Supporting recovery, healing and wellbeing with Aboriginal communities of the southeast coast of Australia: a practice-based study of an Aboriginal community-controlled health organisation's response to cumulative disasters.

BACKGROUND: The recent crises of bushfires, floods, and the COVID-19 pandemic on the southeast coast of Australia were unprecedented in their extent and intensity. Few studies have investigated responses to cumulative disasters in First Nations communities, despite acknowledgement that these crises disproportionately impact First Nations people. This study was conducted by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal researchers in partnership with Waminda, South Coast Women's Health and Wellbeing Aboriginal Corporation, an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (ACCHO). It investigated the collective experiences of people affected by cumulative disasters to identify the practices that support healing, and recovery for Aboriginal communities. The study addresses a knowledge gap of how Waminda, designs, manages and delivers responses to address complex health and social issues in the context of cumulative disasters. METHODS: Underpinned by practice theory this study employed Indigenous-informed, narrative inquiry. Culturally-appropriate, multiple interpretive methods were used to collect data including: observations; yarns with Aboriginal community members, yarns with Waminda practitioners, management and board members; interviews-to-the-double, visual images and documentation. The data were collated and analysed using the phases of reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: The paper articulates a suite of culturally safe and place-based practices that enhance social, emotional and spiritual well-being following cumulative disasters. These practice bundles include: adopting a Country-centred conception of local communities; being community-led; viewing care as a collective, relational, sociomaterial accomplishment and having fluid boundaries. These practice bundles 'hang together' through organising practices including the Waminda Model of Care, staff wellbeing framework and emergency management plan which orient action and manage risks. The paper demonstrates the need for disaster responses to be community-led and culturally situated. ACCHOs are shown to play a crucial role, and their local responses to immediate community needs are grounded in contextual knowledge and use existing resources rather than relying on mainstream system-wide interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The paper suggests crafting responses that focus on assisting communities (re)gain their sense of belonging, hope for the future, control over their lives and their capacities to care for and to be cared for by Country, are key to both enhancing healing, health and well-being and harnessing the strengths of communities.

Practices Supporting Community Recovery and Healing from Climate-Related Disasters: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review investigated the practices that support and hinder the recovery and healing of communities and the environments within which they live, following climate-related environmental disasters. Although the literature focused on recovery is dominated by interventions aimed at the individual and their mental health, a thematic analysis of thirty-six studies established a range of practices that enhance collective recovery and healing. Four narratives were identified from the findings highlighting key practices: (1) collective and community-led recovery; (2) recognising the criticality of context, place, and identity; (3) adopting a holistic conception of well-being and Country-centred practices; and (4) decolonising and Indigenising the literature. This study details recommendations for research and practice. First Nations' knowledges and healing practices need to be recognised and harnessed in climate-related environmental disaster recovery. Community-led interventions harness local knowledge, networks, and expertise, which improves the dissemination of resources and enables recovery efforts to be tailored to the specific needs of communities.

Co-creating an educational resource to promote the uptake of Skin-to-Skin Contact in Saudi Arabia.

AIM: This paper focuses on the co-creation approach to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate educational interventions to promote the uptake of skin-to-skin contact. BACKGROUND: Skin-to-skin contact is beneficial to mothers and newborns, but it is rarely practised in Saudi Arabia. Co-creation involving service users to develop evidence-based resources about skin-to-skin contact relevant to the target population is an approach increasingly used to improve health outcomes. METHOD: A three-step method was used to develop the educational intervention including: (1) a systematic scoping review to identify the evidence-based information for education regarding skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby post-birth; (2) Co-creation of the resources using the Knowledge to Action Framework. The resource was developed collaboratively with academic staff from Australia and health care staff from Saudi hospital; and (3) Finalisation of the educational materials through a consensus development conference and Implementation. FINDINGS: The systematic scoping review generated useful information about the gaps in knowledge and barriers to skin-to-skin practice. Information was tailored and translated according to the needs of the Saudi population. A variety of educational materials including pamphlets, a PowerPoint presentation and a short video were co-created with the help of the stakeholders. Consensus was reached when 93% (87-100%) of the participants agreed about the mode of delivery and appropriateness of the PowerPoint and 100% agreed on the e-pamphlets and video. DISCUSSION: The skin-to-skin online educational resource was created by integrating co-creation principles and the Knowledge to Action framework with the aim of developing and customizing a culturally appropriate intervention using the best available evidence. By engaging in co-creation stakeholders gained a sense of ownership and were more willing to adopt and implement the intervention.

