RESUMEN
Maternal well-being and stress during the perinatal period have been hypothesized to influence birth outcomes and the postnatal development of offspring. In the present study, we explored whether hair cortisol concentration (HCC) was related to symptoms of psychological distress during the perinatal period and with unpredicted birth complications (UBCs). Surveys measuring symptoms of perceived stress, state/trait anxiety, and depression were collected from 53 participants (mean age = 31.1, SD = 4.04; 83% Caucasian, 17% other races) during the third trimester and again at two and six months after birth, 24.5% of which reported UBCs. In a subset of participants, we measured HCC in hair samples collected during the third trimester (27-39 weeks) and six months after birth. Compared to participants reporting normal births, those reporting UBCs had significantly elevated composite stress, anxiety, and depression (SAD) scores two months after birth, but scores decreased by six months postpartum. During the third trimester, HCC was positively associated with reported SAD scores, and HCC was elevated in participants reporting birth complications. Logistic regression showed HCC, but not SAD scores, predicted UBCs (p = 0.023, pseudo R2= 19.7%). Repeated measures MANOVA showed HCC varied over the perinatal period depending on both SAD scores reported at two months postpartum and the experience of UBCs; but when SAD scores reported at six months postpartum were included in the model, the association between HCC and SAD scores and the influence of UBCs was diminished. Although generalizability is limited by our relatively small, homogeneous sample, findings support a positive association between reported psychological distress and HCC during pregnancy and at two months postpartum. We also report a novel finding that chronically elevated cortisol concentrations during pregnancy were related to the risk of UBCs and remain elevated through the early postpartum period, suggesting the importance of monitoring both psychological distress and HCC during the perinatal period.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones del Embarazo , Distrés Psicológico , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto , Hidrocortisona , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Ansiedad/psicología , Cabello , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Non-Hispanic black (NHB) pregnant women disproportionately experience adverse birth outcomes compared to Non-Hispanic white (NHW) pregnant women. The positive effects of prenatal exercise on maternal and neonatal health may mitigate these disparities. This study evaluated the influence of prenatal exercise on racial/ethnic disparities in gestational age (GA), birthweight (BW), and risks of preterm birth (PTB), cesarean section (CS), and low-birthweight (LBW) neonates. METHODS: This study performed a secondary data analysis using data from a 24-week, two-arm exercise intervention trial (ENHANCED by Mom). Women with singleton pregnancies (< 16 weeks), aged 18-40 years, BMI between 18.5-34.99 kg/m2, and no preexisting health conditions were eligible. The aerobic exercisers (EX) participated in 150 min of moderate-intensity weekly exercise while non-exercising controls (CON) attended low-intensity stretching/breathing sessions. Data on GA, PTB (< 37 weeks), BW, LBW (< 2.5 kg), and delivery mode were collected. Poisson, median and linear regressions were performed. RESULTS: Participants with complete data (n = 125) were eligible for analyses (EX: n = 58, CON: n = 67). NHB pregnant women delivered lighter neonates (ß = - 0.43 kg, 95% CI: - 0.68, - 0.18, p = 0.001). After adjusting for prenatal exercise, racial/ethnic disparities in BW were reduced (ß = - 0.39 kg, 95% CI: - 0.65, - 0.13, p = 0.004). Prenatal exercise reduced borderline significant racial/ethnic disparities in PTB (p = 0.053) and GA (p = 0.07) with no effects found for CS and LBW. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study demonstrate that prenatal exercise may attenuate the racial/ethnic disparities observed in neonatal BW, and possibly GA and PTB. Larger, diverse samples and inclusion of maternal biomarkers (e.g., cytokines) are encouraged to further evaluate these relationships.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Cesárea/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Salud del Lactante , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/prevención & control , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Borrelia burgdorferi infection is common in horses living in Lyme endemic areas and the geographic range for exposure is increasing. Morbidity after B. burgdorferi infection in horses is unknown. Documented, naturally occurring syndromes attributed to B. burgdorferi infection in horses include neuroborreliosis, uveitis, and cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Although other clinical signs such as lameness and stiffness are reported in horses, these are often not well documented. Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on exposure to B. burgdorferi, cytology or histopathology of infected fluid or tissue and antigen detection. Treatment of Lyme disease in horses is similar to treatment of humans or small animals but treatment success might not be the same because of species differences in antimicrobial bioavailability and duration of infection before initiation of treatment. There are no approved equine label Lyme vaccines but there is strong evidence that proper vaccination could prevent infection in horses.
