Prediction of Long-Term Treatment Outcomes for Diabetic Macular Edema Using a Generative Adversarial Network.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of generative adversarial networks (GANs) for the prediction of diabetic macular edema after long-term treatment. Methods: Diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes (n = 327) underwent anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments every 4 weeks for 52 weeks from a randomized controlled trial (CRTH258B2305, KINGFISHER) were included. OCT B-scan images through the foveal center at weeks 0, 4, 12, and 52, fundus photography, and retinal thickness (RT) maps were collected. GAN models were trained to generate probable OCT images after treatment. Input for each model were comprised of either the baseline B-scan alone or combined with additional OCT, thickness map, or fundus images. Generated OCT B-scan images were compared with real week 52 images. Results: For 30 test images, 28, 29, 15, and 30 gradable OCT images were generated by CycleGAN, UNIT, Pix2PixHD, and RegGAN, respectively. In comparison with the real week 52, these GAN models showed positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, specificity, and kappa for residual fluid ranging from 0.500 to 0.889, 0.455 to 1.000, 0.357 to 0.857, and 0.537 to 0.929, respectively. For hard exudate (HE), they were ranging from 0.500 to 1.000, 0.545 to 0.900, 0.600 to 1.000, and 0.642 to 0.894, respectively. Models trained with week 4 and 12 B-scans as additional inputs to the baseline B-scan showed improved performance. Conclusions: GAN models could predict residual fluid and HE after long-term anti-VEGF treatment of DME. Translational Relevance: The implementation of this tool may help identify potential nonresponders after long-term treatment, thereby facilitating management planning for these eyes.

Relationship between macular perfusion and lesion distribution in diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between macular vessel density metrics and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) characteristics on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and lesion distribution in eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Patients with DR who underwent both Optos ultrawidefield (UWF) pseudocolor imaging and macular OCTA (Cirrus Angioplex, 6 × 6 mm) were included in this cross-sectional observational study. The distribution of DR lesions was assessed by comparing each of the peripheral ETDRS extended fields (3-7) against their corresponding ETDRS field, hence eyes were defined as either having predominantly peripheral lesions (PPL) or predominantly central lesions (PCL). En face OCTA images from the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP) were then analysed using Image J software. Perfusion density (PD), vessel length density (VLD), and fractal dimensions (FD) were calculated following binarization and skeletonization of the images. RESULTS: Out of 344 eyes, 116 (33.72%) eyes had PPL and 228 (66.28%) eyes had PCL. For all DRSS levels, VLD, PD, and FD were not significantly different between eyes with PPL and PCL. The FAZ in eyes with PPL, however, was found to be more circular in shape compared to eyes with PCL (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Although the presence of PPL has been associated with a higher risk for diabetic retinopathy progression, the macular perfusion is similar in eyes with PPL and PCL. The FAZ is more circular in eyes with PPL, but the clinical relevance of this difference remains to be defined.

Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Cross Sectional Study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to define the characteristics of acquired vitelliform lesions (AVLs) in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, cross sectional study. SUBJECTS: This study included 217 eyes with AVLs associated with iAMD, and an equivalent number of control patients. METHODS: OCT scans were evaluated for qualitative and quantitative parameters at both the eye and lesion level. Eye-level parameters included the presence of: hyporeflective core drusen, intraretinal hyperreflective foci (IHRF), subretinal drusenoid deposits, macular pachyvessels, central retinal thickness, and central choroidal thickness. Lesion-level qualitative parameters included the presence of ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane disruption overlying the AVL, IHRF overlying the AVL, AVL overlying drusen, pachyvessels under the AVL, a solid core within AVL, and AVL location. Lesion-level quantitative characteristics included AVL height and width, AVL distance from the fovea, and sub-AVL choroidal thickness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes assessed included the frequency of IHRF, the presence of macular pachyvessels, central choroidal thickness, and the dimensions (both height and width) of AVLs. RESULTS: Comparing the AVL and control groups, the frequency of IHRF (AVL: 49.3% vs. control: 26.3%) and macular pachyvessels (37.3% vs. 6.9%) was significantly higher in the AVL case group, and the central choroidal thickness (256.8 ± 88 µm vs. 207.1± 45 µm) was thicker in the AVL group. Acquired vitelliform lesions located over drusen, with overlying IHRF, or situated subfoveally, and AVL lesions with EZ disruption were found to have a greater lesion height and width compared with AVL lesions lacking these characteristics (P value < 0.001 for all). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between the distance from the fovea and AVL height (Spearman rho: -0.19, P = 0.002) and width (Spearman rho: -0.30, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest reported cohort of AVL lesions associated with iAMD. Novel findings include the higher frequency of pachyvessels in addition to the presence of a thicker choroid in these eyes, as well as the greater height and width of AVL closer to the foveal center. These findings may offer insights into pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the development of AVL. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Predictive Factors Influencing the Evolution of Acquired Vitelliform Lesions in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Eyes.

