RESUMEN
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a pollutant still found in the environment despite being widely banned. Considering that basidiomycetes are useful to degrade a variety of organochlorinated pollutants, we therefore report the influence of HCB on the ligninolytic enzymatic system of Deconica castanella. The inoculum was prepared with sugarcane bagasse and soybean flour and was added in soil with and without HCB (2000 mg kg soil-1 ), 5% emulsion containing soybean oil and Tween 20 at proportion 9:1, v:v; with 70% moisture at 25°C. Fungal biomass was quantified by widely acknowledged growth biomarker ergosterol. The extraction of the enzymatic complex was performed and laccase, Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP) activities were determined. Furthermore, HCB and its metabolites were quantified by gas chromatography and chlorides by potentiometric titration. Results evidenced that HCB did not interfere in fungal growth, though the only detected enzymatic activity was laccase. MnP and Lip were not detected during D. castanella growth in soil. The peak of laccase enzymatic activity occurred in the presence of HCB. In addition, the laccase exhibited thermostability. Therefore, we hereby shed light on the role of laccase in the degradation of HCB by an efficient low-cost and environmentally safe detoxification mechanism.
Asunto(s)
Basidiomycota , Contaminantes Ambientales , Saccharum , Celulosa , Lacasa/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenceno , Saccharum/metabolismo , Peroxidasas/metabolismo , Basidiomycota/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Biodegradación AmbientalRESUMEN
The aim of this work was to study the bioremediating potential of Lentinus crinitus CCIBt2611 according to the physiological condition of the inoculum. Inoculum was prepared using sugarcane ground husk (C:N 90), at several physiological ages and applied in soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol. The inoculum's potential was assessed by evaluating the mycelium's vigor at soil's colonization, determination of peroxidase and phenoloxidase activities, in vitro degradation of Remazol Brilliant Blue R and in vivo degradation of pentachlorophenol. The results showed that the assessed parameters were relevant to identify the quality of the inoculum. For L. crinitus, 10 day old inoculum showed good soil-colonization speed with significant enzymatic activities, indicating the role of Manganese-dependent peroxidase and laccase in degradation, and efficient degradation of pentachlorophenol.
RESUMEN
Investigations on biodegradation of textile effluent by filamentous fungi strains Curvularia lunata URM 6179 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium URM 6181 were performed in static bioreactors under aerated and non-aerated conditions. Spectrophotometric, HPLC/UV and LC-MS/MS analysis were performed as for to confirm, respectively, decolourisation, biodegradation and identity of compounds in the effluent. Enzymatic assays revealed higher production of enzymes laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) by P. chrysosporium URM 6181 in aerated bioreactor (2020; 39 and 392 U/l, respectively). Both strains decolourised completely the effluent after ten days and biodegradation of the most predominant indigo dye was superior in aerated bioreactor (96%). Effluent treated by P. chrysosporium URM 6181 accumulated a mutagenic metabolite derived from indigo. The C. lunata URM 6179 strain, showed to be more successful for assure the environmental quality of treated effluent. These systems were found very effective for efficient fungal treatment of textile effluent.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Reactores Biológicos , Residuos Industriales , Industria Textil , PhanerochaeteRESUMEN
The basidiomycete fungi Lentinus crinitus and Psilocybe castanella are being evaluated in a bioremediation process of soils contaminated with organochlorine industrial residues in the Baixada Santista, São Paulo. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of pH on the fungal growth, in vitro decolorization of anthraquinonic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and laccase activity. The pH of the culture medium influenced the growth of L. crinitus and P. castanella, which presented less growth at pH 5.9 and pH 2.7, respectively. The fungi were able to modify the pH of the culture medium, adjusting it to the optimum pH for growth which was close to 4.5. Decolorization of the RBBR was maximal at a pH of 2.5 to 3.5. Higher laccase activity was observed at pH 3.5 and pH 4.5 for L. crinitus and P. castanella, respectively. pH was found to be an important parameter for both the growth of these fungi and the enzymatic system involved in RBBR decolorization.