Leading wellness in healthcare: A qualitative study of leadership practices for wellness in hospital settings.

Ways of dealing with workplace stress and enhancing healthcare workers wellness are sought globally. The aim of this study was to explore healthcare leaders' practice in relation to the implementation of a workplace wellness program called SEED in the context of multiple crises (bushfires and COVID-19) affecting a local health district in New South Wales, Australia. Practice theory informed interviews (n = 23), focus groups (n = 2) and co-analysis reflexive discussions (n = 2) that were conducted with thirteen leaders and twenty healthcare workers. A pragmatic approach to program implementation for healthcare workers' wellness explored the process and actions that resulted from leadership practice in an inductive thematic analysis. Preliminary themes were presented in the co-analysis sessions to ensure the lived experiences of the SEED program were reflected and co-interpretation of the data was included in the analysis. Three key themes were identified. 1) Leading change-implementing a wellness program required leaders to try something new and be determined to make change happen. 2) Permission for wellness-implicit and explicit permission from leaders to engage in wellness activities during worktime was required. 3) Role-modelling wellness-leaders viewed SEED as a way to demonstrate leadership in supporting and caring for healthcare workers. SEED provided a platform for leaders who participated to demonstrate their leadership practices in supporting wellness activities. Leadership practices are critical to the implementation of healthcare wellness programs. The implementation of SEED at a time of unprecedented crisis gave leaders and healthcare workers opportunities to experience something new including leadership that was courageous, responsive and authentic. The study highlighted the need for workplace wellness programs to intentionally include leaders rather than only expect them to implement them. The practices documented in this study provide guidance to others developing, implementing and researching workplace wellness programs.

Nursing students' attitudes, behaviour, and knowledge toward smoking cessation: Results from a descriptive survey at a regional university.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the largest single cause of lifestyle-related preventable morbidity and mortality. Nurses form the largest cohort of health professionals and are strategically placed to implement smoking cessation interventions. However their capacity is underutilised, particularly in rural and remote areas in countries such as Australia where the incidence of smoking in is higher than average and access to healthcare is limited. One strategy to address the underutilisation of nurses in smoking cessation interventions is to include training in the university/college nursing curriculum. To effectively implement this training, it is vital to have an in-depth knowledge of student nurses' attitudes towards smoking including the role of healthcare professionals in smoking cessation, their smoking behaviour and that of their peers, and knowledge regarding smoking cessation techniques and resources. OBJECTIVES: Investigate nursing students' attitudes, behaviour, and knowledge towards smoking cessation, determine the impact of demographics and educational experienced on these, and develop recommendations for future research and educational practice. DESIGN: Descriptive survey. PARTICIPANTS: Non-probability sample of undergraduate nursing students (n = 247) from a regional Australian university. RESULTS: Significantly more participants had tried smoking cigarettes than had not (p = 0.026). There were no significant relationships between gender and smoking (p = 0.169) or e-cigarette use (p = 0.200), but a significant relationship was found between age and smoking status where older participants (48-57 years) were more likely to smoke (p < 0.001). Most participants (70 %) were supportive of public health measures to reduce cigarette smoking but felt that they lacked specific knowledge to assist their patients to cease smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Within education there needs to be an emphasis on the central role that nurses play in smoking cessation with a greater focus on training nursing students about smoking cessation strategies and resources. There is also a need to ensure that students know it falls within their duty of care to address smoking cessation with patients.

