7-epi-griffonilide, a new lactone from Bauhinia pentandra: complete 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments.

A new lactone, 7-epi-griffonilide (1), and six known compounds, 2, 3a - 3c, 4a and 4b, were isolated from the leaves of Bauhinia pentandra (Fabaceae). The structures elucidation of 1 and 2 were based on detailed 2D NMR techniques and spectral comparison with related compounds, leading to complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra.

7-epi-griffonilide, a new lactone from Bauhinia pentandra: complete 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments

ABSTRACT A new lactone, 7-epi-griffonilide (1), and six known compounds, 2, 3a - 3c, 4a and 4b, were isolated from the leaves of Bauhinia pentandra (Fabaceae). The structures elucidation of 1 and 2 were based on detailed 2D NMR techniques and spectral comparison with related compounds, leading to complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra.

Synthesis, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of new biflorin-based hydrazones and oximes.

Biflorin 1 is a biologically active quinone, isolated from Capraria biflora. Five new biflorin-based nitrogen derivatives were synthesized, of which two were mixtures of (E)- and (Z)- isomers: (Z)-2a, (Z)-2b, (Z)-3a, (Z)- and (E)-3b, (Z)- and (E)-3c. The antibacterial activity was investigated using the microdilution method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six bacterial strains. Tests have shown that these derivatives have potential against all bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity was also evaluated against three strains of cancer cells, but none of the derivatives showed activity.

Chemical composition of the essential oil and fixed oil Bauhinia pentandra (Bong.) D. Dietr.

BACKGROUND: Bauhinia pentandrais popularly known as "mororó" and inhabits the Caatinga and Savannah biomes. OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the chemical composition of the essential and fatty oils of the leaves from B. pentandra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and the fixed oil by extraction with hexane, followed by saponification with KOH/MeOH, and methylation using MeOH/HCl. The constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The major constituent of the essential oil was the phytol (58.78% ±8.51%), and of the fatty oil were palmitic (29.03%), stearic (28.58%) and linolenic (10.53%) acids. CONCLUSION: Of the compounds identified in the essential oil, three are first reported in this species, and this is the first record of the chemical composition of the fixed oil.

Lithocholic acid and derivatives: Antibacterial activity.

In order to develop bioactive lithocholic acid derivatives, we prepared fifteen semi-synthetic compounds through modification at C-3 and/or C-24. The reactions showed yields ranging from 37% to 100%. The structures of all compounds obtained were identified on the basis of their spectral data (IR, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR). The activity of lithocholic acid and derivatives was evaluated against the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The derivative 3α-formyloxy-5ß-cholan-24-oic acid (LA-06) showed the best activity, with MIC values of 0.0790 mM against E. coli (Ec 27) and B. cereus in both cases, and 0.0395 mM against S. aureus (ATCC 12692). Lithocholic acid and the derivatives with MIC⩽1.2 mM were evaluated on the susceptibility of some bacterial pathogens to the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin, amikacin and gentamicin was evaluated. There are no previously reported studies about these compounds as modifiers of the action of antibiotics or any other drugs.

Análisis de la lipocalina asociada a la gelatinasa de neutrófilos en el paciente crítico / Analysis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the critical patient

OBJETIVO: Determinar si un valor de NGAL > 150 ng/ml es una buena prueba diagnóstica para detectar precozmente disfunción renal aguda (DRA) en el paciente crítico. DISEÑO: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, de cohorte. Ámbito: Unidad de cuidados intensivos y de cirugía cardíaca del Servicio de Medicina Intensiva del Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol. PARTICIPANTES: Los pacientes ingresados en el Servicio de Medicina Intensiva los días designados en el estudio. INTERVENCIONES: Análisis sanguíneo de la creatinina sérica determinada desde siete días antes del día de inicio del estudio, y diariamente durante cuatro semanas. Determinación de NGAL mediante prueba de orina, en muestra congelada, con el analizador ARCHITECT (Abbott diagnostics)por inmunoanálisis determinado el día de inicio del estudio y dos veces a la semana durante cuatro semanas, análisis de la estancia y mortalidad. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 529 muestras de NGAL de 46 pacientes. El 37% de los pacientes presentaron un valor de NGAL > 150 ng/ml. La sensibilidad de la prueba para diagnosticar DRA fue del 69%, la especificidad fue del 75,7%. Sin embargo, el valor predictivo positivo fue del53%, lo cual significa que el 47% de los pacientes con NGAL alto no desarrollaron DRA. Un NGAL > 150 mg/dL se asoció de manera significativa a un SOFA más alto y a una estancia más larga en UCI. La mortalidad de los pacientes con NGAL elevado fue del 58,8%. CONCLUSIONES: Un NGAL > 150 ng/mL no parece ser una excelente prueba para detectar DRA enel paciente crítico pero si que se asocia con un peor pronóstico

