Adaptive coded phase mask design and high-quality image reconstruction for interference-less coded aperture correlation holography.

The interference-less coded aperture correlation holography is a non-scanning, motionless, and incoherent technique for imaging three-dimensional objects without two-wave interference. Nevertheless, a challenge lies in that the coded phase mask encodes the system noise, while traditional reconstruction algorithms often introduce unwanted surplus background components during reconstruction. A deep learning-based method is proposed to mitigate system noise and background components simultaneously. Specifically, this method involves two sub-networks: a coded phase mask design sub-network and an image reconstruction sub-network. The former leverages the object's frequency distribution to generate an adaptive coded phase mask that encodes the object wave-front precisely without being affected by the superfluous system noise. The latter establishes a mapping between the autocorrelations of the hologram and the object, effectively suppresses the background components by embedding a prior physical knowledge and improves the neural network's adaptability and interpretability. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in suppressing system noise and background components, thereby significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed images.

Flexible Measurement of High-Slope Micro-Nano Structures with Tilted Wave Digital Holographic Microscopy.

Digital holographic microscopy is an important measurement method for micro-nano structures. However, when the structured features are of high-slopes, the interference fringes can become too dense to be recognized. Due to the Nyquist's sampling limit, reliable wavefront restoration and phase unwrapping are not feasible. To address this problem, the interference fringes are proposed to be sparsified by tilting the reference wavefronts. A data fusion strategy including region extraction and tilt correction is developed for reconstructing the full-area surface topographies. Experimental results of high-slope elements demonstrate the validity and reliability of the proposed method.

Flexible Electronic Systems via Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing: A MnSe@rGO Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising candidates to power flexible integrated functional systems because they are safe and environmentally friendly. Among the numerous cathode materials proposed, Mn-based compounds, particularly MnO2, have attracted special attention because of their high energy density, nontoxicity, and low cost. However, the cathode materials reported so far are characterized by sluggish Zn2+ storage kinetics and moderate stabilities. Herein, a ZIB cathode based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated MnSe nanoparticles (MnSe@rGO) is proposed. After MnSe was activated to α-MnO2, the ZIB exhibits a specific capacity of up to 290 mAh g-1. The mechanism underlying the improvement in the electrochemical performance of the MnSe@rGO based electrode is investigated using a series of electrochemical tests and first-principles calculations. Additionally, in situ Raman spectroscopy is used to track the phase transition of the MnSe@rGO cathodes during the initial activation, proving the structural evolution from the LO to MO6 mode. Because of the high mechanical stability of MnSe@rGO, flexible miniaturized energy storage devices can be successfully printed using a high-precision electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printer and integrated with a touch-controlled light-emitting diode array system, demonstrating the application of flexible EHD jet-printed microbatteries.

Prophylactic Interventions for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks and Mortality in BRCA1/2 Carriers.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers (HBOCs) pose significant health risks worldwide and are mitigated by prophylactic interventions. However, a meta-analysis of their efficacy and the impact of different genetic variants on their effectiveness is lacking. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, adhering to Cochrane guidelines. The review encompassed studies that involved prophylactic interventions for healthy women with BRCA variants, focusing on cancer incidence and mortality outcomes. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for risk of bias assessment. We pooled the extracted outcomes using random effects models and conducted subgroup analyses stratified by intervention, variant, and cancer types. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that prophylactic interventions significantly reduced cancer risk and mortality. The subgroup analysis showed a greater protective effect for BRCA2 than BRCA1 variant carriers. Risk-reducing surgeries (RRS) were more effective than chemoprevention, with RRS notably reducing cancer risk by 56% compared to 39% for chemoprevention. Prophylactic oophorectomy significantly reduced HBOC risks, while the effect of prophylactic mastectomy and chemoprevention on mortality was less conclusive. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic interventions significantly reduce the risk of HBOC and associated mortality. This comprehensive analysis provides insights for future economic evaluations and clinical decision-making in HBOC interventions.

Healthcare preferences of the general Chinese population in the hierarchical medical system: A discrete choice experiment.

Background: Chinese health insurance system faces resource distribution challenges. A patient-centric approach allows decision-makers to be keenly aware of optimized medical resource allocation. Objective: This study aims to use the discrete choice model to determine the main factors affecting the healthcare preferences of the general Chinese population and their weights in the three scenarios (chronic non-communicable diseases, acute infectious diseases, and major diseases). Methods: This study firstly identified the key factors affecting people's healthcare preferences through literature review and qualitative interviews, and then designed the DCE questionnaire. An online questionnaire produced by Lighthouse Studio (version 9.9.1) software was distributed to voluntary respondents recruited from mainland China's entire population from January 2021 to June 2021. Participants were required to answer a total of 21 questions of three scenarios in the questionnaire. The multinomial logit model and latent class model were used to analyze the collected data. Results: A total of 4,156 participants from mainland China were included in this study. The multinomial logit and latent class model analyses showed that medical insurance reimbursement is the most important attribute in all three disease scenarios. In the scenario of "non-communicable diseases," the attributes that participants valued were, from the most to the least, medical insurance reimbursement (45.0%), hospital-level (21.6%), distance (14.4%), cost (9.7%), waiting time (8.3%), and care provider (1.0%). As for willingness to pay (WTP), participants were willing to pay 204.5 yuan, or 1,743.8 yuan, to change from private hospitals or community hospitals to tertiary hospitals, respectively. Conclusions: This study explores the healthcare preferences of Chinese residents from a new perspective, which can provide theoretical reference for the refinement of many disease medical reimbursement policies, such as developing different reimbursement ratios for various common diseases and realizing rational configuration of medical resources.