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Borrelia burgdorferi , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Lyme/veterinaria , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Consenso , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Caballos , Enfermedad de Lyme/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Lyme/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Lyme/epidemiología , América del Norte/epidemiología , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the postnatal course of neurosteroid levels in relation to gender, mode of delivery and the extent of skin-to-skin (STS) contact during the first days of life in healthy term newborns. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study of 39 neonates in which parents recorded total duration of STS in the first 2 days and nine neurosteroids (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, progesterone, pregnenolone, pregnenolone-sulfate, allopregnanolone, isopregnanolone, epipregnanolone, pregnanolone and pregnanolone-sulfate) were assayed from blood samples at birth and at 1-2 days of age. RESULTS: All nine neurosteroid levels declined significantly during the first 2 days of life. Gender did not significantly affect the change in neurosteroid levels. The decline in neurosteroid levels was generally more pronounced in vaginal deliveries, and there was a trend toward a larger decline with more exposure to STS. CONCLUSION: Ongoing studies may better characterize the role of neurosteroids and the influence of STS in more critically ill and premature neonates.
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Método Madre-Canguro/métodos , Neurotransmisores/sangre , Nacimiento a Término/sangre , Tacto/fisiología , California , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intrathecal lidocaine hydrochloride under general anesthesia has been used as an alternative method of euthanasia in equids. Carnivore, scavenger, and even human consumption of horse meat from carcasses have been anecdotally reported in rural areas after this method of euthanasia. The presence of drug residues in horse meat has not been investigated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To investigate if drug residues are found in horse tissues and determine their concentrations. ANIMALS: Of 11 horses requiring euthanasia for medical reasons. METHODS: Prospective descriptive study. Horses were anesthetized with total IV dose of xylazine (mean, 2.5 mg/kg), midazolam (0.1 mg/kg), and ketamine hydrochloride (mean, 5.8 mg/kg). An atlanto-occipital cisterna centesis for the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and administration of lidocaine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) was performed. Blood samples for both serum and plasma, skeletal muscle (triceps brachii, gluteus medius), and CSF were collected for the determination of drug residues. Frozen skeletal muscle available from 5 additional horses that received standard dosages of drugs for short-term anesthesia (xylazine 1.1 mg/kg, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, and ketamine 2.2 mg/kg) also were analyzed. RESULTS: Drug residues were found in the tissues of all horses, but at extremely low concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Euthanasia by administration of lidocaine intrathecally to horses under IV anesthesia poses a low risk of toxicity to carnivores and scavengers that might consume muscle tissue from a carcass in which this protocol has been used.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia Intravenosa/veterinaria , Anestésicos Locales/farmacología , Residuos de Medicamentos/análisis , Eutanasia Animal/métodos , Lidocaína/farmacología , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Anestésicos Locales/química , Animales , Cadáver , Caballos , Inyecciones Espinales , Lidocaína/administración & dosificación , Lidocaína/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: An intravenous (IV) overdose of pentobarbital sodium is the most commonly used method of euthanasia in veterinary medicine. However, this compound is not available in many countries or rural areas resulting in usage of alternative methods such as intrathecal lidocaine administration after IV anesthesia. Its safety and efficacy as a method of euthanasia have not been investigated in the horse. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in mean arterial blood pressure and electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and heart during intrathecal administration of lidocaine. Our hypothesis was that intrathecal lidocaine affects the cerebral cortex and brainstem before affecting cardiovascular function. ANIMALS: Eleven horses requiring euthanasia for medical reasons. METHODS: Prospective observational study. Horses were anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, and ketamine; and instrumented for recording of electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER), and electrocardiogram (ECG). Physical and neurological (brainstem reflexes) variables were monitored. Mean arterial blood pressure was recorded throughout the study. RESULTS: Loss of cerebro-cortical electrical activity occurred up to 226 seconds after the end of the infusion of lidocaine solution. Cessation of brainstem function as evidenced by a lack of brainstem reflexes and disappearance of BAER occurred subsequently. Undetectable heart sounds, nonpalpable arterial pulse, and extremely low mean arterial blood pressure supported cardiac death; a recordable ECG was the last variable to disappear after the infusion (300-1,279 seconds). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Intrathecal administration of lidocaine is an effective alternative method of euthanasia in anesthetized horses, during which brain death occurs before cardiac death.