OBJECTIVE: To determine if NGAL value exceeding 150 ng/mL is a good diagnostic test for acuterenal failure in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit and Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Service at Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol. PARTICIPANTS: Patients admitted to the Intensive Care department the Designated days in the studio. INTERVENTIONS: Analysis of serum creatinine blood given from 7 days prior to the start of the study, and daily during 4 weeks and by determination of NGAL urine test in frozen sample, analyzer ARCHITECT (Abbott Diagnostics) determined by immunoassay the day baseline and 2 times a week for 4 weeks, analysis of the stay and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 529 NGAL samples were obtained from 46 patients. 37% of patients had a value of NGAL > 150 ng/mL. The Sensivity of the test to diagnose acute renal failure was 69%, Specifity was 75,7%. However, the Positive Predictive Test Value was 53%, which means that47% of patients with high NGAL did not develop AKI. A NGAL > 150 mg/dL was associated with a significantly higher SOFA and a longer stay in the ICU. The mortality of patients with elevated NGAL was 58.8%. CONCLUSIONS: A NGAL > 150 ng/mL does not seem to be an excellent test for AKI in critically lll patients but is associated with a worse prognosis

[Analysis of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the critical patient]. / Análisis de la lipocalina asociada a la gelatinasa de neutrófilos en el paciente crítico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if NGAL value exceeding 150 ng/mL is a good diagnostic test for acute renal failure in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit and Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Service at Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol. PARTICIPANTS: Patients admitted to the Intensive Care department the Designated days in the studio. INTERVENTIONS: Analysis of serum creatinine blood given from 7 days prior to the start of the study, and daily during 4 weeks and by determination of NGAL urine test in frozen sample, analyzer ARCHITECT (Abbott Diagnostics) determined by immunoassay the day baseline and 2 times a week for 4 weeks, analysis of the stay and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 529 NGAL samples were obtained from 46 patients. 37% of patients had a value of NGAL>150 ng/mL. The Sensivity of the test to diagnose acute renal failure was 69%, Specifity was 75,7%. However, the Positive Predictive Test Value was 53%, which means that 47% of patients with high NGAL did not develop AKI. A NGAL >150 mg/dL was associated with a significantly higher SOFA and a longer stay in the ICU. The mortality of patients with elevated NGAL was 58.8%. CONCLUSIONS: A NGAL>150 ng/mL does not seem to be an excellent test for AKI in critically ill patients but is associated with a worse prognosis.

