Do not attempt resuscitation orders at the emergency department of a teaching hospital / Ordens de não ressuscitação no serviço de emergência de um hospital universitário

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify factors associated with not attempting resuscitation. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at the emergency department of a teaching hospital. The sample consisted of 285 patients; in that, 216 were submitted to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 69 were not. The data were collected by means of the in-hospital Utstein Style. To compare resuscitation attempts with variables of interest we used the χ2 test, likelihood ratio, Fisher exact test, and analysis of variance (p<0.05). Results: No cardiopulmonary resuscitation was considered unjustifiable in 56.5% of cases; in that, 37.7% did not want resuscitation and 5.8% were found dead. Of all patients, 22.4% had suffered a previous cardiac arrest, 49.1% were independent for Activities of Daily Living, 89.8% had positive past medical/surgical history; 63.8% were conscious, 69.8% were breathing and 74.4% had a pulse upon admission. Most events (76.4%) happened at the hospital, the presumed cause was respiratory failure in 28.7% and, in 48.4%, electric activity without pulse was the initial rhythm. The most frequent cause of death was infection. The factors that influenced non-resuscitation were advanced age, history of neoplasm and the initial arrest rhythm was asystole. Conclusion: Advanced age, past history of neoplasia and asystole as initial rhythm were factors that significantly influenced the non-performance of resuscitation. Greater clarity when making the decision to resuscitate patients can positively affect the quality of life of survivors.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores associados à não realização de ressuscitação. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado no serviço de emergência de um hospital universitário. A amostra foi composta por 285 pacientes, dos quais 216 foram submetidos à ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, e 69 não tiveram esta conduta. Os dados foram coletados por meio do in-hospital Utstein Style. Para comparar as tentativas de ressuscitação e as variáveis de interesse, utilizaram-se o teste do χ2, a razão de verossimilhança, o teste exato de Fisher e a análise de variância (p<0,05). Resultados: A não ressuscitação foi considerada injustificável em 56,5% dos casos, sendo que 37,7% não queriam ressuscitação e 5,8% foram encontrados mortos. Do total de pacientes, 22,4% tiveram parada cardíaca prévia, 49,1% eram independentes para Atividades de Vida Diária, e 89,8% tinham alguma história pregressa; 63,8% estavam conscientes, 69,8% estavam respirando e 74,4% tinham pulso palpável à admissão. A maioria dos eventos (76,4%) ocorreu no hospital, e a causa presumida de parada foi insuficiência respiratória em 28,7% e, em 48,4%, o ritmo inicial foi atividade elétrica sem pulso. A causa mais frequente de morte foi infecção. Os fatores que influenciaram na não realização de ressuscitação foram idade avançada, história de neoplasia e assistolia como ritmo inicial de parada. Conclusão: Idade avançada, história de neoplasia e assistolia como ritmo inicial foram os fatores que influenciaram significativamente na não realização de ressuscitação. Maior clareza na decisão de reanimar pode afetar positivamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Do not attempt resuscitation orders at the emergency department of a teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with not attempting resuscitation. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted at the emergency department of a teaching hospital. The sample consisted of 285 patients; in that, 216 were submitted to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 69 were not. The data were collected by means of the in-hospital Utstein Style. To compare resuscitation attempts with variables of interest we used the χ2 test, likelihood ratio, Fisher exact test, and analysis of variance (p<0.05). RESULTS: No cardiopulmonary resuscitation was considered unjustifiable in 56.5% of cases; in that, 37.7% did not want resuscitation and 5.8% were found dead. Of all patients, 22.4% had suffered a previous cardiac arrest, 49.1% were independent for Activities of Daily Living, 89.8% had positive past medical/surgical history; 63.8% were conscious, 69.8% were breathing and 74.4% had a pulse upon admission. Most events (76.4%) happened at the hospital, the presumed cause was respiratory failure in 28.7% and, in 48.4%, electric activity without pulse was the initial rhythm. The most frequent cause of death was infection. The factors that influenced non-resuscitation were advanced age, history of neoplasm and the initial arrest rhythm was asystole. CONCLUSION: Advanced age, past history of neoplasia and asystole as initial rhythm were factors that significantly influenced the non-performance of resuscitation. Greater clarity when making the decision to resuscitate patients can positively affect the quality of life of survivors.

MRP1 expression in CTCs confers resistance to irinotecan-based chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.

Circulating tumor cells are important markers of tumor progression and can reflect tumor behavior in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Identification of proteins that confer resistance to treatment is an important step to predict response and better selection of treatment for patients. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) play a role in irinotecan-resistance, and Excision Repair Cross-Complementation group 1 (ERCC1) expression can confer resistance to platinum compounds. Here, we included 34 patients with mCRC and most of them received FOLFIRI or FOLFOX chemotherapy (91.1%). CTCs were isolated by ISET(®) Technology and identified in 30 patients (88.2%), with a median of 2.0 CTCs/mL (0-31.0). We analyzed the immunocytochemical expression of MRP1, MRP4 and ERCC1 only in patients who had previously detectable CTCs, accordingly to treatment received (n = 19, 15 and 13 patients, respectively). Among patients treated with irinotecan-based chemotherapy, 4 out of 19 cases with MRP1 positive CTCs showed a worse progression free survival (PFS) in comparison to those with MRP1 negative CTCs (2.1 months vs. 9.1 months; p = 0.003). None of the other proteins studied in CTCs had significant association with PFS. We analyzed also histological sections of primary tumors and metastases by immunohistochemistry, and found no association with clinicopathological characteristics or with PFS. Our results show MRP1 as a potential biomarker of resistance to treatment with irinotecan when found in CTCs from mCRC patients. This is a small proof-of-principle study and these early findings need to be validated in a larger cohort of patients.

Thymidylate synthase expression in circulating tumor cells: a new tool to predict 5-fluorouracil resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.

Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is an important enzyme for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. The search for this enzyme in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be a powerful tool to follow-up cancer patients. mCRC patients were enrolled before the beginning of 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The blood was filtered on Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor Cells (ISET), and the analysis of TYMS expression in CTCs was made by immunocytochemistry. Additionally, we verified TYMS staining in primary tumors and metastases from the same patients. There were included 54 mCRC patients and 47 of them received 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The median CTCs number was 2 per mL. We were not able to analyze immunocytochemistry in 13 samples (9 patients with absence of CTCs and 4 samples due to technical reasons). Therefore, TYMS expression on CTCs was analyzed in 34 samples and was found positive in 9 (26.5%). Six of these patients had tumor progression after treatment with 5-FU. We found an association between CTC TYMS staining and disease progression (DP), although without statistical significance (P = 0.07). TYMS staining in primary tumors and metastases tissues did not have any correlation with disease progression (P = 0.67 and P = 0.42 respectively). Patients who had CTC count above the median (2 CTCs/mL) showed more TYMS expression (P = 0.02) correlating with worse prognosis. Our results searching for TYMS staining in CTCs, primary tumors and metastases suggest that the analysis of TYMS can be useful tool as a 5-FU resistance predictor biomarker if analyzed in CTCs from mCRC patients.