[Interpretation of the metabolic study in renal lithiasis and its treatment]. / Interpretación del estudio metabólico en la litiasis renal y su tratamiento.

Urolithiasis is a common disease, and is an important health problem that is associated with a great economic burden. The nature of stone disease varies according by dietary and lifestyle factors, including, among others, climate variations. The majority of patients will suffer a new lithiasic episode at some point in their life, unless preventive measures, such as changing lifestyles and dietary habits, are put in place to avoid it. The risk factors involved in lithogenesis should be evaluated in order to reduce recurrences. In the majority of these patients, metabolic changes are observed in the urine that predispose lithogenesis. The kind of evaluation depends on stone composition and on the clinical presentation. A diagnosis of systemic and renal diseases of lithogenic nature can be diagnosed with these studies, and they also enable the adoption of precise prophylactic measures that achieve control of recurrence in a great number of patients.

Problemas de la esfera sexual en el paciente renal / Sexual disorders in the renal patient

En la actualidad se considera a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud como uno de los objetivos terapéuticos primordiales en pacientes que precisan tratamiento sustitutivo para seguir viviendo. La salud sexual es un derecho básico que afecta positivamente a la calidad de vida. Aunque una parte significativa de pacientes crónicos presenta algún tipo de disfunción sexual, esta no se plantea abiertamente en la consulta. Es importante que el médico aborde la dimensión sexual de estos pacientes. Repasamos la fisiopatología de las disfunciones sexuales del paciente renal crónico, tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Explicamos los efectos de la diálisis y el trasplante sobre la función sexual. Y exponemos las principales disfunciones sexuales y su tratamiento

Quality of Life Related to Health is currently considered one of the primary therapeutic objectives in renal failure patients who need substitution treatment as life prolonging therapy. Sexual health is a basic right that positively affects the quality of life. Although a significant percentage of chronic patients have some type of sexual dysfunction, this is not openly discussed, making it important for doctors to address these issues in the clinic. A review is presented on the pathophysiology of sexual dysfunctions in both male and female chronic renal patients. The effects of dialysis and transplantation on sexual function will be addressed, as well as presenting the main sexual dysfunctions and their treatment

[Sexual disorders in the renal patient]. / Problemas de la esfera sexual en el paciente renal.

Quality of Life Related to Health is currently considered one of the primary therapeutic objectives in renal failure patients who need substitution treatment as life prolonging therapy. Sexual health is a basic right that positively affects the quality of life. Although a significant percentage of chronic patients have some type of sexual dysfunction, this is not openly discussed, making it important for doctors to address these issues in the clinic. A review is presented on the pathophysiology of sexual dysfunctions in both male and female chronic renal patients. The effects of dialysis and transplantation on sexual function will be addressed, as well as presenting the main sexual dysfunctions and their treatment.

Resultados de la adrenalectomía en la metástasis del cáncer de pulmón / Results of adrenalectomy in lung cancer metastases

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es describir la experiencia en nuestro centro sobre pacientes con carcinoma de pulmón y metástasis adrenal tratados de manera secuencial, resección pulmonar y adrenalectomía, en los últimos 15 años. Pacientes y método: Analizamos una serie retrospectiva de 19 pacientes a los que se les realizó adrenalectomía por metástasis de carcinoma de pulmón. Todos los pacientes fueron operados en un mismo centro, entre octubre de 2000 y octubre de 2015. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo y de supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 13 varones y 6 mujeres. El tumor primario de pulmón más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma, siendo el 87,5% G3. En 7 pacientes la metástasis adrenal se detectó de forma sincrónica, y en 12 metacrónica. El tamaño mediano de la metástasis fue de 63mm. El 21% de los casos presentaron recidiva local y el 79% metástasis a distancia. La mediana para la SLE fue de 21.5 meses, mientras la estimación de la SLE a 5 años fue del 58,33%. La mediana para la supervivencia global fue de 37,3 meses, mientras la estimación de la supervivencia a los 5 años fue del 42,86%. Ninguno de los factores pronósticos evaluados tuvieron significación estadística. Conclusiones: La adrenalectomía en casos de metástasis aislada de carcinoma de pulmón puede ofrecer una mayor supervivencia global. La edad y el grado de diferenciación del primario pulmonar son los factores que más influirían en una peor supervivencia