Prognostic factors for acute toxicity in prostate cancer patients treated with high-dose hypofractionated radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To prospectively study acute genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity during hypofractionated radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND MATERIALS: One-hundred and seventy-one consecutive men with cT1-T3cN0cM0 prostate cancer were treated at 2.6 Gy/fraction to a total dose of 67.6 for low risk (EQD2 = 79 Gy) and 70.2 Gy for intermediate-high risk (EQD2 = 82 Gy) over 5.2-5.4 weeks (α/β 1.5). Acute toxicity was scored according to RTOG/EORTC toxicity extended criteria after completing a 22-item questionnaire (basal, weekly, at 6 months). RESULTS: Minimum and median follow-up were 36 and 54.2 months, respectively. GU toxicity grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 were found in 30.4, 37, 32 and 0.6 % of patients, respectively. The figures for grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 GI toxicity were 66, 24, 10 and 0 %. The highest degree of acute reactions was reached at 4-5 weeks. At 6 months, 15 % of patients had GU toxicity (11 % grade 1, 4 % grade 2) and 5.8 % GI toxicity (5.3 % grade 1, 0.5 % grade 2). Multivariate analysis shows that bladder volume receiving ≥65 Gy (V 65) is associated with an increased risk of GU complications (p = 0.017, HR = 1.143, 95 % CI = 1.025-1.276), while history of TURP is linked to lower risk (p = 0.002, HR = 0.310, 95 % CI 0.004-0.370). Mean rectal dose (p = 0.013, HR = 1.089, 95 % CI 1.018-1.116) and total dose (p = 0.019, HR = 0.734, 95 % CI 0.567-0.950) are significantly related to GI toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: This 5-week dose-escalation hypofractionated radiotherapy schedule that uses 3D-conformal radiotherapy without IGRT has resulted in <1 % grade 3 acute complications. Our study suggests that reducing the mean rectal dose and the bladder V 65 helps prevent acute toxicity. TURP before radiotherapy was associated with lower acute GU toxicity (AU)

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treatment guidelines.

This paper outlines general guidelines following the initial diagnosis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. These include preoperative evaluation, treatment, possible intra- and post-operative complications, retinal re-detachment, and all therapeutic options available for each case. Treatment of the traumatic retinal detachment is also described, due to its importance and peculiarities. Treatment or prophylactic guidelines are suggested for the different types of retinal detachment described. These are based on both the experience of the ophthalmologists that have participated in preparing the guidelines, and also on evidence-based grading linked to bibliographical sources. However, these guidelines should not be interpreted as being mandatory. Given that there is a wide spectrum of options for treatment of retinal detachment, the surgeons' experience with one or other surgical technique will be of utmost importance in obtaining the best surgical result. As guidelines, they are intended as an additional aid to the surgeon during the decision-making process, with the expectation that the final choice will still be left to the surgeon's judgment and past experience.

Prognostic factors for acute toxicity in prostate cancer patients treated with high-dose hypofractionated radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To prospectively study acute genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity during hypofractionated radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND MATERIALS: One-hundred and seventy-one consecutive men with cT1-T3cN0cM0 prostate cancer were treated at 2.6 Gy/fraction to a total dose of 67.6 for low risk (EQD2 = 79 Gy) and 70.2 Gy for intermediate-high risk (EQD2 = 82 Gy) over 5.2-5.4 weeks (α/ß 1.5). Acute toxicity was scored according to RTOG/EORTC toxicity extended criteria after completing a 22-item questionnaire (basal, weekly, at 6 months). RESULTS: Minimum and median follow-up were 36 and 54.2 months, respectively. GU toxicity grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 were found in 30.4, 37, 32 and 0.6 % of patients, respectively. The figures for grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 GI toxicity were 66, 24, 10 and 0 %. The highest degree of acute reactions was reached at 4-5 weeks. At 6 months, 15 % of patients had GU toxicity (11 % grade 1, 4 % grade 2) and 5.8 % GI toxicity (5.3 % grade 1, 0.5 % grade 2). Multivariate analysis shows that bladder volume receiving ≥65 Gy (V 65) is associated with an increased risk of GU complications (p = 0.017, HR = 1.143, 95 % CI = 1.025-1.276), while history of TURP is linked to lower risk (p = 0.002, HR = 0.310, 95 % CI 0.004-0.370). Mean rectal dose (p = 0.013, HR = 1.089, 95 % CI 1.018-1.116) and total dose (p = 0.019, HR = 0.734, 95 % CI 0.567-0.950) are significantly related to GI toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: This 5-week dose-escalation hypofractionated radiotherapy schedule that uses 3D-conformal radiotherapy without IGRT has resulted in <1 % grade 3 acute complications. Our study suggests that reducing the mean rectal dose and the bladder V 65 helps prevent acute toxicity. TURP before radiotherapy was associated with lower acute GU toxicity.