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Fenómenos Electrofisiológicos/efectos de los fármacos , Eutanasia Animal/métodos , Caballos , Lidocaína/farmacología , Bloqueadores del Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje/farmacología , Anestesia Intravenosa/veterinaria , Animales , Inyecciones Espinales , Lidocaína/administración & dosificación , Bloqueadores del Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: An overdose of pentobarbital sodium administered i.v. is the most commonly used method of euthanasia in veterinary medicine. Determining death after the infusion relies on the observation of physical variables. However, it is unknown when cortical electrical activity and brainstem function are lost in a sequence of events before death. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex and brainstem during an overdose of pentobarbital sodium solution for euthanasia. Our testing hypothesis is that isoelectric pattern of the brain in support of brain death occurs before absence of electrocardiogram (ECG) activity. ANIMALS: Fifteen horses requiring euthanasia. METHODS: Prospective observational study. Horses with neurologic, orthopedic, and cardiac illnesses were selected and instrumented for recording of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER), and ECG. Physical and neurologic (brainstem reflexes) variables were monitored. RESULTS: Loss of cortical electrical activity occurred during or within 52 seconds after the infusion of euthanasia solution. Cessation of brainstem function as evidenced by a lack of brainstem reflexes and disappearance of the BAER happened subsequently. Despite undetectable heart sounds, palpable arterial pulse, and mean arterial pressure, recordable ECG was the last variable to be lost after the infusion (5.5-16 minutes after end of the infusion). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Overdose of pentobarbital sodium solution administered i.v. is an effective, fast, and humane method of euthanasia. Brain death occurs within 73-261 seconds of the infusion. Although absence of ECG activity takes longer to occur, brain death has already occurred.
Asunto(s)
Tronco Encefálico/efectos de los fármacos , Cerebro/efectos de los fármacos , Electroencefalografía/veterinaria , Eutanasia Animal/métodos , Caballos/fisiología , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/farmacología , Pentobarbital/farmacología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Tronco Encefálico/fisiología , Cerebro/fisiología , Femenino , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Pentobarbital/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Reports of the use of brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) as a diagnostic modality in foals have been limited. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To describe BAER findings and associated causes of hearing loss in foals. ANIMALS: Study group 18 foals (15 neonatal, 3 nonneonatal), control group (5 neonatal foals). METHODS: Retrospective. BAER records from the Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory were reviewed from the years of 1982 to 2013. Peak latencies, amplitudes, and interpeak intervals were measured when visible. Clinical data were extracted from the medical records. Foals were grouped under disease categories. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Ten neonatal foals had complete absence of BAER bilaterally and 5 had findings within reference range. Abnormalities were associated with common neonatal disorders such as sepsis, neonatal encephalopathy, neonatal isoerythrolysis, and prematurity. BAER loss also was observed in foals with specific coat color patterns such as completely or mostly white with blue irides or lavender with pale yellow irides. An American Miniature foal with marked facial deformation also lacked BAER bilaterally. One nonneonatal foal with an intracranial abscess had no detectable BAER peaks bilaterally, and 2 older foals, 1 with presumed equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and the other with progressive scoliosis and ataxia, had BAER within normal limits. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In neonatal foals, BAER deficits commonly are complete and bilateral, and associated with common neonatal disorders and certain coat and eye color patterns. Sepsis, hypoxia, bilirubin toxicity, and prematurity should be investigated as potential causes of auditory loss in neonatal foals.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos del Tronco Encefálico/fisiología , Pérdida Auditiva/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/fisiopatología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Pérdida Auditiva/fisiopatología , Caballos/fisiología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), otherwise known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), usually affects young adults and commonly presents with massive painless cervical lymphadenopathy. Extranodal disease is present in a third of patients, and it is recognised that this can involve the central nervous system. Intracranial RDD is rare in adults and fewer than 10 paediatric cases have been reported. CASE: A 10-year-old boy with isolated intracranial RDD presents with a painless forehead mass. The management is discussed and the literature reviewed. CONCLUSION: This case of isolated intracranial RDD highlights the importance of considering RDD in the differential of paediatric intracranial mass lesions and outlines the diagnostic and treatment challenges faced when managing this rare condition.
