Ancient DNA, lipid biomarkers and palaeoecological evidence reveals construction and life on early medieval lake settlements.

Direct evidence of ancient human occupation is typically established through archaeological excavation. Excavations are costly and destructive, and practically impossible in some lake and wetland environments. We present here an alternative approach, providing direct evidence from lake sediments using DNA metabarcoding, steroid lipid biomarkers (bile acids) and from traditional environmental analyses. Applied to an early Medieval Celtic settlement in Ireland (a crannog) this approach provides a site chronology and direct evidence of human occupation, crops, animal farming and on-site slaughtering. This is the first independently-dated, continuous molecular archive of human activity from an archeological site, demonstrating a link between animal husbandry, food resources, island use. These sites are under threat but are impossible to preserve in-situ so this approach can be used, with or without excavation, to produce a robust and full site chronology and provide direct evidence of occupation, the use of plants and animals, and activities such as butchery.

Impact of somatic molecular profiling on clinical trial outcomes in rare epithelial gynecologic cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES: Conducting clinical trials in rare malignancies is challenging due to the limited number of patients and differences in biologic behavior. We investigated the feasibility and clinical utility of using genomic profiling for rare gynecologic malignancies. METHODS: Rare epithelial gynecologic cancer patients were analyzed for somatic variants through an institutional molecular profiling program using the Sequenom MassArray platform or the TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel on the MiSeq platform. Clinical trial outcomes by RECIST 1.1, and time on treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: From March 2012 to November 2015, 767 gynecologic patients were enrolled and 194 (27%) were classified as rare epithelial malignancies. At least one somatic mutation was identified in 72% of patients, most commonly in TP53 (39%), KRAS (28%) and PIK3CA (27%). A total of 14% of patients were treated on genotype-matched trials. There were no significant differences in overall response rate between genotype-matched versus unmatched trials, nor in median time on treatment between genotype trials and the immediate prior systemic standard treatment. Among 13 evaluable Low Grade Serous ovarian cancer patients treated on genotype-matched trials with MEK inhibitor-based targeted combinations, there were four partial responses. CONCLUSIONS: Somatic molecular profiling is feasible and enables the identification of patients with rare gynecologic cancers who are candidates for genotype-matched clinical trials. Genotype-matched trials, predominantly MEK-based combinations in KRAS and/or NRAS mutant Low Grade Serous ovarian cancer patients, and genotype-unmatched trials, have shown potential clinical activity. Prospective trials with integrated genotyping are warranted to assess the clinical utility of next generation sequencing tests as a standard clinical application in rare malignancies.

Health utility scores from EQ-5D and health-related quality of life in patients with esophageal cancer: a real-world cross-sectional study.

Esophageal cancer and its treatment can cause serious morbidity/toxicity. These effects on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) can be measured using disease-specific scales such as FACT-E, generic scales such as EQ-5D-3L, or through symptoms. In a two-year cross-sectional study, we compared HRQOL across esophageal cancer patients treated in an ambulatory clinic and across multiple disease states, among patients with all stages of esophageal cancer. Consenting patients completed FACT-E, EQ-5D, a visual analog scale, and patient reported (PR)-ECOG. Symptom complexes were constructed from FACT-E domains. Responses were categorized by disease state: pre-, during, and post-treatment, surveillance, progression, and palliative chemotherapy. Spearman correlation and multivariable linear regression characterized these associations. In total, 199 patients completed 317 questionnaires. Mean FACT-E and subscale scores dropped from baseline through treatment and recovered during post-treatment surveillance (P < 0.001); EQ-5D health utility scores (HUS) displayed a similar pattern but with smaller differences (P = 0.07), and with evidence of ceiling effect. Among patients with stage II/III esophageal cancer, mean EQ-5D HUS varied across disease states (P < 0.001), along with FACT-E and subscales (P < 0.001). Among patients with advanced disease, there was no significant difference between baseline and on-treatment total scores, but improved esophageal cancer-specific scales were noted (P = 0.003). Strong correlation was observed between EQ-5D and FACT-E (R = 0.73), along with physical and functional subscales. In addition, the association between FACT-E and EQ-5D HUS was maintained in a multivariable model (P < 0.001). We interpret these results to suggest that in a real-world clinic setting, FACT-E, EQ-5D HUS, and symptoms were strongly correlated. Most HRQOL and symptom parameters suggested that patients had worse HRQOL and symptoms during curative therapy, but recovered well afterwards. In contrast, palliative chemotherapy had a neutral to positive impact on HRQOL/symptoms when compared to their baseline pre-treatment state.