Guías de tratamiento del desprendimiento de retina rhegmatógeno / Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treatment guidelines

El objetivo de esta guía es describir unas directrices generales del proceso seguido por el cirujano oftalmólogo desde el diagnóstico del desprendimiento de retina, pasando por su evaluación preoperatoria, hasta su tratamiento, complicaciones intra y postoperatorias, fracaso o recidiva del desprendimiento de retina rhegmatógeno, y las posibles alternativas terapéuticas en cada caso. También describiremos el tratamiento del desprendimiento de retina traumático por su importancia y peculiaridades. Se sugieren líneas de tratamiento o profilaxis para las diferentes situaciones del desprendimiento de retina en base a la variables encontradas, a la experiencia de los cirujanos oftalmólogos de la comisión que las ha redactado, y a la revisión bibliográfica con los distintos niveles de evidencia, pero no pretende establecer criterios de obligado cumplimiento, sobre todo considerando que el desprendimiento de retina tiene amplias posibilidades de tratamiento, y que la experiencia del cirujano en una u otra técnica va a ser fundamental en la obtención del mejor resultado quirúrgico. Como guías que son, solamente pretenden asesorar al cirujano en la práctica diaria, dejando en sus manos y en su experiencia la mejor opción terapéutica(AU)

This paper outlines general guidelines following the initial diagnosis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. These include preoperative evaluation, treatment, possible intra- and post-operative complications, retinal re-detachment, and all therapeutic options available for each case. Treatment of the traumatic retinal detachment is also described, due to its importance and peculiarities. Treatment or prophylactic guidelines are suggested for the different types of retinal detachment described. These are based on both the experience of the ophthalmologists that have participated in preparing the guidelines, and also on evidence-based grading linked to bibliographical sources. However, these guidelines should not be interpreted as being mandatory. Given that there is a wide spectrum of options for treatment of retinal detachment, the surgeons’ experience with one or other surgical technique will be of utmost importance in obtaining the best surgical result. As guidelines, they are intended as an additional aid to the surgeon during the decision-making process, with the expectation that the final choice will still be left to the surgeon's judgment and past experience(AU)

Vitreous levels of somatostatin in patients with chronic uveitic macular oedema.

PURPOSE: Intravitreal somatostatin (SST) levels are decreased in patients with diabetic macular oedema. This deficit may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. The aim of the present study was to determine SST concentration in the vitreous fluid of patients with chronic uveitic macular oedema (CUMO) and quiescent intraocular inflammation. METHODS: Plasma and vitreous fluid samples were obtained during vitrectomy from 11 eyes of patients with CUMO and from 42 eyes of control subjects (idiopathic epiretinal membrane, macular hole). SST concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. STATISTICS: χ(2)-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and multivariant linear regression models. RESULTS: Plasma SST concentrations were similar in uveitic patients and controls (28.25 pg/ml (21.3-31) vs 28.7 pg/ml (22-29.5); P=0.869). A higher vitreous concentration of proteins was found in uveitic patients (1.59±0.38 mg/ml vs 0.73±0.32 mg/ml, P<0.0001). Vitreous SST was markedly lower in uveitic patients, both in absolute terms and after adjusting for total intravitreous protein concentration (39.37 pg/ml (6.16-172) vs 486.73 pg/ml (4.7-1833), P<0.0001; 33.1 pg/mg (3.9-215.74) vs 629.75 pg/mg (6.91-2024), P<0.0001). No correlations were found between plasma and vitreous concentration of SST in either group (ρ=0.191, P=0.57 and ρ=0.49, P=0.66). There were no correlations between vitreous SST concentration and visual acuity or macular thickness in uveitic patients (ρ=0.302, P=0.31 and ρ=0.45, P=0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreous SST is decreased in patients with CUMO and quiescent intraocular inflammation. The deficit of SST may have a role in the pathogenesis of this condition.

