Impacto de la estrategia análisis de caso en la enseñanza de asignaturas biológicas / Impact of the Case Analysis Strategy in the Teaching of Biological Subjects

Introducción: La técnica de análisis de caso es una estrategia pedagógica que puede utilizarse en la educación superior para el desarrollo de aprendizajes autónomos. Objetivo: Evaluar la contribución de la técnica análisis de casos en la obtención de aprendizajes comprensivos en asignaturas biológicas de alta reprobación. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención mediante la técnica análisis de casos, durante 4 meses, con un diseño preexperimental con evaluación antes-después. La muestra estuvo conformada por 15 estudiantes de la carrera de Kinesiología y 30 estudiantes de Psicología. Para evaluar el impacto de la estrategia se aplicó a los estudiantes el Cuestionario de Procesos de Estudio de Biggs y Kember, y una encuesta de valoración de la experiencia. Resultados: Los resultados evidenciaron cambios en la forma en que los estudiantes procesan la información para lograr una aproximación más centrada en la comprensión. Conclusiones: Se verifican cambios cuantitativos, orientados al uso de estrategias de aprendizaje profundo en el procesamiento de la información(AU)

Introduction: The case analysis technique is a pedagogical strategy that can be used in higher education for the development of autonomous learning. Objective: To assess the contribution of the case analysis technique to obtaining comprehensive learning in biological subjects of high failure. Methods: An intervention was carried out using the case analysis technique, during four months, with a pre-experimental design with a before-after evaluation. The sample consisted of 15 students from the Kinesiology major and 30 Psychology students. To assess the impact of the strategy, the Biggs' and Kember's Study Processes Questionnaire and an experience assessment survey were applied to the students. Results: The results showed changes in the way students process information to achieve a more focused approach to understanding. Conclusions: Quantitative changes are verified, oriented to the use of deep learning strategies in the information processing(AU)

Riesgos psicosociales y salud laboral en centros de salud / Psicosocial risk and occupational health in health centers

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo por objetivo describir la salud y el riesgo psicoso- cial en tres centros de salud públicos y analizar sus asociaciones con condiciones de trabajo y enfermedad. El método incluyó un diseño observacional, analítico, transversal y una muestra total de 438 funcionarios quienes respondieron el cuestionario validado en Chile, SUSESO/ISTAS 21. Los resultados muestran que 14,6% reportan tener una enfermedad diagnosticada provocada y/o agravada por el trabajo lo que es consistente con bajos niveles de salud general, salud mental, vitalidad y altos niveles de síntomas de estrés y con condiciones de trabajo de desequilibrio entre esfuerzo-recompensa. Se observaron 4 riesgos psicosociales altos, comunes y presentes en todos los centros y 9 riesgos psicosociales altos que permiten discri minar entre funcionarios sanos y enfermos. Se discute y concluye la importancia de atender a los riesgos y condiciones comunes en centros de salud.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe health and psychosocial risk in three public health centers and analyze their associations with working conditions and illness. The method included an observa tional, analytical, cross-sectional design and a total sample of 438 officials who answered the questionnaire validated in Chile, SUSESO / ISTAS 21. The results show that 14.6% report having a diagnosed illness caused and / or aggravated by work, which is consistent with low levels of general health, mental health, vitality and high levels of stress symptoms and with imbalanced work conditions between effort-reward. There were 4 high psychosocial risks, common and present in all centers, and 9 high psychosocial risks that allow dis criminating between healthy and sick officials. The importance of attending to common risks and conditions in health centers is dis cussed and concluded.

Lessons learned of emerging Chikungunya virus in two populations of social vulnerability of the Colombian tropics: epidemiological analysis.

BACKGROUND: Notwithstanding the strong epidemiological impact of the Chikungunya in the Colombian Caribbean, in 2014, not the entire population were affected in the same way. This study describe the demographic, socio-economic, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the de Chikungunya in Ovejas and Corozal, two neighboring municipalities with high vulnerability in health in the Colombian Caribbean. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in February 2015. A convenience sampling was carried out in 971 families affected with chikungunya. Also, a socio-demographics, clinical and epidemiological questionnaire was carried out for people who met the definition of suspected Chikungunya clinical case. For the statistical analysis, data and variables, frequencies, proportions and means were compared in the two municipalities studied. A logistic regression model was constructed to explain the effect of factors studied on the risk of family infection (RFI) or likelihood of contagion within each household. Was used the software EpiInfo 7.2.2.2 and a significance level with p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: In Ovejas, 516 households were affected by Chikungunya, 48% (1269/2631) of their inhabitants became sick; in Corozal, 455 families were affected and 42% (839/1999) of their members became sick. The evolution of the epidemic curves of Chikungunya outbreak was different in the two studied areas, the disease was more aggressive in Ovejas. Ten variables were pre-selected by univariate analysis to explain the RFI by Chikungunya, and were integrated into a logistic regression model. The final model was constructed with the following variables: municipality, gender, occupation, family income, use of repellent and fumigation. The logistic model was assessed as appropriate; however, the biases in the selection of the surveyed dwellings and in the selection of symptomatic patients could influence the results. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated the epidemiological complexity of Chikungunya and the serious problem caused in populations with high vulnerability in health. The accurate association observed in the logistic regression model suggests the role of the factors studied as determinant in the rate of infection of the Chikungunya; coverage problems and surveillance in health care, demographic aspect, socio-economic problems and lack of preventive measures could explains the risk of family infection by Chikungunya in some areas tropics of Colombia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: number approval 007-2016 ethics committee-IIBT.