Prognostic Significance of Human Papilloma Virus and p16 Expression in Patients with Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma who Received Radiotherapy.

AIMS: Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been identified as an aetiological agent in a subset of patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). The prognostic role of HPV status in VSCC patients treated with radiotherapy has not yet been determined. We investigated the associations between HPV, p16 and clinical outcome in these women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing potentially curative radiation treatment for VSCC at a single institution from 2000 to 2009 were retrospectively identified. Those who received definitive or peri-operative radiotherapy as part of treatment, and who had available pathological specimens, were included for analysis. HPV infection was detected using Roche Linear array hybridisation and p16 by immunohistochemistry. The locoregional relapse (LRR) rate was estimated using a cumulative incidence function to account for competing risks. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The median follow-up was 4.9 years. RESULTS: Forty patients were suitable for analysis, with a median age of 69.5 years. HPV was detected in 14/40 (35%) patients, HPV16 being the most common serotype (79%). Patients with HPV-positive tumours had lower 5 year LRR compared with those with HPV-negative tumours (14.3% versus 79.3%, Gray test P = 0.003). Tumour p16 positivity was also associated with lower 5 year LRR (15.4% versus 81.2%, Gray test P = 0.002). Patients with p16-positive tumours had higher 5 year DFS compared with those with p16-negative tumours (62% versus 7%, Log-rank test P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a favourable prognostic group in VSCC, with p16-positive patients showing improved outcomes. p16 has the potential to be a predictive marker allowing the identification of women more likely to have a favourable response to radiotherapy.

OV21/PETROC: a randomized Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup phase II study of intraperitoneal versus intravenous chemotherapy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and optimal debulking surgery in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Background: The purpose of this multistage, adaptively, designed randomized phase II study was to evaluate the role of intraperitoneal (i.p.) chemotherapy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and optimal debulking surgery in women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Patients and methods: We carried out a multicenter, two-stage, phase II trial. Eligible patients with stage IIB-IVA EOC treated with platinum-based intravenous (i.v.) NACT followed by optimal (<1 cm) debulking surgery were randomized to one of the three treatment arms: (i) i.v. carboplatin/paclitaxel, (ii) i.p. cisplatin plus i.v./i.p. paclitaxel, or (iii) i.p. carboplatin plus i.v./i.p. paclitaxel. The primary end point was 9-month progressive disease rate (PD9). Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and quality of life (QOL). Results: Between 2009 and 2015, 275 patients were randomized; i.p. cisplatin containing arm did not progress beyond the first stage of the study after failing to meet the pre-set superiority rule. The final analysis compared i.v. carboplatin/paclitaxel (n = 101) with i.p. carboplatin, i.v./i.p. paclitaxel (n = 102). The intention to treat PD9 was lower in the i.p. carboplatin arm compared with the i.v. carboplatin arm: 24.5% (95% CI 16.2% to 32.9%) versus 38.6% (95% CI 29.1% to 48.1%) P = 0.065. The study was underpowered to detect differences in PFS: HR PFS 0.82 (95% CI 0.57-1.17); P = 0.27 and OS HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.47-1.35) P = 0.40. The i.p. carboplatin-based regimen was well tolerated with no reduction in QOL or increase in toxicity compared with i.v. administration alone. Conclusion: In women with stage IIIC or IVA EOC treated with NACT and optimal debulking surgery, i.p. carboplatin-based chemotherapy is well tolerated and associated with an improved PD9 compared with i.v. carboplatin-based chemotherapy. Clinical trial number: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01622543.

