levels in vivo and demonstrated potency comparable to Bitopertin in an in vivo rat receptor occupancy study. Compound 26 was subsequently shown to enhance memory in a Novel Object Recognition (NOR) behavioral study after a single dose of 0.03 mg/kg, and in a contextual fear conditioning (cFC) study after four QD doses of 0.01-0.03 mg/kg.
Asunto(s)
Azetidinas/farmacología , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática/antagonistas & inhibidores , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Azetidinas/síntesis química , Azetidinas/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
In medicinal chemistry, accurate prediction of additivity-based structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis rests on three assumptions: (1) a consistent binding pose of the central scaffold, (2) no interaction between the R group substituents, and (3) a relatively rigid binding pocket in which the R group substituents act independently. Previously, examples of nonadditive SAR have been documented in systems that deviate from the first two assumptions. Local protein structural change upon ligand binding, through induced fit or conformational selection, although a well-known phenomenon that invalidates the third assumption, has not been linked to nonadditive SAR conclusively. Here, for the first time, we present clear structural evidence that the formation of a hydrophobic pocket upon ligand binding in PDE2 catalytic site reduces the size of another distinct subpocket and contributes to strong nonadditive SAR between two otherwise distant R groups.
Asunto(s)
Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 2/química , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 2/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Modelos Teóricos , Conformación Proteica , Quinazolinas/química , Triazoles/química , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Ligandos , Unión Proteica , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
We report here the identification and optimization of a novel series of potent GlyT1 inhibitors. A ligand design campaign that utilized known GlyT1 inhibitors as starting points led to the identification of a novel series of pyrrolo[3,4- c]pyrazoles amides (21-50) with good in vitro potency. Subsequent optimization of physicochemical and in vitro ADME properties produced several compounds with promising pharmacokinetic profiles. In vivo inhibition of GlyT1 was demonstrated for select compounds within this series by measuring the elevation of glycine in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg. Ultimately, an optimized lead, compound 46, demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a rat novel object recognition (NOR) assay after oral dosing at 0.1, 1, and 3 mg/kg.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática/antagonistas & inhibidores , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Pirazoles/síntesis química , Pirazoles/farmacología , Animales , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática/química , Proteínas de Transporte de Glicina en la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , Permeabilidad , Pirazoles/química , Pirazoles/metabolismo , RatasRESUMEN
A series of potent and selective [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine PDE2a inhibitors is reported. The design and improvement of the binding properties of this series was achieved using X-ray crystal structures in conjunction with careful analysis of electronic and structural requirements for the PDE2a enzyme. One of the lead compounds, compound 27 (DNS-8254), was identified as a potent and highly selective PDE2a enzyme inhibitor with favorable rat pharmacokinetic properties. Interestingly, the increased potency of compound 27 was facilitated by the formation of a halogen bond with the oxygen of Tyr827 present in the PDE2a active site. In vivo, compound 27 demonstrated significant memory enhancing effects in a rat model of novel object recognition. Taken together, these data suggest that compound 27 may be a useful tool to explore the pharmacology of selective PDE2a inhibition.
Asunto(s)
Exonucleasas/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos de la Memoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/farmacología , Cromatografía Liquida , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
The preclinical characterization of novel octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles that are potent and selective orexin-2 antagonists is described. Optimization of physicochemical and DMPK properties led to the discovery of compounds with tissue distribution and duration of action suitable for evaluation in the treatment of primary insomnia. These selective orexin-2 antagonists are proven to promote sleep in rats, and this work ultimately led to the identification of a compound that progressed into human clinical trials for the treatment of primary insomnia. The synthesis, SAR, and optimization of the pharmacokinetic properties of this series of compounds as well as the identification of the clinical candidate, JNJ-42847922 (34), are described herein.
Asunto(s)
Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neuropéptidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirroles/química , Pirroles/farmacología , Animales , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Perros , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Masculino , Neuropéptidos/metabolismo , Receptores de Orexina/metabolismo , Orexinas , Pirroles/farmacocinética , Pirroles/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/tratamiento farmacológico , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
The preclinical characterization of novel phenyl(piperazin-1-yl)methanones that are histamine H3 receptor antagonists is described. The compounds described are high affinity histamine H3 antagonists. Optimization of the physical properties of these histamine H3 antagonists led to the discovery of several promising lead compounds, and extensive preclinical profiling aided in the identification of compounds with optimal duration of action for wake promoting activity. This led to the discovery of two development candidates for Phase I and Phase II clinical trials.
RESUMEN
We have recently completed the synthesis of 1-[2-(4-cyclobutyl-[1,4]diazepane-1-carbonyl)-4-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-ethanone, a hydroxyproline-based H(3) receptor antagonist, on 100 g scale. The synthesis proceeds through four steps and route selection was driven by a desire to minimize the cost-of-goods. Naturally occurring trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline was chosen as the precursor to the target's core, which necessitated an inversion at both stereogenic centers. The inversions were accomplished through strategic employment of La Rosa's lactone and a late-stage Mitsunobu reaction. A first generation synthesis that employed N-Boc-homopiperazine was improved in a second generation approach wherein homopiperazine was directly desymmetrized. Finally, the water solubility of a key intermediate necessitated the development of a nonextractive workup for the sodium triacetoxyborohydride reduction.
Asunto(s)
Azepinas/síntesis química , Borohidruros/química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/síntesis química , Hidroxiprolina/química , Pirrolidinas/síntesis química , Sodio/química , Azepinas/química , Cromatografía/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Pirrolidinas/química , Solubilidad , Solventes/química , Estereoisomerismo , TemperaturaRESUMEN
The pre-clinical characterization of novel aryloxypyridine amides that are histamine H(3) receptor antagonists is described. These compounds are high affinity histamine H(3) ligands that penetrate the CNS and occupy the histamine H(3) receptor in rat brain. Several compounds were extensively profiled pre-clinically leading to the identification of two compounds suitable for nomination as development candidates.
