Paleozoic origins of cheilostome bryozoans and their parental care inferred by a new genome-skimmed phylogeny.

Phylogenetic relationships and the timing of evolutionary events are essential for understanding evolution on longer time scales. Cheilostome bryozoans are a group of ubiquitous, species-rich, marine colonial organisms with an excellent fossil record but lack phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular data. We present genome-skimmed data for 395 cheilostomes and combine these with 315 published sequences to infer relationships and the timing of key events among c. 500 cheilostome species. We find that named cheilostome genera and species are phylogenetically coherent, rendering fossil or contemporary specimens readily delimited using only skeletal morphology. Our phylogeny shows that parental care in the form of brooding evolved several times independently but was never lost in cheilostomes. Our fossil calibration, robust to varied assumptions, indicates that the cheilostome lineage and parental care therein could have Paleozoic origins, much older than the first known fossil record of cheilostomes in the Late Jurassic.

Las dificultades en la cuantificación de la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja: análisis psicosocial / The difficulties in the quantification of the violence

De entre las diferentes formas de violencia contra las mujeres, la ejercida en el marco de la pareja o ex-pareja sentimental es la que alcanza tasas más elevadas, tanto a nivel mundial como en nuestro entorno. Sin embargo, determinar cuáles son esas tasas y, por tanto, arbitrar las medidas y recursos necesarios no es en absoluto tarea fácil. Por ello hemos considerado pertinente dedicar este trabajo al análisis las dificultades para cuantificar este problema. A lo largo del texto se analizan los datos procedentes tanto de encuestas como de registros o denuncias y tanto de nuestro país como de otros. Estos datos permiten, en primer lugar, concluir con bastante claridad que esta forma de violencia, así como su consecuencia fatal más irreversible, el femicidio, no es privativa de ningún país o conjunto de países concretos con unas determinadas características. Sin embargo, la magnitud concreta y, por tanto, las semejanzas y diferencias que pueda haber entre países y la evolución de este problema son temas mucho más difíciles de cuantificar. Se analizan y discuten estos resultados

Among the different forms of violence against women, domestic violence is the one that reaches higher valuations, so much World wide as in our environment. Nevertheless, to determine what are these valuations and, therefore, to arbitrate the measurements and necessary resources is not an easy task. For it we have considered necessary to dedicate this work to the analysis the difficulties to quantify this problem. We analysed data of surveys and registrations from Spain and from different countries. These data permit in the first place, to conclude with plenty of clarity that this form of violence, as well as its more irreversible fatal consequence, the femicide, is not exclusive of any country or joint of countries with some characteristics. Nevertheless, the concrete magnitude and, therefore, the similarities and differences that can have between countries and the evolution of this problem are a lot more difficult themes to quantify. We analysed and discuss these results