PURPOSE: In this study, we identify risk factors that predict the progression of acquired vitelliform lesions (AVLs) over time. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: One hundred sixty-three eyes of 132 patients with a diagnosis of intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) with AVL. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated consecutive eyes with AMD from a retina clinic population and included 1181 patients and 2362 eyes. After excluding cases with associated geographic atrophy, macular neovascularization (MNV), vitreomacular traction, and those with <2 years of follow-up data, the final analysis cohort consisted of 163 eyes (132 patients) with ≥1 AVL. The first available visit in which an AVL was evident was considered the baseline visit, and follow-up data were collected from a visit 2 years (± 3 months) later. Progression outcomes at the follow-up visit were classified into 6 categories: resorbed, collapsed, MNV, stable, increasing, and decreasing. Subsequently, we analyzed the baseline characteristics for each category and calculated odds ratios (ORs) to predict these various outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study focused on identifying predictive factors influencing the evolution of AVL in iAMD eyes. RESULTS: In total, 163 eyes with AVL had follow-up data at 2 years. The collapsed group demonstrated a significantly greater baseline AVL height and width compared with other groups (P < 0.001). With regard to qualitative parameters, subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs) and intraretinal hyperreflective foci (IHRF) at the eye level, AVL located over drusen, and IHRF and external limiting membrane disruption over AVL were significantly more prevalent in the collapsed group compared with other groups (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Odds ratios for progressing to atrophy after 2 years of follow-up, compared with the resorbed group, were significant for SDD (OR, 2.82; P = 0.048) and AVL height (OR, 1.016; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of SDDs and greater AVL height significantly increases the risk of developing atrophy at the location of AVL after 2 years of follow-up. These findings may be of value in risk prognostication and defining patient populations for inclusion in future early intervention trials aimed at preventing progression to atrophy. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Fly ash treatment via conventional and microwave-assisted organic acid leaching: kinetics and life cycle assessment.

Heedless disposal of oil-based fly ash contributes to the contamination of the air, water, and soil. Acid leaching of industrial solid wastes is recognized as a versatile, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solid waste treatment approach. The present study investigated the viability of conventional leaching (CL) and microwave-assisted leaching (MAL) of predominant heavy metals from Mazut-burnt fly ash. For this purpose, the practicality of four organic acids with various specifications (ascorbic, gluconic, citric, and oxalic acids) on the dissolution efficiency of fly ash components was examined. Utilization of oxalic acid led to achieving full V recovery, complete Fe removal, and Ni enrichment in the residue in both CL and MAL setups. The Ni content of the sample was enriched from 6% in the calcinated sample to 23.7% in the oxalic acid leaching residue. Using citric acid resulted in the co-extraction of V, Ni, and Fe with nearly 70% V, 50% Ni, and 89% Fe dissolved in CL. The dissolution efficiencies were slightly lower in MAL. Oxalic acid was selected as the most promising organic acid reagent for fly ash treatment, so its CL kinetics was studied and defined by the shrinking particle model. The model showed that the controlling steps in the leaching of V differ over time, changing from a chemical reaction before 60 min to fluid film diffusion or mixing afterward. The kinetic study proved MAL as an effective technique in overcoming the leaching kinetic barriers. A life cycle assessment study was conducted to determine the environmental impacts of the proposed process. Accordingly, the MAL using oxalic acid was the most environmentally friendly process among the studied ones, and the utilization of microwaves leads to the reduction of the leaching processes' environmental impacts by decreasing the processing time.