Background: The aim of this study was to report our centre's experience over the past 15 years with patients with lung carcinoma and adrenal metastases treated sequentially with lung resection and adrenalectomy. Patients and methods: We analysed a retrospective series of 19 patients who underwent adrenalectomy for lung carcinoma metastasis. All patients were operated on at the same centre, between October 2000 and October 2015. We performed a descriptive analysis and an overall survival and disease-free survival analysis. Results: The study included 13 men and 6 women. The most common primary lung tumour was adenocarcinoma, 87.5% of which were G3. In 7 patients, the adrenal metastasis was detected synchronously, and in 12 patients it was detected metachronously. The median size of the metastasis was 63mm. Twenty-one percent of the cases presented local recurrence, and 79% presented distant metastasis. The median DFS was 21.5 months, while the DFS at 5 years was calculated at 58.33%. The median overall survival was 37.3 months, while survival at 5 years was calculated at 42.86%. None of the prognostic factors evaluated were statistically significant. Conclusions: Adrenalectomy in cases of isolated lung carcinoma metastasis can offer increased overall survival. Age and the degree of differentiation of the primary lung carcinoma are the factors that most influence poorer survival

Qué debe saber el médico de primaria sobre los nuevos marcadores en el cáncer de próstata / What primary care physicians should know about new markers in prostate cancer

La utilización del antígeno prostático específico como herramienta diagnóstica en el cribado del cáncer de próstata se ve reflejada en un incremento en la incidencia, un incremento en el diagnóstico de cánceres más precoces y un aumento en los tratamientos con intención curativa, aun a costa de un sobretratamiento. Sabemos, por datos recogidos en la literatura, que no todo paciente con antígeno prostático específico elevado necesita biopsia, y que no todo paciente con diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata necesita tratamiento. Con los nuevos marcadores prostáticos emergentes vamos a tratar de mejorar la especificidad del antígeno prostático específico en la zona gris (4-10 ng/ml) evitando biopsias innecesarias, de mejorar la sensibilidad en la detección de cáncer de próstata significante con antígeno prostático específico bajo y a intentar reducir el riesgo de sobretratamiento. Por otro lado, los biomarcadores pronósticos con test genómicos nos van a ayudar a elegir la mejor opción terapéutica para el paciente

The use of prostate-specific antigen as a diagnostic tool in the screening of prostate cancer is reflected in an increase in the incidence, an increase in diagnosis at initial stages, and an increase in radical therapies, even at the expense of over-treatment in some cases. It is known from the data collected in the literature that not every patient with high prostate-specific antigen needs a biopsy, and that not every patient diagnosed with prostate cancer needs treatment. With the new emerging prostate markers, we will try to improve the specificity of prostate-specific antigen in the grey area (4-10 ng/ml) should be improved. This should avoid unnecessary biopsies. The sensitivity in the detection of significant prostate cancer with low prostate-specific antigen should also be improved in an attempt to reduce the risk of over-treatment. On the other hand, prognostic biomarkers with genomic tests will help to choose the best therapeutic option for the patient

[What primary care physicians should know about new markers in prostate cancer]. / Qué debe saber el médico de primaria sobre los nuevos marcadores en el cáncer de próstata.

The use of prostate-specific antigen as a diagnostic tool in the screening of prostate cancer is reflected in an increase in the incidence, an increase in diagnosis at initial stages, and an increase in radical therapies, even at the expense of over-treatment in some cases. It is known from the data collected in the literature that not every patient with high prostate-specific antigen needs a biopsy, and that not every patient diagnosed with prostate cancer needs treatment. With the new emerging prostate markers, we will try to improve the specificity of prostate-specific antigen in the grey area (4-10 ng/ml) should be improved. This should avoid unnecessary biopsies. The sensitivity in the detection of significant prostate cancer with low prostate-specific antigen should also be improved in an attempt to reduce the risk of over-treatment. On the other hand, prognostic biomarkers with genomic tests will help to choose the best therapeutic option for the patient.

Results of adrenalectomy in lung cancer metastases. / Resultados de la adrenalectomía en la metástasis del cáncer de pulmón.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to report our centre's experience over the past 15 years with patients with lung carcinoma and adrenal metastases treated sequentially with lung resection and adrenalectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed a retrospective series of 19 patients who underwent adrenalectomy for lung carcinoma metastasis. All patients were operated on at the same centre, between October 2000 and October 2015. We performed a descriptive analysis and an overall survival and disease-free survival analysis. RESULTS: The study included 13 men and 6 women. The most common primary lung tumour was adenocarcinoma, 87.5% of which were G3. In 7 patients, the adrenal metastasis was detected synchronously, and in 12 patients it was detected metachronously. The median size of the metastasis was 63mm. Twenty-one percent of the cases presented local recurrence, and 79% presented distant metastasis. The median DFS was 21.5 months, while the DFS at 5 years was calculated at 58.33%. The median overall survival was 37.3 months, while survival at 5 years was calculated at 42.86%. None of the prognostic factors evaluated were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenalectomy in cases of isolated lung carcinoma metastasis can offer increased overall survival. Age and the degree of differentiation of the primary lung carcinoma are the factors that most influence poorer survival.