Vitreous levels of interleukine-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in macular oedema with branch retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether interleukine-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are related with macular oedema in patients with branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVOs). DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen patients who had macular oedema due to BRVO and nine patients with non-ischaemic ocular diseases (control group). METHODS: Macular oedema was examined by optical coherence tomography. Both venous blood and vitreous samples were obtained at the time of vitreoretinal surgery. IL-8 and MCP-1 levels in vitreous fluid and plasma were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Variables were compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon's signed-ranked test, and the chi2-test, when appropriate. To examine correlations, Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficients were calculated. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: The vitreous fluid levels of IL-8 (median: 63.5 pg/ml) and MCP-1 (median: 1522.4 pg/ml) were significantly higher in the patients with BRVO than in the control group (median: 5.1 and 746.5 pg/ml respectively; P<0.001 and <0.001 respectively). Vitreous IL-8 and MCP-1 were significantly correlated in patients with BRVO (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Both IL-8 and MCP-1 were elevated in the vitreous fluid of patients with BRVO and macular oedema. Both chemokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of macular oedema in patients with BRVO.

Vitreous levels of erythropoietin in patients with macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusions: a comparative study with diabetic macular oedema.

OBJECTIVE: In a recent study, we found high levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME), suggesting a role of EPO in the pathogenesis of this condition. To investigate a possible relationship between EPO and other diseases causing macular oedema, we determined vitreous levels of this peptide in patients with macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and compared them with levels in patients with DME and control patients. METHODS: Vitreous and serum samples were obtained from patients with macular oedema secondary to RVO, DME, epiretinal membrane, and macular hole (controls). EPO was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: No differences were found in median vitreous EPO levels between patients with RVO and controls: RVO, 76 mU/ml (30-806) vs controls, 25 mU/ml (10-75) (P=0.105). Median EPO concentration was higher in DME patients than in patients with RVO or controls: DME, 430 mU/ml (41-3000) vs RVO, 76 mU/ml (30-806) (P<0.0001) vs controls, 25 mU/ml (10-75) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: EPO levels are not elevated in patients with macular oedema secondary to RVO. Patients with DME have high levels of EPO. These results suggest that EPO could be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but not in macular oedema secondary to RVO.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-receptor de tirotropina en pacientes con hipotiroidismo autoinmunitario espontáneo / No disponible

Fundamento y objetivos: los anticuerpos anti-receptor de tirotropina soncaracterísticos de la enfermedad de Graves-Basedow. En la poblacióngeneral sana no se detectan, pero se ha comunicado su presencia enotras enfermedades tiroideas autoinmunitarias. El objetivo de este trabajoconsiste en investigar, mediante un ensayo de uso clínico, la prevalenciade detectabilidad y positividad de estos anticuerpos en pacientes conhipotiroidismo autoinmunitario espontáneo.Pacientes y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en adultos nohospitalizados, y sin enfermedad aguda, con hipotiroidismo, subclínicoo franco, con o sin bocio, y sin oftalmopatía tiroidea, que acudieron auna consulta externa de Endocrinología. Se realizaron determinacionesde tiroxina libre, tirotropina, anticuerpos anti-peroxidasa tiroidea y anticuerposanti-receptor de tirotropina. El tamaño muestral calculado, parauna proporción esperada de detectabilidad de anticuerpos anti-receptorde tirotropina del 3%, un nivel de confi anza del 95% y una precisióndel 5%, fue de 45 individuos.Resultados: un 15,6% de los pacientes eran hombres, un 20% presentabanbocio, un 24,4% era portador de un hipotiroidismo franco, yen un 73,3% se demostró la presencia de anticuerpos anti-peroxidasaen el suero. No se objetivó una relación estadísticamente signifi cativaentre estas dos últimas características. La prevalencia de anticuerposanti-receptor de tirotropina fue nula para positividad y de un 4,4% paradetectabilidad (2 pacientes).Conclusiones: los pacientes hipotiroideos remitidos a una consulta de Endocrinologíano presentan positividad para anticuerpos anti-receptor detirotropina en suero. Resulta, por tanto, innecesaria la petición de estosanticuerpos en este grupo de pacientes(AU)