Systemic therapy for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: a clinical practice guideline.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this guideline is to recommend systemic therapy options for women with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer, including fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers. METHODS: This document updates the recommendations published in the 2011 Optimal Chemotherapy for Recurrent Ovarian Cancer guideline from Cancer Care Ontario. Draft recommendations were formulated based on evidence obtained through a systematic review of phase ii and iii randomized controlled trials (rcts). The draft recommendations underwent internal review by clinical and methodology experts, and external review by clinical practitioners through a survey assessing the clinical relevance and overall quality of the guideline. Feedback from the internal and external reviews was integrated into the clinical practice guideline. RESULTS: The primary literature search yielded thirty-six primary research papers representing thirty rcts that met the eligibility criteria. The guideline provides recommendations for patients with serous tumour histologies and with recurrent, platinum-resistant, and platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The body of evidence from trials that included olaparib and bevacizumab consistently shows a benefit in progression-free survival (pfs) without a corresponding benefit in overall survival (os). The Working Group for this guideline designated pfs, which is associated with symptom control, as a critical outcome. A finding of net benefit can therefore be concluded based on significant differences in pfs. However, that benefit is not without identified harms. Given the identified harms, patient involvement in the decision-making process must take into consideration the side effect profiles of olaparib and bevacizumab within the context of improved pfs but minimal change in os.

Markers of the p53 pathway further refine molecular profiling in high-risk endometrial cancer: A TransPORTEC initiative.

BACKGROUND: The morphological classification of high-risk endometrial cancer is of limited prognostic value. Recent attempts to stratify tumours according to molecular signatures have shown considerable promise. Here we attempted to further refine molecular classifications using markers of the p53 pathway. METHODS: We analysed the expression of p53 as well as three downstream markers of the p53 pathway, p21, mdm2 and phospho-p63 (pp63), by immunohistochemistry in a series of 114 endometrial cancers (86 endometrioid, 28 non-endometrioid subtype) with high-risk features (such as high tumour grade and deep myometrial invasion) and correlated results with clinical outcome. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were used to analyse TP63 mutations and copy-number alterations using cBioPortal. TP53 was silenced in two endometrial cancer cell lines to study its effect on p21 and p63. RESULTS: About half of the tumours showed a p53 mutant phenotype and there was a strong negative correlation with p21 expression. Being marker positive for pp63 or mdm2 was associated with a significantly increased likelihood of dying, [hazard ratios 5.93 (95% CI 2.37-7.27) and 7.48 (95% CI 3.04-9.39), respectively]. These findings were seen in both p53 wildtype and p53 mutant tumours. Only 11% of TCGA endometrial cancers had a functional TP63 alteration. Upon silencing of TP53, p21 expression was decreased in one cell line, but no effects on p63 were observed. CONCLUSION: Markers of the p53 pathway improve stratification of endometrial cancers and provide novel insights into the role of this pathway in the disease.

Genotype-matched treatment for patients with advanced type I epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

BACKGROUND: Genomic alterations that activate the MAPK signaling pathway frequently occur in Type I Epithelial Ovarian Cancers (EOCs). We evaluated therapeutic response outcomes in patients with type I EOC treated with genotype-matched therapy on clinical trials enrolled in a prospective molecular profiling program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissues were prospectively screened for genomic alterations using MALDI-ToF mass-spectrometry platform or targeted sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel. Treatment outcomes on genotype-matched trials were retrospectively reviewed using RECIST version 1.1 and Gynecological Cancer Intergroup CA125 related-response criteria RESULTS: 55 patients with type I EOC underwent molecular profiling, 41 (75%) low grade serous (LGS), 9 (16%) clear cell (CC), and 5 (9%) mucinous (MC) histologies. Thirty-five patients (64%) were found to have ≥1 somatic mutations: 23 KRAS, 6 NRAS, 5 PIK3CA, 2 PTEN, 1 BRAF, 1 AKT, 1 TP53, and 1 CTNNB1. Fifteen patients were subsequently enrolled in genotype-matched phase I or II trials, including 14 patients with KRAS/NRAS mutations treated with MEK inhibitor targeted combinations. Among 14 RECIST evaluable patients, there were 7 partial responses (PR), 7 stable disease (SD) and 1 disease progression (PD). CA125 responses were observed in 10/10 evaluable KRAS/NRAS mutant patients treated with MEK inhibitor combinations CONCLUSIONS: Genotyping and targeted sequencing of Type I EOCs frequently identifies actionable mutations. Matched treatment with MEK-based combination therapy in KRAS and/or NRAS mutant type I EOC patients is an active therapeutic strategy.

Teaching Stimulus-Stimulus Relations to Minimally Verbal Individuals: Reflections on Technology and Future Directions.