Asunto(s)
Azepinas/farmacología , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Amidas/química , Animales , Azepinas/química , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Piridinas/química , RatasRESUMEN
Pre-clinical characterization of novel substituted pyrrolidines that are high affinity histamine H(3) receptor antagonists is described. These compounds efficiently penetrate the CNS and occupy the histamine H(3) receptor in rat brain following oral administration. One compound, (2S,4R)-1-[2-(4-cyclobutyl-[1,4]diazepane-1-carbonyl)-4-(3-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-ethanone, was extensively profiled and shows promise as a potential clinical candidate.
Asunto(s)
Azepinas/química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/química , Pirrolidinas/química , Receptores Histamínicos H3/química , Administración Oral , Animales , Azepinas/síntesis química , Azepinas/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Perros , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/síntesis química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacocinética , Humanos , Ratones , Pirrolidinas/síntesis química , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Ratas , Receptores Histamínicos H3/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A novel series of imidazole containing histamine H(3) receptor ligands were investigated and found to be potent functional antagonists. After improving the stability of these molecules towards liver microsomes, these compounds were found to have no appreciable affinity for CYP P450s. Subsequent in vivo experiments showed significant brain uptake of (4-chloro-phenyl)-[2-(1-isopropyl-piperidin-4-ylmethoxy)-3-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-methanone 22.
Asunto(s)
Barrera Hematoencefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/síntesis química , Imidazoles/química , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Diseño de Fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Cobayas , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligandos , Modelos Químicos , Unión Proteica , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The synthesis and biological activity of a new series of 2-aryloxymethylmorpholine histamine H(3) antagonists is described. The new compounds are high affinity histamine H(3) ligands that penetrate the CNS and occupy the histamine H(3) receptor in rat brain.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacología , Morfolinas/farmacología , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/síntesis química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacocinética , Morfolinas/síntesis química , Morfolinas/farmacocinética , RatasRESUMEN
The synthesis and biological activity of a new series of piperazine and diazepane amides is described. The new compounds are high affinity histamine H3 ligands and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Asunto(s)
Azepinas/síntesis química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/síntesis química , Piperazinas/síntesis química , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/síntesis química , Amidas/síntesis química , Amidas/farmacocinética , Amidas/farmacología , Animales , Azepinas/farmacocinética , Azepinas/farmacología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacocinética , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos H3/farmacología , Humanos , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Piperazinas/farmacología , Ratas , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacocinética , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A series of novel tetrahydronaphthyridine-based histamine H(3) ligands that have serotonin reuptake transporter inhibitor activity is described. The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,6-naphthyridine scaffold is assembled via the addition of a nitrostyrene to a metalated pyridine followed by reduction and cyclization to form the naphthyridine. In vitro biological data for these novel compounds are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/síntesis química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Histamina/química , Naftiridinas/síntesis química , Receptores Histamínicos H3/química , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/síntesis química , Animales , Diseño de Fármacos , Humanos , Modelos Químicos , Conformación Molecular , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Ratas , Serotonina/metabolismo , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A series of novel 4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-based histamine H(3) ligands that also have serotonin reuptake transporter inhibitor activity is described. The synthesis, in vitro biological data, and select pharmacokinetic data for these novel compounds are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/síntesis química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Receptores Histamínicos H3/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/síntesis química , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacología , Tetrahidroisoquinolinas/síntesis química , Tetrahidroisoquinolinas/farmacología , Animales , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Proteínas de Transporte de Dopamina a través de la Membrana Plasmática/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte de Dopamina a través de la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Semivida , Humanos , Indicadores y Reactivos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Ratas , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacocinética , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tetrahidroisoquinolinas/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
A series of tetrahydroisoquinolines acting as dual histamine H3/serotonin transporter ligands is described. A highly regio-selective synthesis of the tetrahydroisoquinoline core involving acid mediated ring-closure of an acetophenone intermediate followed by reduction with NaCNBH3 was developed. In vitro and in vivo data are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Receptores Histamínicos H3/química , Receptores Histamínicos H3/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/efectos de los fármacos , 5-Hidroxitriptófano/farmacología , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/síntesis química , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Ligandos , Ratones , Piperazinas/síntesis química , Piperazinas/farmacología , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Three series of H(4) receptor ligands, derived from indoly-2-yl-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methanones, have been synthesized and their structure-activity relationships evaluated for activity at the H(4) receptor in competitive binding and functional assays. In all cases, substitution of small lipophilic groups in the 4 and 5-positions led to increased activity in a [(3)H]histamine radiolabeled ligand competitive binding assay. In vitro metabolism and initial pharmacokinetic studies were performed on selected compounds leading to the identification of indole 8 and benzimidazole 40 as potent H(4) antagonists with the potential for further development. In addition, both 8 and 40 demonstrated efficacy in in vitro mast cell and eosinophil chemotaxis assays.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/síntesis química , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Piperazinas/síntesis química , Piperazinas/farmacología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Bencimidazoles/síntesis química , Bencimidazoles/farmacocinética , Bencimidazoles/farmacología , Unión Competitiva , Línea Celular Tumoral , Quimiotaxis de Leucocito/efectos de los fármacos , Eosinófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Indoles/síntesis química , Indoles/farmacocinética , Indoles/farmacología , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Ratas , Receptores Histamínicos , Receptores Histamínicos H4RESUMEN
Following the discovery of the human histamine H4 receptor, a high throughput screen of our corporate compound collection identified compound 6 as a potential lead. Investigation of the SAR resulted in the discovery of novel compounds 10e and 10l, which are the first potent and selective histamine H4 receptor antagonists to be described.