Background and objectives: Thyrotropin-receptor antibodies are characteristicof patients with Graves´ disease. They are not detected inthe healthy general population, but their presence has been communicatedin other autoimmune thyroid diseases. The objective of this workconsists of researching, by means of a commercially available test, theprevalence of these antibodies in patients with autoimmune spontaneoushypothyroidism.Patients and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in adultoutpatients without acute illness, with primary or subclinical hypothyroidism,with or without goiter, and without thyroid associated ophthalmopathy,who had been referred to an Endocrinology clinic. Determinationsof free thyroxine, thyrotropin, thyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyrotropin-receptor antibodies were carried out. The calculated sample size was45 individuals, for a given prevalence of thyrotropin-receptor antibodiesof 3%, a confi dence level of 95% and a precision level of 5%.Results: Men accounted for 15.6% of the patients, 20% of the wholegroup had goiter, 24.4% had primary hypothyroidism, and the presenceof peroxidase thyroid antibodies was demonstrated in 73.3% of the subjects.A statistically signifi cant relationship was not found between theselast two properties. Thyrotropin-receptor antibodies were detectable in2 patients (4.4%), but positive in none.Conclusions: The hypothyroid patients referred to an Endocrinology clinicwere found to have zero prevalence of serum thyrotropin-receptor antibodies.It is, therefore, unnecessary to determine these antibodies in thistype of patients. On the other hand, the fi nding of positive thyrotropinreceptorantibodies in serum is specifi c for Graves´ disease, which canbe diagnosed on this basis whatever the patient’s thyroid function(AU)

¿Está indicado el examen sistemático de la función tiroidea durante el embarazo? / Is thyroid function screening warranted during pregnancy?

No disponible

No disponible

Hipercalcemia y disfonía por adenoma gigante de paratiroides / Hypercalcemia and dysphonia due to giant parathyroid adenoma

No disponible

Genomic organization and characterization of splice variants of the human histamine H3 receptor.

In the present paper we report the genomic organization of the human histamine H3-receptor gene, which consists of four exons spanning 5.5 kb on chromosome 20. Using PCR, six alternative splice variants of the H3 receptor were cloned from human thalamus. These variants were found to be coexpressed in human brain, but their relative distribution varied in a region-specific manner. These isoforms displayed either a deletion in the putative second transmembrane domain (TM), H3(DeltaTM2, 431aa) or a variable deletion in the third intracellular loop (i3), H3(Deltai3, 415aa), H3(Deltai3, 365aa), H3(Deltai3, 329aa) and H3(DeltaTM5+Deltai3, 326aa). In order to determine the biological role of the H3 receptor variants compared with the 'original' H3(445aa) receptor, three isoforms, namely H3(445aa), H3(DeltaTM2, 431aa) and H3(Deltai3, 365aa), were expressed in CHO cells and their pharmacological properties were investigated. Binding studies showed that H3(DeltaTM2, 431aa) transiently expressed in CHO cells was unable to bind [125I]iodoproxyfan, whereas both the H3(445aa) and H3(Deltai3, 365aa) receptors displayed a high affinity for [125I]iodoproxyfan [K(d)=28+/-5 pM (n=4) and 8+/-1 pM (n=5) respectively]. In addition, H3(Deltai3, 365aa) possessed the same pharmacological profile as the H3(445aa) receptor. However, in CHO cells expressing H3(Deltai3, 365aa), H3 agonists did not inhibit forskolin-induced cAMP production, stimulate [35S]guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate ([35S]GTP[S]) binding or stimulate intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Therefore the 80-amino-acid sequence located at the C-terminal portion of i3 plays an essential role in H3 agonist-mediated signal transduction. The existence of multiple H3 isoforms with different signal transduction capabilities suggests that H3-mediated biological functions might be tightly regulated through alternative splicing mechanisms.

La atención a la persona con patología crónica: un nuevo enfoque para la enfermería de atención primaria / Health care of patients with chronic disease. A new focus for primary health care nursing

Para operativizar el documento "L'atenció d'Infermería a l'Atenció Primària" (Institut Català de la Salut), se creó un grupo de trabajo cuyo objetivo fue analizar la actividad en la consulta de enfermería y consensuar cuál debería ser el contenido de la visita al paciente crónico, así como en qué circunstancias podríamos hablar de alta. Se diseña un algoritmo de seguimiento planteado en dos fases: inicial y de seguimiento. En ambas se aplica el proceso de enfermería, planteando la actuación de enfermería desde el rol autónomo y el de cooperación. Se concluye que el alta será de procesos concretos y no de cuidados de enfermería (AU)