Impurity Profiling and Identification of 2,6-Diisopropylphenol by HPLC Method and Raman Spectroscopy Method.

Identification of 2,6-diisopropylphenol by Raman spectroscopy using the TruScan Raman spectrum is validated by specificity test and robustness. HPLC assay method is developed to detect the 2,6-diisopropylphenol and its impurities A = determination of 2,6-diisopropylphenol; its main impurities related compound A = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl isopropyl ether, related compound B = 2,6-diisopropylquinone, and related compound C = 3,3'-5,5'-tetraisopropyl diphenol; and unknown impurities done by HPLC method. Related compound A and C determination has been developed by normal phase HPLC; good resolution peak shapes have resulted from the peak results. The limit of impurities A and C is reported to be 0.05% and 0.03%, and the limit of impurity B is also detected by using the same above procedure, but the column has been changed for the maximum wavelength detection and better elution from the peak results. The reported impurity level was 0.02%, the unknown impurity limit was 0.0149%, and the total impurity level of 2,6-diisopropylphenol was reported to be 0.06% which are in the threshold limit level. It specifies that the drug is safe and efficient without any toxicity.

Genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of nuclear factor Y family genes in Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench).

Members of the plant Heme Activator Protein (HAP) or NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) are trimeric transcription factor complexes composed of the NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC subfamilies. They bind to the CCAAT box in the promoter regions of the target genes and regulate gene expressions. Plant NF-Ys were reported to be involved in adaptation to several abiotic stresses as well as in development. In silico analysis of Sorghum bicolor genome resulted in the identification of a total of 42 NF-Y genes, among which 8 code for the SbNF-YA, 19 for SbNF-YB and 15 for the SbNF-YC subunits. Analysis was also performed to characterize gene structures, chromosomal distribution, duplication status, protein subcellular localizations, conserved motifs, ancestral protein sequences, miRNAs and phylogenetic tree construction. Phylogenetic relationships and ortholog predictions displayed that sorghum has additional NF-YB genes with unknown functions in comparison with Arabidopsis. Analysis of promoters revealed that they harbour many stress-related cis-elements like ABRE and HSE, but surprisingly, DRE and MYB elements were not detected in any of the subfamilies. SbNF-YA1, 2, and 6 were found upregulated under 200 mM salt and 200 mM mannitol stresses. While NF-YA7 appeared associated with high temperature (40°C) stress, NF-YA8 was triggered by both cold (4°C) and high temperature stresses. Among NF-YB genes, 7, 12, 15, and 16 were induced under multiple stress conditions such as salt, mannitol, ABA, cold and high temperatures. Likewise, NF-YC 6, 11, 12, 14, and 15 were enhanced significantly in a tissue specific manner under multiple abiotic stress conditions. Majority of the mannitol (drought)-inducible genes were also induced by salt, high temperature stresses and ABA. Few of the high temperature stress-induced genes are also induced by cold stress (NF-YA2, 4, 6, 8, NF-YB2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, NF-YC4, 6, 12, and 13) thus suggesting a cross talk among them. This work paves the way for investigating the roles of diverse sorghum NF-Y proteins during abiotic stress responses and provides an insight into the evolution of diverse NF-Y members.

Monomicrobial Klebsiella pneumoniae necrotizing fasciitis: an emerging life-threatening entity.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) although rare, is a potentially fatal infection. The majority of cases are polymicrobial, although a recent surge has been reported in monomicrobial NF caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP-NF). KP-NF recently accounted for an average of 16% among all pathogens, with highest mortality rate of 60%. This review discusses the important aspects of KP-NF with additional notes on the implications of multidrug resistant infections. SOURCES: The literature was searched using PubMed. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated monomicrobially in NF cases was used as the selection criteria. CONTENT: KP-NF predominates in East Asia with the majority of cases reported from Taiwan alone. Reports from the Western hemisphere are also gradually rising. This infection has invariably presented with underlying predisposing factors occurring mostly in individuals with compromised host immunity. Diabetes, chronic liver disease, and instrumentation are important risk factors. With haematogenous spread more common, multifocal involvement via metastasis is reported. Clinical presentations are usually aggressive with rapid progression despite antimicrobial therapy. It may even present with severe sepsis. Clinicians must be aware of the differential diagnosis of such severe presentations. Emergency surgical explorations and microbiological investigations clinch the diagnosis. Outcomes are not favourable, with a high mortality rate of 40% even after appropriate interventions. Nosocomial KP-NF cases are more fulminant and multidrug resistant with even higher mortality rates (approx. 70%). IMPLICATIONS: KP-NF with its virulent course and high mortality, is an emerging life threat. Clinicians must be aware of its key features. Further comprehensive studies are needed for better insights into the spectrum of this fatal infection.