The Medication Level Variability Index (MLVI) Predicts Poor Liver Transplant Outcomes: A Prospective Multi-Site Study.

Nonadherence to immunosuppressant medications is a leading cause of poor long-term outcomes in transplant recipients. The Medication Level Variability Index (MLVI) provides a vehicle for transplant outcome risk-stratification through continuous assessment of adherence. The MALT (Medication Adherence in children who had a Liver Transplant) prospective multi-site study evaluated whether MLVI predicts late acute rejection (LAR). Four hundred pediatric (1-17-year-old) liver transplant recipients were enrolled and followed for 2 years. The a-priori hypothesis was that a higher MLVI predicts LAR. Predefined secondary analyses evaluated other outcomes such as liver enzyme levels, and sensitivity analyses compared adolescents to pre-adolescents. In the primary analysis sample of 379 participants, a higher prerejection MLVI predicted LAR (mean prerejection MLVI with LAR: 2.4 [3.6 standard deviation] versus without LAR, 1.6 [1.1]; p = 0.026). Fifty-three percent of the adolescents with MLVI>2 in year 1 had LAR by the end of year 2, as compared with 6% of those with year 1 MLVI≤2. A higher MLVI was significantly associated with all secondary outcomes. MLVI, a marker of medication adherence that uses clinically derived information, predicts LAR in pediatric liver transplant recipients.

Lysosomal responses to heat-shock of seasonal temperature extremes in Cd-exposed mussels.

The present study was aimed at determining the effect of temperature extremes on lysosomal biomarkers in mussels exposed to a model toxic pollutant (Cd) at different seasons. For this purpose, temperature was elevated 10°C (from 12°C to 22°C in winter and from 18°C to 28°C in summer) for a period of 6h (heat-shock) in control and Cd-exposed mussels, and then returned back to initial one. Lysosomal membrane stability and lysosomal structural changes in digestive gland were investigated. In winter, heat-shock reduced the labilisation period (LP) of the lysosomal membrane, especially in Cd-exposed mussels, and provoked transient lysosomal enlargement. LP values recovered after the heat-shock cessation but lysosomal enlargement prevailed in both experimental groups. In summer, heat-shock induced remarkable reduction in LP and lysosomal enlargement (more markedly in Cd-exposed mussels), which recovered within 3 days. Besides, whilst heat-shock effects on LP were practically identical for Cd-exposed mussels in winter and summer, the effects were longer-lasting in summer than in winter for control mussels. Thus, lysosomal responsiveness after heat-shock was higher in summer than in winter but recovery was faster as well, and therefore the consequences of the heat shock seem to be more decisive in winter. In contrast, inter-season differences were attenuated in the presence of Cd. Consequently, mussels seem to be better prepared in summer than in winter to stand short periods of abrupt temperature change; this is, however, compromised when mussels are exposed to pollutants such as Cd.

Season-dependent effects of elevated temperature on stress biomarkers, energy metabolism and gamete development in mussels.

In coastal areas, sessile species can be severely affected by thermal stress associated to climate change. Presently, the effect of elevated temperature on metabolic, cellular and tissue-level responses of mussels was determined to assess whether the responses vary seasonally with seawater temperature and reproductive stage. Mussels were collected in fall, winter and summer, and (a) maintained at 16, 12, and 20 °C respectively or (b) subject to gradual temperature elevation for 8 days (+1 °C per day; from 16 to 24 °C in fall, from 12 to 20 °C in winter and from 20 to 28 °C in summer) and further maintained at 24 °C (fall), 20 °C (winter) and 28 °C (summer) for the following 6 days. Temperature elevation induced membrane destabilization, lysosomal enlargement, and reduced the aerobic scope in fall and summer whereas in winter no significant changes were found. Changes at tissue-level were only evident at 28 °C. Gamete development was impaired irrespective of season. Since the threshold of negative effects of warming was close to ambient temperatures in summer (24 °C or above) studied mussel populations would be vulnerable to the global climate change.

Uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y monitorización de la función renal. Estudio piloto en un centro de salud de Atención Primaria / Renal function assessment in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescriptions. A pilot study in a primary care centre

Objetivos: Conocer el estado actual del seguimiento de la función renal realizada a los pacientes tratados con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE). Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron los pacientes adultos atendidos en un centro de Atención Primaria de la Comunidad de Madrid que recibieron algún AINE por primera vez. Se analizó si durante los 2 meses previos y los 6 posteriores a la prescripción del AINE se conocía la función renal. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio se registraron 42.822 prescripciones. Un total de 8611 figuran como nuevas prescripciones, 482 de las cuales (5,6 %) fueron prescripción de AINE y se realizaron en pacientes mayores de 14 años. Recibieron algún AINE 450 pacientes (64 % mujeres). Ibuprofeno (66,0 %) fue el más frecuentemente prescrito. El grupo de edad con más prescripciones de AINE fue el de 14-45 años. Solo 168 (37,1 %) cuentan con alguna analítica solicitada durante el estudio (68 % mujeres). Antes de recibir AINE, solo en el 14 % (63 pacientes) se conocía el valor de creatinina sérica. Dos pacientes recibieron AINE pese a tener cifras elevadas de creatinina. Tras la prescripción se solicitó creatinina sérica en 129 pacientes (28,7 %). Conclusiones: Se prescribe un número importante de AINE. El más utilizado es el ibuprofeno. Las prescripciones son más frecuentes en mujeres y en personas de entre 14-45 años de edad. El dolor musculoesquelético es la causa principal de esta indicación. Solo en el 14 % de los pacientes a los que se les trató con AINE se conocía el valor de creatinina, que no siempre se tuvo en cuenta a la hora de la prescripción. El control de la función renal tras prescribir AINE fue porcentualmente bajo (AU)

Objectives: To determine the current state of renal function monitoring carried out on patients treated with NSAIDs. Material and Method: We selected patients from a Primary Care Centre who had received NSAIDs for the first time. We checked if renal function was measured and/or controlled 2 months pre/6 months post-NSAID administration in order to assess if patient renal function was known at the time of prescription and afterwards. Results: During the study period, there were 42 822 prescriptions made. Of these, 8611 were new drug prescriptions, of which 482 (5.6%) were NSAIDs in patients older than 14 years of age. A total of 450 patients (64% female) were treated with NSAIDs. Ibuprofen (66.0%) was the most commonly prescribed. NSAIDs were more frequently used in patients between 14-45 years of age. Only 168 (37.1%) patients underwent any analytical tests over the course of the study (68% female). Before prescription, renal function was measured in only 14% of cases (63 patients). Two patients received NSAIDs despite having high serum creatinine levels. During the follow-up, serum creatinine was measured in 129 patients (28.7%). Conclusions: In primary care, NSAIDs represent a substantial percentage of the drugs prescribed (5.6%). Ibuprofen is the most commonly prescribed. NSAIDs are more frequently used in women between 14-45 years. Musculo-skeletal pain is the main indication for prescription. Only 14% of patients receiving these drugs had previously measured levels of serum creatinine. These values are rarely taken into account when prescribing NSAIDs. Control of renal function after NSAID prescription was unusual (AU)

Renal function assessment in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescriptions. A pilot study in a primary care centre.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the current state of renal function monitoring carried out on patients treated with NSAIDs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We selected patients from a Primary Care Centre who had received NSAIDs for the first time. We checked if renal function was measured and/or controlled 2 months pre/6 months post-NSAID administration in order to assess if patient renal function was known at the time of prescription and afterwards. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 42 822 prescriptions made. Of these, 8611 were new drug prescriptions, of which 482 (5.6%) were NSAIDs in patients older than 14 years of age. A total of 450 patients (64% female) were treated with NSAIDs. Ibuprofen (66.0%) was the most commonly prescribed. NSAIDs were more frequently used in patients between 14-45 years of age. Only 168 (37.1%) patients underwent any analytical tests over the course of the study (68% female). Before prescription, renal function was measured in only 14% of cases (63 patients). Two patients received NSAIDs despite having high serum creatinine levels. During the follow-up, serum creatinine was measured in 129 patients (28.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In primary care, NSAIDs represent a substantial percentage of the drugs prescribed (5.6%). Ibuprofen is the most commonly prescribed. NSAIDs are more frequently used in women between 14-45 years. Musculo-skeletal pain is the main indication for prescription. Only 14% of patients receiving these drugs had previously measured levels of serum creatinine. These values are rarely taken into account when prescribing NSAIDs. Control of renal function after NSAID prescription was unusual.