A Narrative Inquiry into the Practices of Healthcare Workers' Wellness Program: The SEED Experience in New South Wales, Australia.

The 2019-2020 Australian bushfires followed by the COVID-19 pandemic brought the significant mental health implications of working in healthcare to the fore. The importance of appropriate support services to ensure the resilience and recovery of healthcare workers has been highlighted. In response to healthcare staff experiences during the bushfires, the SEED Wellness Program was created in 2020 in the Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District in New South Wales, Australia. SEED used a participant-led design to engage healthcare staff in workplace-based restorative activities. Guided by practice theory, this study aimed to identify and describe SEED wellness practices that supported healthcare staff. Thirty-three healthcare workers participated in focus groups or individual interviews between June 2021 and March 2022. The analysis involved inductive thematic individual and collective exploration of SEED practices, including co-analysis with participants. Eight core practices that supported participants' wellbeing were identified, including responsive and compassionate leading, engaging staff at every stage of the recovery process, creating a sense of connection with others, and collective caring. The study found that workplace wellness initiatives are optimised when they are place-based and grounded in local knowledge, needs, and resources incorporating a collective and supportive team approach. Moreover, to ensure engagement in, and sustainability of these initiatives, both bottom-up and top-down commitment is required.

The SEED Wellness Model: A Workplace Approach to Address Wellbeing Needs of Healthcare Staff During Crisis and Beyond.

Workplace wellness has gained new meaning and significance in the healthcare workforce in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare workers across the world have carried the burden of responding to the public health crisis by having to work under new pressures and constantly changing environments, take on additional shifts, risk their own health and lives, and cope with the ongoing psychological and emotional strain. The purpose of this paper is to articulate a workplace wellness model applied across hospitals in the Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, a regional area in New South Wales, Australia. The description of the development, components, and lessons learned from the SEED Wellness Model illustrates one possible solution about how to provide better care for the staff thus not only preventing staff burnout and turnover, but also creating lasting organizational benefits. The detailed model description can assist in developing a larger and more rigorous evidence-base to improve staff wellness in healthcare settings, both within Australia and internationally.

Intimidation, harassment, and discrimination during family medicine residency training: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: The importance of wellbeing of family medicine residents is recognized in accreditation requirements which call for a supportive and respectful learning environment; however, concerns exist about learner mistreatment in the medical environment. The purpose of this study was to to describe family medicine graduates' perceived experience with intimidation, harassment and discrimination (IHD) during residency training. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted on a cohort of family medicine graduates who completed residency training during 2006-2011. Phase 1, the quantitative component, consisted of a retrospective survey of 651 graduates. Phase 2, the qualitative component, was comprised of 11 qualitative interviews. Both the survey and the interviews addressed graduates' experience with IHD with respect to frequency and type, setting, perpetrator, perceived basis for IHD, and the effect of the IHD. RESULTS: The response rate to the survey was 47.2%, with 44.7% of respondents indicating that they experienced some form of mistreatment/IHD during residency training, and 69.9% noting that it occurred more than once. The primary sources of IHD were specialist physicians (75.7%), hospital nurses (47.8%), and family physicians (33.8%). Inappropriate verbal comments were the most frequent type of IHD (86.8%). Graduates perceived the basis of the IHD to be abuse of power (69.1%), personality conflict (36.8%), and family medicine as a career choice (30.1%), which interview participants also described. A significantly greater proportion IMGs than CMGs perceived the basis of IHD to be culture/ethnicity (47.2% vs 10.5%, respectively). The vast majority (77.3%) of graduates reported that the IHD experience had a negative effect on them, consisting of decreased self-esteem and confidence, increased anxiety, and sleep problems. As trainees, they felt angry, threatened, demoralized, discouraged, manipulated, and powerless. Some developed depression or burnout, took medication, or underwent counselling. CONCLUSIONS: IHD continued to be prevalent during family medicine residency training, with it occurring most frequently in the hospital setting and specialty rotations. Educational institutions must work with hospital administrators to address issues of mistreatment in the workplace. Residency training programs and the medical establishment need to be cognizant that the effects of IHD are far-reaching and must continuously work to eradicate it.

