BMP15 regulates FSHR through TGF-ß receptor II and SMAD4 signaling in prepubertal ovary of Rongchang pigs.

Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) both play important roles in mammalian ovary and follicular development. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of BMP15 and FSH in the prepubertal ovary of Rongchang pigs considering a possible signaling mechanism involving TßRII/ SMAD4 and FSHR in granulosa cells. For this purpose, we quantified expression levels of BMP15, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD7, TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, TGF-ß3, TGFßRI, TGFßRII, and FSHR via qRT-PCR at different ages in prepubertal ovaries and cultured biopsy of 90-day-old ovary in Rongchang pig. Additionally, the protein levels of BMP15, FSHR, SMAD2, SMAD4, TGFßRI, TGFßRII, TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2 were quantified via Western blot and the localizations of BMP15, FSHR and TGFßRII were observed via immunofluorescence confocal microscope. The results showed that expression levels of BMP15, TGF-ß1, TGFßRII and FSHR increased significantly at day 60 as compared to day 30 and reached peak value at day 90 in prepubertal ovary of Rongchang pigs. We observed that BMP15, TGFßRII and FSHR was highly presented, which TGFßRII and FSHR displayed co-localization in the follicles of the prepubertal ovaries of 90-day-old Rongchang gilts. Treatment with TGFßRI/II inhibitor LY2109761 significantly decreased the expression of TGFßRI, TGFßRII and SMAD4 and TGFßRI inhibitor LY2157299 decreased TGFßRI, but increased the TGFßRII, SMAD4 and FSHR expression levels. Furthermore, the addition of rBMP15 and rFSH group significantly increased the expression of TGFßRII and FSHR proteins (P < 0.01), but no significant change in the expression of TGFßRI (P > 0.05) was observed by Western blot. In conclusion, BMP15, TGFßRII and FSHR were increased significantly in the prepubertal ovarian follicles of Rongchang pigs and FSHR expression in GCs was regulated by BMP15 and FSH through the TGFßRII.

[Advances in the release mechanisms of bluetongue virus].

Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes Bluetongue (BT) of ruminants vectored by culicoides midges. It is also a classic model for studying the release mechanism of non-enveloped virus. This review begins with the infection and assembly of BTV, then summarizes the advances of different ways of releasing BTV. This includes BTV-induced autophagy and the release as extracellular vesicles via multivesicular bodies, BTV-induced apoptosis and the lytic release, as well as different pathways of release through budding via plasma membrane. The regulatory mechanisms of NS3 which is a key non-structural protein during the release of BTV are also discussed, providing a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the infection, proliferation and release of BTV.

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) regulation mechanisms and roles in antiviral innate immune responses.

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, thereby collectively establishing an antiviral host response. Studies have shown that unlike other TLR family members, TLR3 is the only RNA sensor that is utterly dependent on the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)|-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-|ß (TRIF). However, the details of how the TLR3-TRIF signaling pathway works in an antiviral response and how it is regulated are unclear. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the antiviral mechanism of the TRIF pathway and describe the essential characteristics of TLR3 and its antiviral effects. Advancing our understanding of TLR3 may contribute to disease diagnosis and could foster the development of novel treatments for viral diseases.

Interval versus external fixation for the treatment of pelvic fractures: a comparative study.

PURPOSE: This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of internal fixation (IF) in the treatment of pelvic fractures (PF). METHODS: A total of 263 unstable PF patients were treated from February 2009 to April 2015. Patients were divided into two groups according to type of fixation used to treat their PF: 136 cases received IF surgery (IF group); and, 127 cases received external fixation (EF) surgery (EF group). Postoperative follow-ups were conducted to record the clinical data, perioperative clinical indicators, Matta scores for fracture displacements, Majeed scores for hip functions and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Operation time, blood loss, the total length of the wound, postoperative fever rate, hospitalization time and complication rate for the IF group were significantly decreased in comparison with the EF group, while the ratings of pain, working and sitting ability and Matta and Majeed scores of the IF group were significantly higher than those of the EF group. CONCLUSION: IF was found to be associated with shorter operation times, less blood loss and better postoperative rehabilitation in comparison with EF, suggesting that it is an effective therapy for the treatment of unstable PF and will lead to restoration of normal pelvis functions.