Asunto(s)
Histiocitosis Sinusal , Niño , Histiocitosis Sinusal/diagnóstico , Histiocitosis Sinusal/fisiopatología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Tomógrafos Computarizados por Rayos XRESUMEN
In July 2010, a horse from a rural farm (Farm A) in coastal Northern California was diagnosed with Salmonella Oranienburg infection following referral to a veterinary hospital for colic surgery. Environmental sampling to identify potential sources and persistence of Salmonella on the farm was conducted from August 2010 to March 2011. Salmonella was cultured using standard enrichment and selective plating. Pure colonies were confirmed by biochemical analysis, serotyped and compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. A total of 204 clinical and environmental samples at Farm A were analysed, and Salmonella spp. was isolated from six of eight (75%) horses, an asymptomatic pet dog, two of seven (28.6%) water samples from horse troughs, nine of 20 (45%) manure storage pile composites, 16 of 71 (22.5%) wild turkey faeces and four of 39 (10.3%) soil samples from the family's edible home garden. Well water and garden vegetable samples and horse faecal samples from a neighbouring ranch were negative. S. Oranienburg with a PFGE pattern indistinguishable from the horse clinical strain was found in all positive sample types on Farm A. The investigation illustrates the potential for widespread dissemination of Salmonella in a farm environment following equine infections. We speculate that a recent surge in the wild turkey population on the property could have introduced S. Oranienburg into the herd, although we cannot rule out the possibility wild turkeys were exposed on the farm or to other potential sources of Salmonella. Findings from the investigation indicated that raw horse manure applied as fertilizer was the most likely source of garden soil contamination. Viable S. Oranienburg persisted in garden soil for an estimated 210 days, which exceeds the 120-day standard between application and harvest currently required by the National Organic Program. The study underscores the need to educate the public about potential food safety hazards associated with using raw animal manure to fertilize edible home gardens.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Pavos , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Animales , Animales Salvajes , California/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Perros , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Variación Genética , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Caballos , Estiércol/microbiología , Agricultura Orgánica , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Población Rural , Salmonella/genética , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Microbiología del Suelo , Pavos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There are currently few data available on the prognosis and outcome of recumbent horses. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the outcome of hospitalised horses that had been recumbent in the field or hospital and factors affecting their survival within the first 3 days of hospitalisation and survival after 3 days to hospital discharge. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of clinical records. METHODS: Records of 148 horses admitted to the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis from January 1995 to December 2010 with a history of recumbency or horses that became recumbent while hospitalised were evaluated. Exact logistic regression was used to assess the association between clinical parameters and survival within the first 3 days of hospitalisation and survival to hospital discharge after 3 days. RESULTS: There were 109 nonsurvivors and 39 survivors. Multivariate analysis showed variables associated with an increased odds of death within the first 3 days of hospitalisation included duration of clinical signs prior to presentation, with horses showing clinical signs for over 24 h having increased odds of death (P = 0.043, odds ratio [OR] 4.16, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04-16.59), the presence of band neutrophils (P = 0.02, OR 7.94, 95% CI 1.39-45.46), the horse not using the sling (P = 0.031, OR 4.22, 95% confidence interval 1.14-15.68) and horses that were unable to stand after treatment (P<0.0001, OR 231.15, 95% CI 22.82-2341.33). Increasing cost was associated with lower odds of death (P = 0.017, OR 0.96, for each additional $100 billed, 95% CI 0.93-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the duration of clinical signs, response to treatment and the ability of horses to use a sling are associated with survival to hospital discharge for recumbent horses.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Caballos/mortalidad , Envejecimiento , Animales , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Caballos/economía , Caballos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Idiopathic headshaking (HSK) in horses is a distressing disorder in which the etiology and pathophysiology are unknown. HYPOTHESIS: Differences in sensory function of the trigeminal nerve exist between healthy and affected horses. ANIMALS: Six healthy mature geldings and 6 mature geldings with idiopathic HSK. METHODS: Prospective study. Sensory nerve action and somatosensory evoked potentials studies were performed. The stimulus site comprised the gingival mucosa dorsal to the maxillary canine. A pair of recording electrodes was placed along the sensory pathway of the trigeminal complex at the infraorbital nerve (R1), maxillary nerve (R2), spinal tract of trigeminal (R3), and somatosensory cortex (R4). Sensory nerve action potential latency (ms), amplitude (µV), duration (ms), area under the curve (µVms), and conduction velocity (m/s) were calculated. RESULTS: Threshold for activation of the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve was significantly different between 5 affected (≤ 5 mA) and 6 control horses (≥ 10 mA). After initiation of an action potential, there were no differences in all parameters measured and no differences between left and right sides. A horse with seasonal HSK tested during a time of no clinical manifestations showed a threshold for activation similar to control horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This study confirms involvement of the trigeminal nerve hyperexcitability in the pathophysiology of disease. Further, results might support a functional rather than a structural alteration in the sensory pathway of the trigeminal complex that can be seasonal. The horse could serve as a natural animal model for humans with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia.