Academic Half-Days: Facilitated Small Groups to Promote Interactive Learning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medical educators have expressed interest in using less didactic and more interactive formats for academic half-days (AHDs) in postgraduate residency training. We assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing a practice-based small-group learning (PBSGL) process as one part of AHDs. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was used. Over a two-year period, family medicine residents at the University of Calgary took part in PBSGL sessions during their AHDs, discussing clinical cases presented in evidence-based educational modules and reflecting on clinical experiences with the guidance of a trained peer facilitator. Data sources to explore experiences with the PBSGL process included an evaluation questionnaire, a practice reflection tool (PRT; documenting patient management plans) and individual interviews (n=19) with residents and faculty preceptors. RESULTS: Of 148 residents, 139 (93%) agreed to participate. Participants were divided into groups of 14-16 members to discuss 12 different module topics. Participants indicated that ongoing small-group interactions were helpful in meeting learning needs and provided opportunities to share and learn from experiences of others in a safe environment. Group facilitation by residents was successful. Level of resident participation and time to preread modules were factors contributing to successful small-group interactions. Modules were rated as effective learning tools, and sample cases were perceived as representing typical cases encountered in practice. Although participants intended to apply their learning to practice, follow through was hindered by lack of relevant clinical cases. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing small-group learning facilitated by residents, coupled with evidence-based educational materials, was a feasible approach to AHDs.

Picking the Right Tool for the Job: A Reliability Study of 4 Assessment Tools for Central Venous Catheter Insertion.

BACKGROUND: Determining procedural competence requires psychometrically sound assessment tools. A variety of instruments are available to determine procedural performance for central venous catheter (CVC) insertion, but it is not clear which ones should be used in the context of competency-based medical education. OBJECTIVE: We compared several commonly used instruments to determine which should be preferentially used to assess competence in CVC insertion. METHODS: Junior residents completing their first intensive care unit rotation between July 31, 2006, and March 9, 2007, were video-recorded performing CVC insertion on task trainer mannequins. Between June 1, 2016, and September 30, 2016, 3 experienced raters judged procedural competence on the historical video recordings of resident performance using 4 separate tools, including an itemized checklist, Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS), a critical error assessment tool, and the Ottawa Surgical Competency Operating Room Evaluation (O-SCORE). Generalizability theory (G-theory) was used to compare the performance characteristics among the tools. A decision study predicted the optimal testing environment using the tools. RESULTS: At the time of the original recording, 127 residents rotated through intensive care units at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Seventy-seven of them (61%) met inclusion criteria, and 55 of those residents (71%) agreed to participate. Results from the generalizability study (G-study) demonstrated that scores from O-SCORE and OSATS were the most dependable. Dependability could be maintained for O-SCORE and OSATS with 2 raters. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that global rating scales, such as the OSATS or the O-SCORE tools, should be preferentially utilized for assessment of competence in CVC insertion.

Programa de escalonamiento clínico: una respuesta para la retención de las enfermeras / Scale ladder program: An answer for nursing retention

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Estratégia de implementação para a prática avançada de enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Chile / Estrategia de implementación para la práctica avanzada de enfermería en la Atención Primaria de Salud en Chile / Implementation strategy for advanced practice nursing in primary health care in Chile