Os fungos basidiomicetos Lentinus crinitus e Psilocybe castanella estão sendo avaliados em processo de biorremediação de solos contaminados com resíduos industriais organoclorados, na Baixada Santista, SP. O presente estudo avaliou a influência do pH no crescimento, na descoloração in vitro do corante Azul Brilhante de Remazol R (RBBR) e na atividade de lacase durante cultivo destes fungos, de forma a subsidiar a otimização do processo. O pH do meio influenciou o crescimento de L. crinitus e de P. castanella, com menor biomassa em pH 5,9 e pH 2,7, respectivamente. Os fungos foram capazes de modificar o pH inicial do meio de cultura, de modo a ajustá-lo ao valor ótimo de crescimento, próximo a 4,5. Descoloração in vitro do RBBR foi máxima em pH 2,5 e 3,5. Maiores atividades de lacase foram obtidas em pH 3,5 e em pH 4,5 para L. crinitus e P. castanella, respectivamente. Evidenciou-se que o pH é um parâmetro importante para o crescimento destes fungos, atividade de lacase e descoloração in vitro do RBBR.
RESUMEN
The influence of commercial catalase preparations (fungal and bovine origin) on laccase and peroxidase activity assays was evaluated using enzymatic extracts obtained from several basidiomycetes grown under different culture conditions. No hydrogen peroxide was detected in the extracts. Inhibition of laccase activity by 40 to 80 percent was related to the catalase source. In addition, oxidation of the substrate (ABTS) by fungal catalase in the absence of the enzymatic extract from basidiomycetes was observed. The results demonstrated the need for the evaluation of interference of the commercial catalase preparation when its use was required in the reaction mixture.
A influência da preparação comercial de catalase (origem fúngica e bovina) nos ensaios de atividade absence and presence of a fungal or bovine de lacase e de peroxidases foi avaliada empregando-se extratos enzimáticos obtidos do crescimento de diversos basidiomicetos em diferentes condições de cultivo. Não foi detectado H2O2 nos extratos. Inibição de 40 a 80 por cento da atividade de lacase foi relacionada à fonte de catalase. Além disso, foi observada oxidação do substrato (ABTS) pela catalase fúngica, na ausência de extrato enzimático do basidiomiceto. Os resultados evidenciaram a necessidade de se proceder a uma avaliação da interferência da preparação comercial de catalase, quando o seu uso se fizer necessário na mistura reacional.
RESUMEN
Pleurotus ostreatus ("shimeji") is produced in Brazil on a commercial scale using various lignocellulosic residues. Efforts have been made to reuse the culture residue to obtain products of greater aggregate value such as enzymes or in processes of bioremediation. We evaluated the Remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR) degradation potential of extracts from solid substrate colonized by P. ostreatus and extracts from residue of the "shimeji" mushroom yield. Colonized substrates and residue were provided by Toyobo do Brasil Ltda. Extraction was performed with sodium acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 4.6). RBBR decolorization was monitored at 592 nm and peroxidase and laccase activities were measured by monitoring the oxidation of ABTS. Horseradish peroxidase was used as reference. The time of growth of P. ostreatus influenced RBBR degradation and peroxidase and laccase activities. Concentration of 1 mM H2O2 and pH 4.0 were the best for RBBR decolorization. Complete RBBR decolorization was obtained with the addition of only one aliquot of 50 æL of 1 mM H2O2. The stability of the extracts was higher when they were kept under refrigeration than when stored frozen. The potential application of the ligninolytic complex derived from P. ostreatus and mushroom residue for xenobiotic degradation was demonstrated.