Zika virus disease, microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome in Colombia: epidemiological situation during 21 months of the Zika virus outbreak, 2015-2017.

BACKGROUND: The Zika virus disease (ZVD) has had a huge impact on public health in Colombia for the numbers of people affected and the presentation of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly cases associated to ZVD. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out, we analyze the epidemiological situation of ZVD and its association with microcephaly and GBS during a 21-month period, from October 2015 to June 2017. The variables studied were: (i) ZVD cases, (ii) ZVD cases in pregnant women, (iii) laboratory-confirmed ZVD in pregnant women, (iv) ZVD cases associated with microcephaly, (v) laboratory-confirmed ZVD associated with microcephaly, and (vi) ZVD associated to GBS cases. Average number of cases, attack rates (AR) and proportions were also calculated. The studied variables were plotted by epidemiological weeks and months. The distribution of ZVD cases in Colombia was mapped across the time using Kernel density estimator and QGIS software; we adopted Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) and the Gaussian Kernel to estimate the number of Guillain Barre cases given the number of ZVD cases. RESULTS: One hundred eight thousand eighty-seven ZVD cases had been reported in Colombia, including 19,963 (18.5%) in pregnant women, 710 (0.66%) associated with microcephaly (AR, 4.87 cases per 10,000 live births) and 453 (0.42%) ZVD associated to GBS cases (AR, 41.9 GBS cases per 10,000 ZVD cases). It appears the cases of GBS increased in parallel with the cases of ZVD, cases of microcephaly appeared 5 months after recognition of the outbreak. The kernel density map shows that throughout the study period, the states most affected by the Zika outbreak in Colombia were mainly San Andrés and Providencia islands, Casanare, Norte de Santander, Arauca and Huila. The KRR shows that there is no proportional relationship between the number of GBS and ZVD cases. During the cross validation, the RMSE achieved for the second order polynomial kernel, the linear kernel, the sigmoid kernel, and the Gaussian kernel are 9.15, 9.2, 10.7, and 7.2 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study updates the epidemiological analysis of the ZVD situation in Colombia describes the geographical distribution of ZVD and shows the functional relationship between ZVD cases and GBS.

Epidemic outbreak of Chikungunya in two neighboring towns in the Colombian Caribbean: a survival analysis.

BACKGROUND: The first autochthonous Chikungunya virus transmission in Colombia was reported in September 2014. Three months later, every town in the Caribbean region was affected, including the bordering towns of Ovejas and Corozal, in the department of Sucre. The objective of the study was to analyze and compare the temporal dynamics of the outbreak of Chikungunya in two towns of the department of Sucre. METHODS: Households with suspicious cases with clinical symptomatology for Chikungunya were enrolled. In each house an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to collect economic and social information and methods for vector control. RESULTS: The study analyzed data collected between 09/01/2014 and 01/31/2015; 458 families in Corozal and 516 families in Ovejas were identified with Chikungunya cases. Estimated attack rates were 10,621 cases and 1640 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, in Ovejas and Corozal, respectively. The 75-day survival curve was 27.2% lower (0.632, CI = 0.614-0.651) in Ovejas than in Corozal (0.904, CI = 0.891-0.917). After 120 days, both curves showed a stable horizontal slope, close to a survival probability of 0.54, indicating the end of the epidemic period. The log-rank test (X2 = 94.6, 1fd, p-value = 0.000) showed the improved survival of Chikungunya in the town of Corozal. The relative risk between the two towns was 0.863 (CI = 0.809-0.921; p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The dynamics of the temporal distribution of CHIKV could be influenced by socioeconomic and preventable risk factors. Poor socioeconomic conditions such as the lack and poor efficiency of water supply and waste collection services could be determining factors in the proliferation of CHIKV. The survival analysis proved to be a suitable method for studying the presentation of CHIKV and can be applied to other prevalent vector-borne diseases such as the ZIKA and Dengue.

Vínculos y efectos de la globalización en la organización social, económica y en la prevalencia de malaria en la Región Costera de Livingston, Guatemala / Links and effects of globalization on social and economic organization and malaria prevalence in the Coastal Region of Livingston, Guatemala

Debido a la creciente participación de Guatemala en los mercados globales y a las políticas emanadas de presiones internacionales, a fin de aumentar la productividad y las exportaciones, se presentan cambios sustanciales en la organización social y económica de diferentes grupos étnicos de la población con implicaciones desfavorables a la salud de grupos marginados. Se describen algunos vínculos entre los procesos económicos globales, políticas nacionales, estrategias sociales, económicas locales y prevalencia de malaria, usando como ejemplo el caso-estudio de la región costera de Livingston, Guatemala, entre el 2001 y el 2003.

As a result of Guatemala's growing involvement in international markets and policies favoring industrial and export-oriented efforts, the population has experienced substantial changes in its economic and social organization, with consequences for the health and well-being of marginal groups. The article discusses various links between global processes, national policies and priorities, social and economic strategies, and malaria prevalence, with the Coastal Region of Livingston, Guatemala as the case study carried out between 2001 and 2003.