Resumo Objetivos: (i) Delinear os passos e progressos realizados pelo Chile para implementar a prática avançada do papel da enfermagem usando o Enfoque PEPPA (Participatory Evidence-based Patient-focused Process) como guia, (ii) demonstrar a eficácia da estrutura do PEPPA para a identificação de barreiras e guiar o processo de implementação, e (iii) discutir os próximos passos para a implementação do papel da enfermagem. Métodos: O enfoque inclui nove etapas em um processo flexível e iterativo. Resultados: O presente estudo fornece uma análise aprofundada das atividades empregadas para cada etapa do Enfoque PEPPA e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento do papel da enfermagem na prática avançada no Chile. Em particular, as atividades de participação das partes interessadas foram essenciais para informar os principais decisores e formuladores de políticas de saúde sobre o papel das práticas avançadas de enfermagem, obtendo sua adesão e apoio ao papel da enfermagem e estabelecendo um consenso sobre suas prioridades. As estratégias usadas para superar alguns desafios na implementação das etapas do PEPPA também são discutidas, juntamente com os próximos passos para avaliar e monitorar a implementação e o estabelecimento do papel da enfermagem na prática avançada a longo prazo. Conclusão: O Enfoque PEPPA fornece diretrizes importantes para os países em que a prática avançada do papel da enfermagem está recém sendo introduzida, por meio da identificação e análise de barreiras para o delineamento eficaz do papel e sua implementação exitosa.

Resumen Objetivos: (i) Delinear los pasos y avances logrados por Chile para implementar el rol de la práctica avanzada de enfermería utilizando el enfoque PEPPA (Participatory Evidence-based Patient-focused Process) como guía, (ii) demostrar la eficacia de la estructura del PEPPA para identificar barreras y guiar el proceso de implementación, y (iii) debatir los próximos pasos para la implementación de roles. Métodos: El enfoque incluye nueve etapas dentro de un proceso flexible e interactivo. Resultados: El presente estudio ofrece un análisis profundo de las actividades empleadas en cada etapa del enfoque PEPPA y su contribución al desarrollo del rol de la práctica avanzada de enfermería en Chile. En particular, las actividades de participación de las partes interesadas fueron esenciales para informar a los principales tomadores de decisiones y formuladores de políticas de salud sobre el rol de las prácticas avanzadas de enfermería, con lo que se obtuvo su adhesión y apoyo al rol de la enfermería y se estableció un consenso sobre las prioridades. También se discuten las estrategias usadas para superar algunos problemas de la implementación de las etapas del PEPPA, junto con los próximos pasos para evaluar y monitorear la implementación y el establecimiento del rol de la práctica avanzada de enfermería a largo plazo. Conclusión: El enfoque PEPPA ofrece importantes directrices para los países en que el rol de la práctica avanzada de enfermería está recién siendo introducido, por medio de la identificación y análisis de barreras para el diseño eficaz de roles y su correcta implementación.

Abstract Objectives: (i) Outline the steps and progress made by Chile to implement the advanced practice nursing role using the PEPPA framework as a guide, (ii) demonstrate the effectiveness of the PEPPA framework to identify barriers and guide the implementation process, and (iii) discuss the next steps for role implementation. Methods: The framework includes nine steps in a flexible and iterative process. Results: This paper provides an in-depth analysis of activities employed for each step of the PEPPA Framework and their contribution to advanced practice nursing role development in Chile. In particular, stakeholder engagement activities were essential for informing key health care decision and policy-makers about the advanced practice nursing role, obtaining their buy-in and support for the role, and establishing consensus on role priorities. Strategies used to overcome some challenges in implementing framework steps are also discussed along with next steps to evaluate and monitor the implementation and establishment of the advanced practice nursing role in the long term. Conclusion: The PEPPA Framework provides important guidance for countries where advanced practice nursing roles are just being introduced by identifying and addressing barriers to the effective role design and successful implementation.