Pleurotus ostreatus ("shimeji") é produzido no Brasil em escala comercial empregando-se vários resíduos lignocelulósicos. Esforços têm sido feitos para reaproveitamento do resíduo do cultivo em produtos de maior valor agregado, como enzimas ou sua aplicação em processos de biorremediação. Foi feita avaliação do potencial de degradação do azul brilhante de remazol (RBBR) por extratos obtidos de substratos sólidos colonizados por P. ostreatus e por extratos do resíduo da produção do cogumelo "shimeji". Substratos colonizados e o resíduo foram fornecidos pela Toyobo do Brasil Ltda. Extração foi feita com tampão acetato de sódio (50 mM, pH 4,6). Descoloração do RBBR foi acompanhada a 592 nm e atividades de peroxidases e lacase pela oxidação do ABTS. Peroxidase da raiz forte (HRP) foi usada como referência. O tempo de crescimento de P. ostreatus influenciou a degradação do RBBR e a produção das atividades enzimáticas de peroxidases e de lacase. Concentração de 1 mM de H2O2 e pH 4,0 mostraram-se ótimos para descoloração do RBBR. Descoloração total do RBBR foi obtida com adição de apenas uma alíquota de 50 æL de H2O2 (1 mM). Maior estabilidade dos extratos foi obtida por refrigeração que por congelamento. Foi evidenciado o potencial de aplicação de extratos enzimáticos de Pleurotus ostreatus e do resíduo da produção do cogumelo para a degradação de compostos xenobióticos.
Asunto(s)
Enzimas , Técnicas In Vitro , Peroxidasa , Pleurotus , Biodegradación Ambiental , Pruebas Enzimáticas Clínicas , Medios de Cultivo , FermentaciónRESUMEN
Fifty-five isolates of filamentous fungi were studied regarding their ability to decolorize Remazol brilliant blue R dye. The fungi were isolated from soil in the Baixada Santista region, which is contaminated with industrial residues containing a mixture of organochlorine compounds, mainly hexachlorobenzene. The fungi were grown in liquid malt extract medium with 0.02 percent of dye and shaken at 200 rpm for 14 days at 28 ± 2°C. Two types of behavior regarding the dye were observed: adsorption and degradation. Eupenicillium baarnenseSsp1951 and Ssp1952 and Eupenicilliumcrustaceum SSP1953 presented high RBBR decolorization and were then analyzed regarding their ability to degrade 14C-hexachlobenzene (4138.31 mg HCB per kg soil) during a 56 days culture at 28 ± 2°C. Eupenicillium crustaceum SSP1953 was able to reduce n-hexane soluble 14C-compounds (24.6 percent) and to form non-extractable 14C-residues (20.5 percent). The same behavior was also observed in the two E. baarnense strains (Ssp1951 and Ssp1952) but the percentages were lower than those obtained for Eupenicilliumcrustaceum. The main action of Eupenicillium spp on HCB is to transform it into non-extractable 14C-residues as confirmed by the gas chromatography results.
Cinqüenta e cinco isolados de fungos filamentosos foram avaliados quanto a capacidade de descolorir o corante remazol brilliant blue R. Estes fungos foram isolados de solos da Região da Baixada Santista contaminados com resíduos industriais contendo uma mistura de organoclorados, principalmente hexaclorobenzeno. O crescimento dos fungos foi realizado em meio líquido de extrato de malte contendo 0,02 por cento do corante, sob agitação de 200 rpm, durante 14 dias a 28°C ± 2. Foi possível verificar, entre os fungos avaliados, dois comportamentos em relação ao corante: adsorção e degradação. Eupenicillium baarnense SSp1951 e sSp1952 e Eupenicilliumcrustaceum SSP1953 apresentaram altas porcentagens de descoloração do RBBR. Estes fungos foram, então, avaliados quanto a sua capacidade de degradar 14C-hexaclorobenzeno (4138,31 mg de hexaclorobenzeno kg-1 de solo) durante 56 dias a 28°C ± 2. Eupenicillium crustaceum SSP1953 foi capaz de reduzir em 24,6 por cento os 14C-compostos solúveis em n-hexano e formar 20,5 por cento de 14C-resíduos não extraíveis. As duas linhagens de E. baarnense (Ssp1951 e Ssp1952) também apresentaram o mesmo comportamento, porém com porcentagens inferiores à observada para Eupenicillium crustaceum. A principal ação de Eupenicillium spp sobre hexaclorobenzeno foi transformá-lo em 14C-resíduos não extraíveis, como comprovaram os resultados da cromatografia gasosa.