This paper discusses recent methodological approaches and investigations that are aimed at developing reliable behavioral technology for teaching stimulus-stimulus relations to individuals who are minimally verbal and show protracted difficulty in acquiring such relations. The paper has both empirical and theoretical content. The empirical component presents recent data concerning the possibility of generating rapid relational learning in individuals who do not initially show it. The theoretical component (1) considers decades of methodological investigations with this population and (2) suggests a testable hypothesis concerning some individuals exhibit unusual difficulties in learning. Given this background, we suggest a way forward to better understand and perhaps resolve these learning challenges.

Adjuvant sunitinib following chemoradiotherapy and surgery for locally advanced esophageal cancer: a phase II trial.

The prognosis for locally advanced esophageal cancer is poor despite the use of trimodality therapy. In this phase II study, we report the feasibility, tolerability and efficacy of adjuvant sunitinib. Included were patients with stage IIa, IIB or III cancer of the thoracic esophagus or gastroesophageal junction. Neoadjuvant therapy involved Irinotecan (65 mg/m2 ) + Cisplatin (30 mg/m2 ) on weeks 1 and 2, 4 and 5, 7 and 8 with concurrent radiation (50Gy/25 fractions) on weeks 4-8. Sunitinib was commenced 4-13 weeks after surgery and continued for one year. Sixty-one patients were included in the final analysis, 36 patients commenced adjuvant sunitinib. Fourteen patients discontinued sunitinib due to disease recurrence (39%) within the 12-month period, 12 (33%) discontinued due to toxicity, and 3 (8%) requested cessation of therapy. In the overall population, median survival was 26 months with a 2 and 3-year survival rate of 52% and 35%, respectively. The median survival for the 36 patients treated with sunitinib was 35 months and 2-year survival probability of 68%. In a historical control, a prior phase II study with the same trimodality therapy (n = 43), median survival was 36 months, with a 2-year survival of 67%. Initiation of adjuvant sunitinib is feasible, but poorly tolerated, with no signal of additional benefit over trimodality therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer.

Prediction model for regional or distant recurrence in endometrial cancer based on classical pathological and immunological parameters.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant therapy increases disease-free survival in endometrial cancer (EC), but has no impact on overall survival and negatively influences the quality of life. We investigated the discriminatory power of classical and immunological predictors of recurrence in a cohort of EC patients and confirmed the findings in an independent validation cohort. METHODS: We reanalysed the data from 355 EC patients and tested our findings in an independent validation cohort of 72 patients with EC. Predictors were selected and Harrell's C-index for concordance was used to determine discriminatory power for disease-free survival in the total group and stratified for histological subtype. RESULTS: Predictors for recurrence were FIGO stage, lymphovascular space invasion and numbers of cytotoxic and memory T-cells. For high risk cancer, cytotoxic or memory T-cells predicted recurrence as well as a combination of FIGO stage and lymphovascular space invasion (C-index 0.67 and 0.71 vs 0.70). Recurrence was best predicted when FIGO stage, lymphovascular space invasion and numbers of cytotoxic cells were used in combination (C-index 0.82). Findings were confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk EC, clinicopathological or immunological variables can predict regional or distant recurrence with equal accuracy, but the use of these variables in combination is more powerful.

Evidence for a time-dependent association between FOLR1 expression and survival from ovarian carcinoma: implications for clinical testing. An Ovarian Tumour Tissue Analysis consortium study.