Depth multiplexing in an orbital angular momentum holography based on random phase encoding.

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) holography has been identified as a vital approach for achieving ultrahigh-capacity in 3D displays, digital holographic microscopy, data storage and so on. However, depth has not been widely applied as a multiplexing dimension in the OAM holography mainly because of the serious coherence crosstalk between different image layers. The multi-layered depth multiplexing OAM holography is proposed and investigated. To suppress the coherence crosstalk between different image channels, random phases are used for encoding different image layers separately. An image can be reconstructed with high quality at a specific depth from an appropriate OAM mode. It is demonstrated that the depth multiplexing of up to 5 layers can be achieved. This work can increase the information capacity and enhance the application of the OAM holography.

Angular multiplexation of partial helical phase modes in orbital angular momentum holography.

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) holography has been identified as a vital approach for achieving ultrahigh-capacity multiplexation without a theoretical helical phase index limit. However, the encoding and decoding of an OAM hologram require a complete helical phase mode, which does not take full utilization of the angular space. In this paper, the partial OAM holography is proposed by dividing an OAM mode into several partial orbital angular momentums and encode each partial mode with a different target image. An image can only be reconstructed using an appropriate partial OAM mode within a specific illuminating angular range, henceforth holographic multiplexation of images can be realized. This method can significantly increase the holographic information capacity and find widespread applications.

Assessment of heavy metals contamination and water quality characterization in the Nanming River, Guizhou Province.

The analysis to assess the water quality and potential ecological risks in sediments was carried out by means of the distribution characteristics of nutrient properties and heavy metals in water, and heavy metals in sediments from the Nanming River. The results from nutrient properties demonstrated that the majority of TN and TP exceeded the permissible limit and concentrated within the study area. The concentrations of heavy metal in water were lower than the permissible limits but may pose potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. Based on the potential ecological risk results of heavy metals in sediments, Cd posed risk to ecological environment, and the serious contaminations mainly existed in the center of Guiyang City. The multivariate statistical analyses were used to support the idea that the Upstream Area and Midstream Area were significantly dominated by NH4+, TP, TN and CODMn in water. Furthermore, landscape characteristics and hydrology condition better explained the certain trend of water quality. Finally, identifying relationship between nutrient properties and heavy metals that are key ecological components of ecosystem can potentially aid the advances for restoration of geochemical transformations and give rise to river restoration efforts.

Simulation analysis of impact damage to the bone tissue surrounding a dental implant.

Dental implant may suffer transient external impacts. To simulate the effect of impact forces on bone damage is very important for evaluation of damage and guiding treatment in clinics. In this study, an animal model was established by inserting an implant into the femoral condyle of New Zealand rabbit. Implant with good osseointegration was loaded with impact force. A three-dimensional finite element model was established based on the data of the animal model. Damage process to bone tissue was simulated with Abaqus 6.13 software combining dynamic mechanical properties of the femur. The characteristics of bone damage were analyzed by comparing the results of animal testing with numerical simulation data. After impact, cortical bone around the implant and trabecular at the bottom of the implant were prone to damage. The degree of damage correlated with the direction of loading and the magnitude of the impact. Lateral loading was most likely performed to damage cancellous bone. The stress wave formed by the impact force can damage the implant-bone interface and peri-implant trabeculae. The data from numerical simulations were consistent with data from animal experiments, highlighting the importance of a thorough examination and evaluation based on the patient's medical history.

[Comparison of Functional Groups of Phytoplankton in FG, MFG, and MBFG: Taking Three Reservoirs as an Example in Guizhou Plateau].

Phytoplankton classification is the foundation for revealing the succession rules of phytoplankton communities and for conducting water ecology investigation. At present, the classification methods of functional group (FG), morpho-functional group (MFG), and morphology-based functional group (MBFG) are widely used, although great differences occur among the classification methods of different FGs. In order to compare the differences among FG, MFG and MBFG classification methods, FG classification and redundant analysis (RDA) were used to sample and analyze the phytoplankton community structures and the physical and chemical indicators of water environment in April 2017 (normal seasons) and August 2017 (wet seasons). The following results were noted. ①The MFG and FG had overlapping parts, whereas the MBFG was differed significantly from FG and MFG. ②The FG considers the physiological and ecological characteristics of phytoplankton, which can better explain the correlation with the environment and can accurately reflect the relationship between environmental factors and the phytoplankton niche. Moreover, the environmental factors and eutrophication status of the reservoir can be predicted according to the dominant FGs of phytoplankton; however, the FG needs to have systematic knowledge of phytoplankton identification and a large workload. The MFG classification method is simple and easily understood, which can better explain the relationship between phytoplankton and environmental factors; however, it is weakly connected with environmental factors. The MBFG classification method is the simplest and most efficient, although its interpretation degree to the environment is not sufficient. ③Each of the three classification methods has advantages and disadvantages; therefore, appropriate classification methods are selected according to different research purposes and their actual needs.