Shock absorbing material on the shoes of long leg braces for paraplegic walking.

A study was designed to evaluate if shock absorbing material (ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA)) on the shoes of long leg braces could decrease the accelerations and consequent shock forces transmitted through the leg and brace during paraplegic walking. Six male paraplegics (26-55 years old) took part, four using a "swing-to" and two a "swing-through" technique when walking. Recordings comprised accelerometry of leg and brace, force platform measurement, and still photography of the trajectories of the leg segments. Each experimental condition was tested three times with a coefficient of variation (CV) for the measurements ranging from 5-22%. Compared to hard heels, shoes equipped with 20 mm EVA soles decreased the acceleration amplitude in the first 10 msec as well as at maximum for shoe-to-ground contact. With the accelerometer at the malleolus reduction of the amplitude averaged 22% and 12% respectively, and 35% and 21% respectively with the accelerometer on the caliper (p: 0.03-0.1). In a second trial the two "swing-through" walkers had new shoes made with a 10 mm thick EVA heel built in. After 3 months of walking with these shoes tests were carried out with the accelerometer attached to the malleolus both when the new and the former shoes were put on the calipers. CV for these measurements were 15-24%. It was found that the new shoes decreased the amplitudes by up to 62% and 26% on average (all p less than 0.01). The experimental subjects indicated that the EVA soles/heels gave a more comfortable and silent walk, e.g. the "bump" transmitted up through the body to the head diminished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Casting the through-knee stump.

The general characteristics of the through-knee stump are outlined and the casting technique is described in detail.