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Potenciales Evocados Somatosensoriales/fisiología , Cabeza/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/fisiopatología , Conducción Nerviosa/fisiología , Nervio Trigémino/fisiopatología , Animales , Área Bajo la Curva , Estimulación Eléctrica , Cabeza/inervación , Caballos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Antidepressants are one of the most widely dispensed classes of pharmaceuticals in the United States. As wastewater treatment plants are a primary source of pharmaceuticals in the environment, the use of biosolids as fertilizer is a potential route for antidepressants to enter the terrestrial environment. A microsolvent extraction method, utilizing green chemistry, was developed for extraction of the target antidepressants and degradation products from biosolids, or more specifically lagoon biosolids. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used for quantitative determination of antidepressants in the lagoon biosolid extracts. Recoveries from matrix spiking experiments for the individual antidepressants had an average of 96%. The limits of detection for antidepressant pharmaceuticals and degradates ranged from 0.36 to 8.0 ng/kg wet weight. The method was applied to biosolids destined for land application. A suite of antidepressants was consistently detected in the lagoon biosolid samples, and thus antidepressants are being introduced to terrestrial environments through the land application of these biosolids. Sertraline and norsertraline were the most abundant antidepressant and degradation product detected in the biosolid samples. Detected, individual antidepressant concentrations ranged from 8.5 ng/kg (norfluoxetine) to 420 ng/kg wet weight (norsertraline).
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Antidepresivos/análisis , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Antidepresivos/aislamiento & purificación , Antidepresivos/metabolismo , Ambiente , Contaminantes Ambientales/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismoRESUMEN
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY: Increased levels of pregnanes have been reported in foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS). These steroids may cross the blood-brain barrier and have depressive effects in the central nervous system leading to behavioural abnormalities and altered states of consciousness in affected foals. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the pregnane profile of foals with NMS and compare it with that of healthy controls and sick, non-NMS foals. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective-clinical study. METHODS: Thirty-two foals with a clinical diagnosis of NMS, 12 foals with other neonatal disorders and 10 healthy control foals were selected for the study. Heparinised blood samples were collected from each group of foals and pregnane and androgen concentrations determined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry at 0, 24 and 48 h of age. RESULTS: Healthy foals showed a significant decrease in pregnane concentrations over the first 48 h of life (P<0.01). Foals with NMS and sick, non-NMS foals had significantly increased progesterone, pregnenolone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and epitestosterone concentrations compared with healthy foals (P<0.05). Progesterone and pregnenolone concentrations of sick, non-NMS foals decreased significantly over 48 h (P<0.05), whereas concentrations in NMS foals remained increased. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Pregnane concentrations of ill, neonatal foals remain increased following birth, reflecting a delayed, or interrupted, transition from intra- to extra-uterine life. Serial progesterone and pregnenolone measurement may be useful in aiding diagnosis of NMS.
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Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Progestinas/sangre , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Caballos , Hospitales Veterinarios , Masculino , Progestinas/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (NAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting young horses of various breeds that resembles ataxia with vitamin E deficiency in humans, an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene (TTPA). To evaluate variants found upon sequencing TTPA in the horse, the mode of inheritance for NAD/EDM had to be established. HYPOTHESIS: NAD/EDM in the American Quarter Horse (QH) is caused by a mutation in TTPA. ANIMALS: 88 clinically phenotyped (35 affected [ataxia score ≥2], 53 unaffected) QHs with a diagnosis of NAD/EDM with 6 affected and 4 unaffected cases confirmed at postmortem examination. PROCEDURES: Pedigrees and genotypes across 54,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were assessed to determine heritability and mode of inheritance of NAD/EDM. TTPA sequence of exon/intron boundaries was evaluated in 2 affected and 2 control horses. An association analysis was performed by 71 SNPs surrounding TTPA and 8 SNPs within TTPA that were discovered by sequencing. RT-PCR for TTPA was performed on mRNA from the liver of 4 affected and 4 control horses. RESULTS: Equine NAD/EDM appears to be inherited as a polygenic trait and, within this family of QHs, demonstrates high heritability. Sequencing of TTPA identified 12 variants. No significant association was found using the 79 available variants in and surrounding TTPA. RT-PCR yielded PCR products of equivalent sizes between affected cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: NAD/EDM demonstrates heritability in this family of QHs. Variants in TTPA are not responsible for NAD/EDM in this study population.