BACKGROUND: Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is expressed in the majority of ovarian carcinomas (OvCa), making it an attractive target for therapy. However, clinical trials testing anti-FOLR1 therapies in OvCa show mixed results and require better understanding of the prognostic relevance of FOLR1 expression. We conducted a large study evaluating FOLR1 expression with survival in different histological types of OvCa. METHODS: Tissue microarrays composed of tumour samples from 2801 patients in the Ovarian Tumour Tissue Analysis (OTTA) consortium were assessed for FOLR1 expression by centralised immunohistochemistry. We estimated associations for overall (OS) and progression-free (PFS) survival using adjusted Cox regression models. High-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were evaluated independently for association between FOLR1 mRNA upregulation and survival. RESULTS: FOLR1 expression ranged from 76% in HGSC to 11% in mucinous carcinomas in OTTA. For HGSC, the association between FOLR1 expression and OS changed significantly during the years following diagnosis in OTTA (Pinteraction=0.01, N=1422) and TCGA (Pinteraction=0.01, N=485). In OTTA, particularly for FIGO stage I/II tumours, patients with FOLR1-positive HGSC showed increased OS during the first 2 years only (hazard ratio=0.44, 95% confidence interval=0.20-0.96) and patients with FOLR1-positive clear cell carcinomas (CCC) showed decreased PFS independent of follow-up time (HR=1.89, 95% CI=1.10-3.25, N=259). In TCGA, FOLR1 mRNA upregulation in HGSC was also associated with increased OS during the first 2 years following diagnosis irrespective of tumour stage (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: FOLR1-positive HGSC tumours were associated with an increased OS in the first 2 years following diagnosis. Patients with FOLR1-negative, poor prognosis HGSC would be unlikely to benefit from anti-FOLR1 therapies. In contrast, a decreased PFS interval was observed for FOLR1-positive CCC. The clinical efficacy of FOLR1-targeted interventions should therefore be evaluated according to histology, stage and time following diagnosis.

Chemotherapy (gemcitabine, docetaxel plus gemcitabine, doxorubicin, or trabectedin) in inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: a clinical practice guideline.

QUESTIONS: Does chemotherapy-that is, gemcitabine, gemcitabine plus docetaxel, doxorubicin, or trabectedin-improve clinical outcomes in women with inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma (lms)? Is there a difference in the tumour response rate to chemotherapy between recurrent pelvic disease and extrapelvic metastases in the target patients? METHODS: This guideline was developed by Cancer Care Ontario's Program in Evidence-Based Care, the Sarcoma Disease Site Group (dsg), and the Gynecologic Cancer dsg. The core methodology was the systematic review. The medline and embase databases (2004 to June 2011), the Cochrane Library, main guideline Web sites, and relevant annual meeting abstracts (2005-2010) were searched. Internal and external reviews were conducted, with final approval by the dsgs and the Program in Evidence-Based Care. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE: Based on currently available evidence from the medical literature (four single-arm phase ii studies, one arm of a randomized controlled trial, and one abstract), doxorubicin alone, gemcitabine alone, or gemcitabine plus docetaxel may be treatment options in first- or second-line therapy (or both) for women with inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine lms. Hematologic toxicity is common and should be monitored, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor should be considered when gemcitabine plus docetaxel is used. Other toxicities, such as neurotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity should be monitored. No recommendation is made for or against the use of trabectedin in the targeted patients. No data were available concerning differences in response in recurrent pelvic disease or extrapelvic metastases, or concerning quality of life.

Phase II study of temsirolimus (CCI-779) in women with recurrent, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic carcinoma of the cervix. A trial of the NCIC Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CTG IND 199).

OBJECTIVE: HPV infection has been associated with deregulation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in invasive cervical carcinomas. This 2-stage phase II study assessed the activity of the mTOR inhibitor, temsirolimus, in patients with measurable metastatic and/or locally advanced, recurrent carcinoma of the cervix. METHODS: Temsirolimus 25mg i.v. was administered weekly in 4 week cycles. One response among the first 18 patients was required to proceed to the second stage of accrual. Correlative molecular studies were performed on archival tumor tissue. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were enrolled. Thirty-seven patients were evaluable for toxicity and 33 for response. One patient experienced a partial response (3.0%). Nineteen patients had stable disease (57.6%) [median duration 6.5 months (range 2.4-12.0mo)]. The 6-month progression free survival rate was 28% (95% CI: 14-43%). The median progression free survival was 3.52 months [95% CI (1.81-4.70)]. Adverse effects were mild-moderate in most cases and similar to other temsirolimus studies. No toxicity>grade 3 was observed. Assessment of PTEN and PIK3CA by IHC, copy number analyses and PTEN promoter methylation status did not reveal subsets associated with disease stability. CONCLUSION: Single agent temsirolimus has modest activity in cervical carcinoma with about two-thirds of patients exhibiting stable disease. Molecular markers for treatment benefit remain to be identified.

Case report of very late gastric cancer recurrence.