"Something is wrong with your milk": Qualitative study of maternal dietary restriction and beliefs about infant colic.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate new mothers' perceptions about the role of maternal diet in infant fuss-cry behaviour, and to explore patterns of food restriction in breastfeeding women. DESIGN: Qualitative study. SETTING: Calgary, Alta. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one mothers of healthy singleton infants aged 6 months and younger. METHODS: Focus groups and one-on-one interviews with a semistructured interview guide, followed by content analysis. MAIN FINDINGS: Most respondents believed that infant cry-fuss behaviour was related to abdominal pain linked to feeding and had eliminated items from their diet in an attempt to change infant behaviour. Typical targets of elimination were caffeine, cruciferous vegetables (eg, broccoli and cabbage), garlic and onions, spicy foods, gluten, and beans. Women commonly viewed elimination diets as an extension of neutral or benign choices made during pregnancy, even when it led to extreme diet restrictions. Participants reported feeling appraised by society for their infant-feeding choices, and often harshly judged. Many women reported feeling confused by conflicting sources of reliable information on breastfeeding and preferred advice from trusted friends and family to that from health care providers or the Internet. CONCLUSION: The breastfeeding women in this study believed that maternal diet influenced infant cry-fuss behaviour, in spite of scientific evidence demonstrating the contrary. An understandable desire for a calm baby, as well as to be favourably judged by friends and family, can drive breastfeeding women to restrict their diet, often to the point of hardship.

Competências para a formação do enfermeiro de prática avançada para a atenção básica de saúde / Competencias para la formación del enfermero de práctica avanzada para la atención primária de salud / Competencies for training advanced practice nurses in primary health care

Resumo Objetivo Determinar um conjunto de competências centrais para a formação do enfermeiro de prática avançada na atenção básica de saúde, na América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos Estudo quantitativo descritivo, com análise qualitativa de dados, realizado em 2017. Participaram 830 enfermeiros da América Latina e do Caribe. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário com sete domínios, dimensões e competências do enfermeiro de prática avançada. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados Dos 830 enfermeiros que responderam à pesquisa, 40,7% ocupavam um cargo na área da educação; 41,4% trabalhavam em áreas clínicas e 17,8% ocupavam cargos de direção ou ministeriais. Quanto à escolaridade, 45,7% apresentavam mestrado e 17,3%, doutorado. Das 64 competências avaliadas, 59 foram consideradas centrais para a formação do enfermeiro de prática avançada e cinco como não indispensáveis ou muito relevantes. Conclusão O estudo apresenta um conjunto de competências centrais para o enfermeiro de prática avançada e contribui para a discussão sobre as competências centrais em sua formação na Assistência Primária à Saúde - APS. Quanto maior a escolaridade dos indivíduos, mais marcada foi a tendência de considerar as competências de ética e pesquisa relevantes, enquanto que a competência de prescrever medicamentos foi considerara relevante apenas para participantes cujos países regulamentam o papel de enfermeiros de prática avançada. As competências propostas devem ser consideradas dentro do contexto específico e regulado pela legislação de cada país.

Resumen Objetivo Determinar un conjunto de competencias centrales para la formación del enfermero de práctica avanzada en la atención primaria de salud en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo, con análisis cualitativo de datos realizado en 2017. Participaron 830 enfermeros de América Latina y el Caribe. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario con siete dominios, dimensiones y competencias del enfermero en práctica avanzada. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados De los 830 enfermeros que respondieron a la encuesta, 40,7% desempeñaban un cargo en el área de la educación; 41,4% trabajaban en áreas clínicas y 17,8% ocupaban cargos directivos o ministeriales. En cuanto a su nivel educativo, 45,7% contaban con maestría y 17,3% con doctorado. De las 64 competencias evaluadas, 59 fueron consideradas como centrales en la formación del enfermero de práctica avanzada y cinco como no indispensables omuy relevantes. Conclusión El estudio presenta un conjunto de competencias centrales del enfermero de práctica avanzada y contribuye a la discusión sobre las competencias centrales en su formación en la APS. A mayor nivel educativo del participante, fue más marcada la tendencia a considerar relevantes las competencias de ética e investigación, mientras que la competencia para prescribir medicamentos, fue considerada relevante exclusivamente para los participantes de países donde está reglamentado el rol de enfermeros de práctica avanzada. Las competencias propuestas deben enmarcarse en un contexto específico y regulado por la legislación de cada país.