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Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Enfermedades de los Caballos/genética , Distrofias Neuroaxonales/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Caballos , Masculino , Distrofias Neuroaxonales/genética , LinajeRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The degree of variation in retreatment decisions for residual or recurrent aneurysms among endovascular therapists remains poorly defined. We performed a multireader study to determine what reader and patient variables contribute to this variation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven endovascular therapists (4 neuroradiologists, 3 neurosurgeons) independently reviewed 66 cases of patients treated with endovascular coil embolization for ruptured or unruptured aneurysm. Cases were rated on a 5-point scale recommending for whether to retreat and a recommended retreatment type. Reader agreement was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient and by identifying cases with a "clinically meaningful difference" (a difference in score that would result in a difference in treatment). Variables that affect reader agreement and retreatment decisions were examined by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Pearson χ(2) test, and linear regression. RESULTS: Overall interobserver variability for decision to retreat was moderate (ICC = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.40-0.61). Clinically meaningful differences between at least 2 readers were present in 61% of cases and were significantly more common among neuroradiologists than neurosurgeons (P = .0007). Neurosurgeons were more likely to recommend "definitely retreat" than neuroradiologists (P < .0001). Previously ruptured aneurysms, larger remnant size, and younger patients were associated with more retreat recommendations. Interobserver variability regarding retreatment type was fair overall 0.25 (95% CI, 0.14-0.41) but poor for experienced readers 0.14 (95% CI, 0-0.34). CONCLUSIONS: There is a large amount of interobserver variability regarding the decision to retreat an aneurysm and the type of retreatment. This variability must be reduced to increase consistency in these subjective outcome measurements.
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Angiografía Cerebral/estadística & datos numéricos , Toma de Decisiones , Procedimientos Endovasculares/estadística & datos numéricos , Aneurisma Intracraneal/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma Intracraneal/cirugía , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraneal/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Minnesota/epidemiología , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Recurrencia , Reoperación/estadística & datos numéricos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Factores de Riesgo , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY: Increased plasma progestagen concentrations have been reported in foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS). These steroids may cross the blood-brain barrier and have dampening effects in the central nervous system. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if the infusion of a progesterone derivative (allopregnanolone) in a healthy neonatal foal would induce clinical signs compatible with NMS. METHODS: A healthy neonatal foal from a healthy mare with a normal gestation (length, no complications), birth and placenta was infused with allopregnanolone to observe its neurobehavioural effects. Heparinised blood samples were collected pre- and post infusion to determine various progestagen concentrations using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. A second healthy neonatal foal was infused with ethanol and saline for comparison of clinical observations. RESULTS: Infusion of allopregnanolone resulted in obtundation, lack of affinity for the mare and decreased response to external stimuli. These effects were short-lasting and associated with measurable concentrations of progestagens. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Infusion of a steroid metabolite to a healthy neonatal foal resulted in neurobehavioural alterations compatible with those observed in foals with NMS. These findings suggest that increased progestagen concentrations may be responsible for some of the behavioural changes observed in foals with NMS.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/inducido químicamente , Pregnanolona/toxicidad , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Caballos , Masculino , Pregnanolona/administración & dosificación , SíndromeRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia or neuropathic pain has been regarded as a putative cause of idiopathic headshaking in horses. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection and resultant postherpetic pain have been suggested as a possible cause of such neuropathic pain. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine the presence of EHV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia of horses with idiopathic headshaking. ANIMALS: Nineteen horses: control (n = 11, 9 geldings, 2 mares, median age 11 years) and headshaking (n = 8, all geldings, median age 11.5 years) horses were sourced from the equine research herd and caseload at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. METHODS: Prospective study to determine the presence of EHV-1 latency in trigeminal ganglia of horses with idiopathic headshaking by real-time PCR detection of the glycoprotein B (gB) gene and the DNA polymerase (ORF 30) gene of EHV-1 in the absence of detectable late structural protein gene (gB gene) mRNA. Control horses were used for comparison. A house keeping gene (equine GAPDH) and positive and negative samples for EHV-1 were used for quality control. RESULTS: All samples from control horses and 7 of 8 headshaking horses were negative for EHV-1. One headshaking horse tested positive for a single copy of EHV-1 gene. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This study does not support a role for EHV-1 infection and presumed postherpetic pain in the etiopathogenesis of equine headshaking.