Very late recurrence of gastric cancer is rare. Here, we report a dramatic recurrence of gastric cancer, with isolated skeletal metastasis and bone marrow carcinomatosis, 22 years after the patient's initial presentation. Gastric cancer recurrence involving bone or bone marrow is also uncommon and associated with poor prognosis. Pathology from a bone marrow biopsy showed signet ring cell morphology. The patient in this case demonstrated a surprising response-lasting 11 months-to palliative chemotherapy with cisplatin and capecitabine. This case report and literature review describes the characteristics of late gastric cancer recurrence and an approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with bone metastasis or bone marrow carcinomatosis.

Central ghrelin signaling mediates the metabolic response of C57BL/6 male mice to chronic social defeat stress.

Chronic stressors promote metabolic disturbances, including obesity and metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin, a peptide that promotes appetite and the accumulation of adipose tissue, is also secreted in response to stressors to protect the brain and peripheral tissues from the effects of these stressors. Here we demonstrate that elevated ghrelin levels produced by chronic exposure to social stress are associated with increased caloric intake and body weight gain in male C57BL mice. In contrast, stressed mice lacking ghrelin receptors (GHSR KO mice) or C57BL mice receiving chronic intracerebroventricular delivery of the ghrelin receptor antagonist [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 show attenuated weight gain and feeding responses under the same social stress paradigm. Interestingly, stressed GHSR KO mice showed depleted sc and intrascapular brown fat depots, whereas stressed young wild-type mice did not. In old wild-type mice, chronic social defeat increased visceral and intrascapular brown fat depots in association with increases in obesity markers like hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia along with increased hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y and Agouti related peptide. Importantly, the elevated expression of these peptides persisted least for 2 weeks after cessation of the stressor regimen. In contrast, old GHSR KO mice did not show these alterations after chronic social defeat. These results suggest that ghrelin plays an important role in the metabolic adaptations necessary to meet the energetic demands posed by stressors, but chronic exposure to stress-induced ghrelin elevations ultimately could lead to long lasting metabolic dysfunctions.

Systematic chemotherapy for inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: a systematic review.

The goal of this systematic review was to investigate and compare the treatment effects of systemic chemotherapy (i.e. doxorubicin, gemcitabine, gemcitabine plus docetaxel, or trabectedin) in women with inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. A 2005 systematic review (searching the literature from 1980 to June 2004) on systemic therapy in advanced uterine sarcoma was used as the basis for this updated review. MEDLINE and EMBASE (from January 2004 to June 2011), the Cochrane Library, some main guideline websites and the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the Connective Tissue Oncology Society annual meeting abstracts were searched. One arm from a randomised controlled trial (RCT), four single-arm phase II trials and one abstract were included in this systematic review. The studies of gemcitabine plus docetaxel have reported numerically longer median overall survival (14.7-17.9 months versus 12.1 months) and numerically higher objective response rates (27-53% versus 25%) than those reported in the study of doxorubicin alone. The combination of gemcitabine plus docetaxel resulted in more toxicity than doxorubicin alone. The available study for single-agent gemcitabine reported a tumour response rate of 21%, which is not superior to the 25% response rate with doxorubicin alone. One abstract (pooling data from two RCTs) failed to show the superiority of gemcitabine plus docetaxel over gemcitabine alone for tumour response rate (23% versus 18%) and progression-free survival (6 versus 4.9 months). To date, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of trabectedin in the target patients. Doxorubicin, gemcitabine, and gemcitabine plus docetaxel are treatment options in women with inoperable, locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma as first- or second-line therapy. Well-designed and good-quality RCTs are required to investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy and quality of life in target patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma.