Abstract Objective To determine a set of core competencies for advanced practice nurses in primary health care in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods This is a descriptive quantitative study, with a qualitative data analysis, conducted in 2017. A total of 830 nurses from Latin America and the Caribbean participated. A questionnaire with seven domains, dimensions and competencies of advanced practice nurses was used for collecting data. Descriptive statistics were used for the data analysis. Results Of the 830 nurses that completed the survey, 40.7% held a position in education, 41.4% worked in clinical areas, and 17.8% occupied managerial or ministerial positions. In terms of education level, 45.7% had master's degrees and 17.3% had doctorates. Of the 64 competencies assessed, 58 were considered core competencies in the training of advanced practice nurses and five as indispensable or not relevant. Conclusion The study presented a set of core competencies of advanced practice nurses and contributed to the discussion on core competencies in primary health care. The higher the level of education, the greater the tendency to consider the competencies of ethics and research as relevant, whereas the competency to prescribe drugs was only considered relevant by participants from countries where the role of advanced practice nurses is regulated. The proposed competencies must be framed within a specific context and regulated by the laws of each country.

2018 Consensus framework for good assessment.

Introduction: In 2010, the Ottawa Conference produced a set of consensus criteria for good assessment. These were well received and since then the working group monitored their use. As part of the 2010 report, it was recommended that consideration be given in the future to preparing similar criteria for systems of assessment. Recent developments in the field suggest that it would be timely to undertake that task and so the working group was reconvened, with changes in membership to reflect broad global representation.Methods: Consideration was given to whether the initially proposed criteria continued to be appropriate for single assessments and the group believed that they were. Consequently, we reiterate the criteria that apply to individual assessments and duplicate relevant portions of the 2010 report.Results and discussion: This paper also presents a new set of criteria that apply to systems of assessment and, recognizing the challenges of implementation, offers several issues for further consideration. Among these issues are the increasing diversity of candidates and programs, the importance of legal defensibility in high stakes assessments, globalization and the interest in portable recognition of medical training, and the interest among employers and patients in how medical education is delivered and how progression decisions are made.

The Impact of a National Competency-Based Medical Education Initiative in Family Medicine.

PURPOSE: Triple C is the Canadian competency-based medical education (CBME) initiative for family medicine. The authors report on a study exploring the impacts Triple C has had across Canada. METHOD: A multi-institutional team conducted a realist study to explore the impact of Triple C implementation in different programs across Canada. Data were collected between March and June 2016 from interviews and focus groups with key medical school stakeholders. Data were analyzed using thematic and template analysis techniques. RESULTS: Data were acquired from 16 of the 17 Canadian medical schools from a combination of program leaders, educators, and trainees. Triple C was implemented in different ways and to different extents depending on context. Newer sites tended to have a more comprehensive implementation than established sites. Urban sites afforded different opportunities to implement Triple C from those afforded by rural sites. Although it was too early to assess its impact on the quality of graduating residents, Triple C was seen as having had a positive impact on identifying and remediating failing learners and on energizing and legitimizing the educational mission in family medicine. Negative impacts included greater costs and tensions in the relationships with other specialties. A principles-based approach to CBME offered flexibility to programs to incorporate variation in their interpretation and implementation of Triple C. Although there was a degree of normalization of practice, it was not standardized across sites or programs. CONCLUSIONS: Triple C has been successfully implemented across Canada but in differing ways and with different impacts.

Adaptation and validation of the clinical supervision self-assessment tool among registered nurses.