Teneligliptin: An Economic and Effective DPP-4 Inhibitor for the Management of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Study.

CONTEXT: Increasing diabetic burden worldwide is creating an alarming situation for the management and development of economic resources for it's treatment. Progressive nature of the disease requires allocation of a higher proportion of expenditure on health care initiative of any country. AIM: Present study is designed with an aim to determine the effectiveness of cost-effective DPP-4 inhibitor, Teneligliptin, over the other agent of the same class. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was carried out in Postgraduate Department of Medicine, S.N. Medical College, Agra and 112 patients were selected as subjects with a selected inclusion criterion. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Independent student's t-test was applied to compare the means. Mean standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data. All p values were two-tailed and values p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULT: There was no significant difference in the levels of blood sugar or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) before and after the treatment of Teneligliptin. CONCLUSIONS: Teneligliptin offered an efficient second line treatment for the management of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus at a reduced average price of INR 39 per day, when compared to other DPP-4 inhibitors.

Sternocleidomastoid Abscess Mimicking a Thyroid Swelling in a Young Female.

Primary pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of skeletal muscle with acute or subacute clinical course. This usually present with localized abscess.We report a case of an 18 years old female presenting with swelling in midline of neck moving with deglutition mimicking a thyroid swelling. On further investigation patient was confirmed to have sternocleidomastoid myositis. Previous case reports have showed various etiologies for development of abscess. After thorough examination and investigations, patient was found to have an idiopathic sternocleidomastoid abscess which responded well to empirical antibiotic therapy.This is a very uncommon condition and very sparsely reported and so far, to the best of our knowledge there is no case report from India.

Beat-to-beat variability of fetal myocardial performance index.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is beat-to-beat (BTB) variability in the fetal left myocardial performance index (MPI), as evaluated by an automated system, and whether there is a correlation between MPI and fetal heart rate (FHR). METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of uncomplicated, morphologically normal, singleton pregnancies at 20-38 weeks' gestation. Multiple cineloops for left MPI measurement were acquired during a single examination of each fetus. Raw cineloop data were analyzed by our automated MPI system (intraclass correlation coefficient of 1.0 for any given waveform) to produce a set of MPIs. The corresponding instantaneous FHR was measured for each individual cardiac cycle for which MPI was calculated. RESULTS: Data from 29 fetuses were analyzed; mean MPI was 0.52, mean FHR was 150 beats per min and the median number of cardiac cycles examined per fetus was 70 (interquartile range, 31-115). Marked BTB variability was noted; median coefficient of variation was 10% (range, 5.5-13.9%). FHR was weakly correlated with absolute MPI (r = 0.22; P < 0.05). BTB variation in MPI as a percentage of the mean MPI was not significantly correlated with FHR (r = 0.031; P = 0.146). When standard error of the mean of all MPI values was divided by the mean for each case, it showed that at least four cardiac cycles should be averaged to reduce MPI variability to approximately ± 5%. CONCLUSION: There is significant BTB variability in fetal left MPI, which has an overall weak correlation with FHR. This could be a factor affecting the consistency of MPI values reported by different research groups. Variability would be reduced by averaging 4-5 cardiac cycles per fetus. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Market assessment of tuberculosis diagnostics in India in 2013.

BACKGROUND: India represents a significant potential market for new tests. We assessed India's market for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics in 2013. METHODS: Test volumes and unit costs were assessed for tuberculin tests, interferon-gamma release assays, sputum smear microscopy, serology, culture, speciation testing, nucleic-acid amplification tests (i.e., in-house polymerase chain reaction, Xpert(®) MTB/RIF, line-probe assays) and drug susceptibility testing. Data from the public sector were collected from the Revised National TB Control Programme reports. Private sector data were collected through a survey of private laboratories and practitioners. Data were also collected from manufacturers. RESULTS: In 2013, India's public sector performed 19.2 million tests, with a market value of US$22.9 million. The private sector performed 13.6 million tests, with a market value of US$60.4 million when prices charged to the patient were applied. The overall market was US$70.8 million when unit costs from the ingredient approach were used for the 32.8 million TB tests performed in the entire country. Smear microscopy was the most common test performed, accounting for 25% of the overall market value. CONCLUSION: India's estimated market value for TB diagnostics in 2013 was US$70.8 million. These data should be of relevance to test developers, donors and implementers.