Laparoscopic gastrectomy for patients with advanced gastric cancer produces oncologic outcomes similar to those for open resection.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic gastrectomy has gained acceptance as treatment for early gastric cancer. However, its role for advanced gastric cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the oncologic outcomes between laparoscopic and open gastrectomy in the management of advanced gastric cancer for patients receiving adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: This study reviewed consecutive patients treated with gastric cancer resection and adjuvant chemoradiation (45 Gy/25 with 5-fluorouracil [FU]-based chemotherapy), at a quaternary care comprehensive cancer center between 1 Jan 2000 and 30 Nov 2009. Of 203 patients, 21 were treated with laparoscopic gastrectomy. These patients were compared with patients who had open surgery and evaluated for overall survival, relapse-free survival, and site of first disease recurrence. RESULTS: The 21 patients in the laparoscopic group had a median age of 61.3 years (range, 28.2-76.6 years) and a median follow-up period of 21.3 months (range, 6.7-50.4 months). The majority of the patients (71%) were men. Most of these patients had tumor node metastasis (TNM) v6 stage 2 (33%) or 3 (52%) disease as classified by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The demographic characteristics of the laparoscopic and open groups were similar. The incidence of recurrence was 38.1% (8/21) in the laparoscopic group and 36.8% (67/182) in the open group. In the laparoscopic group, the site of first recurrence was distant in three patients, peritoneal in four patients, and mixed in one patient (locoregional and distant). The recurrence patterns did not differ significantly between the laparoscopic and open surgery groups. In the open group, recurrence was distant in 26 patients, peritoneal in 12 patients, and locoregional in 15 patients. At presentation, 14 patients showed a mixed pattern. The 3-year relapse-free survival rate was 58% (range, 50-66%), and the difference between the two groups by Gray's test was not significant (P = 0.32). The 3-year overall survival rate was 65.9% (range, 58-73%) and did not differ significantly between the two groups in the univariate (P = 0.92) or multivariate (P = 0.54) analysis. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that laparoscopic gastrectomy is an oncologically safe procedure for advanced gastric cancer with outcomes similar to those for open resection.

A phase II study single agent of aflibercept (VEGF Trap) in patients with recurrent or metastatic gynecologic carcinosarcomas and uterine leiomyosarcoma. A trial of the Princess Margaret Hospital, Chicago and California Cancer Phase II Consortia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this multi-institutional non randomized phase II trial was to determine the efficacy and safety of single agent aflibercept (VEGF Trap), a recombinant fusion protein that blocks multiple vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms, in women with gynecologic soft tissue sarcoma. METHODS: Patients were enrolled in two cohorts each with Simon two stage designs: uterine leiomyosarcoma and carcinosarcoma of endometrial, ovarian or fallopian tube origin. Eligibility criteria included ≤2 prior lines of chemotherapy for metastatic disease and ECOG performance status of ≤2. Aflibercept 4mg/kg was administered intravenously on day 1 of a 14 day cycle. Primary endpoints were objective response and disease stabilization (Progression Free Survival (PFS) at 6 months). RESULTS: 41 patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma and 22 patients with carcinosarcoma (19 uterine, 3 ovarian) were enrolled on study. In the leiomyosarcoma cohort, eleven (27%) patients had stable disease (SD), 4 with SD lasting at least 24 weeks. The 6 month PFS was 17%, with median time to progression (TTP) of 1.8 (95% CI:1.6-2.1) months. In the carcinosarcoma cohort, two (9%) patients had SD, one lasting >24 weeks, median TTP was 1.6 months (95%CI: 1.1-1.7) No partial responses were observed in patients from either cohort. Grade 3 or more aflibercept related toxicity was uncommon and included hypertension, fatigue, headache and abdominal pain. CONCLUSIONS: Single agent aflibercept has modest activity in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma and minimal activity in women with carcinosarcoma.

Progression-free survival in advanced ovarian cancer: a Canadian review and expert panel perspective.

Ovarian cancer is leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality in Canada. To date, overall survival (os) has been the most-used endpoint in oncology trials because of its relevance and objectivity. However, as a result of various factors, including the pattern of sequential salvage therapies, measurement of os and collection of os data are becoming particularly challenging. Phase ii and iii trials have therefore adopted progression-free survival (pfs) as a more convenient surrogate endpoint; however, the clinical significance of pfs remains unclear. This position paper presents discussion topics and findings from a pan-Canadian meeting of experts that set out to evaluate the relevance of pfs as a valid endpoint in ovarian cancer;reach a Canadian consensus on the relevance of pfs in ovarian cancer; andtry to address how pfs translates into clinical benefit in ovarian cancer.Overall, the findings and the group consensus posit that future studies should ensure that trials are designed to evaluate pfs, os, and other clinically relevant endpoints such as disease-related symptoms or quality of life;incorporate interim futility analyses intended to stop accrual early when the experimental regimen is not active;stop trials early to declare superiority only when compelling evidence suggests that a new treatment provides benefit for a pre-specified, clinically relevant endpoint such as os or symptom relief; anddiscourage early release of secondary endpoint results when such a release might increase the frequency of crossover to the experimental intervention.