BACKGROUND: Clinical supervision of pre-registration nursing students has become an integral role of the registered nurse. The Clinical Supervision Self-assessment Tool relating to knowledge (CSAT-Knowledge) and the individual's skills (CSAT-Skills) of clinical supervision and comprising of 30 items each originally is widely used for nurses in Australia. However, the psychometric properties of this tool have not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE: To adapt the Clinical Supervision Self-Assessment Tool for nurses and to investigate the psychometric properties of the modified tool to measure registered nurses' knowledge and skills regarding supervising pre-registration nursing students. DESIGN: Instrument adaptation and psychometric testing. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS: A convenience sample of 229 registered nurses in a tertiary teaching hospital in Australia. METHOD: A two-phase prospective study was conducted. Phase 1 involved the modification of the Clinical supervision Self-Assessment Tool, content validity and pilot testing of the modified version. Phase 2 included the psychometric testing of the modified Clinical Supervision Self-Assessment Tool (mCSAT-Knowledge; mCSAT-Skills). RESULTS: The mCSAT-Knowledge and mCSAT-Skills comprised of 30 items each. The content validity of the mCSAT was considered satisfactory based on the feedback from the expert panel. Results of the exploratory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure identified as: evaluating clinical learning; facilitating clinical learning and problem solving. The internal consistency was high with a Cronbach's alpha values >0.90. The construct validity was supported as nurses who had undertaken clinical supervision training demonstrated significantly higher clinical supervision knowledge and skills scores than those had no training. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide empirical support for the modified Clinical Supervision Self-Assessment Tool as a valid measure of registered nurses' knowledge and skills regarding the clinical supervision of pre-registration nursing students. The tool requires further psychometric testing in different samples of nurses to enable validation in other settings.

Future practice of comprehensive care: Practice intentions of exiting family medicine residents in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To describe exiting family medicine (FM) residents' reported practice intentions after completing a Triple C Competency-based Curriculum. DESIGN: The surveys were intended to capture residents' perceptions of FM, their perceptions of their competency-based training, and their intentions to practise FM. Entry (T1) and exit (T2) self-reported survey results were compared considering the influence of the curriculum change. Unmatched aggregate-level data were reviewed. The T1 survey was administered in the summer of 2012 and the T2 survey was administered in the spring of 2014. SETTING: Six Canadian FM residency programs across 4 provinces in Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Quebec). PARTICIPANTS: Overall, 341 entering FM residents in 2012 responded to the T1 survey and 325 exiting FM residents completing their residency programs in spring 2014 responded to the T2 survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported data on FM residents' future practice intentions related to comprehensive care, providing care across clinical domains and settings, and providing comprehensive care individually or in teams. RESULTS: A total of 341 (71.3%) residents responded to the T1 survey and a total of 325 (71.4%) residents responded to the T2 survey. Of these, 78.7% responded that they intended to provide comprehensive FM in multiple clinical settings in their future practices, with 70.8% indicating a comprehensive care practice with a special interest and 36.6% intending to provide care in a focused practice. Overall, 92.9% reported that they intended to work in group practice environments. Ninety percent reported they intended to work in interprofessional team practices. CONCLUSION: While an upward trend toward the practice of comprehensive care was demonstrated, findings also showed an increased trend toward providing care in focused practices. Further research is needed to better determine how FM residents understand the definition of comprehensive FM and its practice models. The survey provides an opportunity to explore questions related to practice intentions that could be helpful in work force planning. As the first study to compare entry and exit data from learners who have been exposed to a Triple C competency-based approach, this survey provides important baseline data for use by many.

Empowering aged care nurses to deliver person-centred care: Enabling nurses to shine.

In this paper, the authors will describe the journey of registered nurses across a series of workshops as part of a research project that was undertaken in a regional aged care service in New South Wales, Australia. The aim of the project was to empower the participant registered nurses to positively influence the health care workplace culture within the residential care home by raising consciousness about their own practice. Registered nurses were actively involved in this reconnaissance phase of a participatory action research project through practice development principles and methods. Registered nurses determined the content and the outcomes of the overall program. The researchers evaluated the impact of a series of workshops, designed to develop skills and knowledge using nominal group technique. Results revealed registered nurses perceived they were empowered to flourish, and developed an understanding of the uniqueness of their role. A shared understanding of the role of the registered nurse in the aged care setting was fundamental in enabling them to feel empowered to lead their team and contribute positively to the workplace culture. Overall, the outcomes of this project have positively impacted workplace culture.