En Face and Volumetric Comparison of Hypertransmission Defects Evaluated by Cirrus and Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare en face and 3-dimensional (3-D) properties of hypertransmission defects (HTDs) between different optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices using OCT volumes and reconstructed en face images. SETTINGS: Comparative diagnostic evaluation study. METHODS: Thirty eyes with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that underwent dense OCT macular volume scans with both the Spectralis (97 B-scans/volume; 2910 B-scans in total) and Cirrus OCT (128 B-scans/volume; 3840 B-scans in total) from the Amish Eye Study cohort were included in this analysis. HTD regions were labeled on each B-scan and reconstructed into en face and 3-D volume images. Properties of HTD volume were compared between the 2 devices. RESULTS: The qualitative score of en face images for HTD was higher for the Cirrus compared to the Spectralis (P < .01). The quality of Spectralis en face images improved after preprocessing and reconstruction. The 2-D HTD area on en face obtained from 2-D projections of 3-D volume did not differ between devices (P = .478, ICC = 0.998; Jaccard index 0.721 ± 0.086). There was no difference in the number, volume, PALs, and surface areas of HTDs between devices in the volumetric analysis (all P ≥ .090). The signal intensity of HTD normalized by the mean choroidal signal intensity did not differ between devices (P = .861). CONCLUSIONS: The visualization of HTD on en face images from Spectralis OCT could be enhanced through image processing. The equivalence in 3-D HTD parameters between the 2 devices suggests interchangeability for assessing these lesions in AMD.

Topographic analysis of local OCT biomarkers which predict progression to atrophy in age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To define optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers that precede the development of complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA) at that location in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, patients with dry AMD who had evidence of cRORA and OCT data available for 4 years (48 ± 4 months) prior to the first visit with evidence of cRORA were included. The visit 4 years prior to the development of cRORA was defined as the baseline visit, and the region on the OCT B-scans of future cRORA development was termed the case region. A region in the same eye at the same distance from the foveal center as the case region that did not progress to cRORA was selected as the control region. OCT B-scans at the baseline visit through both the case and control regions were evaluated for the presence of soft and cuticular drusen, drusen with hyporeflective cores (hcD), drusenoid pigment epithelial detachments (PED), subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD), thick and thin double-layer signs (DLS), intraretinal hyperreflective foci (IHRF), and acquired vitelliform lesions (AVL). RESULTS: A total of 57 eyes of 41 patients with dry AMD and evidence of cRORA were included. Mean time from the baseline visit to the first visit with cRORA was 44.7 ± 6.5 months. The presence of soft drusen, drusenoid PED, AVL, thin DLS, and IHRF at the baseline visit was all associated with a significantly increased risk of cRORA at that location. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that IHRF (OR, 8.559; p < 0.001), drusenoid PED (OR, 7.148; p = 0.001), and a thin DLS (OR, 3.483; p = 0.021) were independent predictors of development of cRORA at that location. CONCLUSIONS: IHRF, drusenoid PED, and thin DLS are all local risk factors for the development of cRORA at that same location. These findings would support the inclusion of these features within a more granular staging system defining specific steps in the progression from early AMD to atrophy.

Risk factors for development of hyper-reflective foci overlying drusen in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to assess baseline characteristics of drusen preceding the development of intraretinal hyper-reflective foci (IHRF) in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, longitudinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) volume data from eyes with intermediate AMD in a retina clinic population were screened. All drusen that developed overlying IHRF were marked. A random number generator was used to select for further grading three drusen that did not develop IHRF. RESULTS: Ninety eyes (from 72 patients), including 140 drusen with overlying IHRF and 270 IHRF- drusen, were analysed. Greater drusen height, basal drusen width and overlying ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane disruption were associated with a significantly greater risk for IHRF development (p≤0.001). Regression analysis revealed EZ disruption increased these odds by 4.1 (p≤0.001). Each 10-µm increase in drusen height and width increased the odds by 34% (p≤0.001) and 3% (p: 0.005), respectively. Each 100-µm increase in distance from the fovea decreased the odds by 10% (p: 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of overlying EZ disruption and a greater drusen height substantially increased the risk for IHRF development, whereas drusen further from the fovea indicated reduced risk. Given the importance of IHRF as a biomarker for AMD progression, these findings may be of value in defining patient populations for future early intervention trials.

Atrophic Lesions Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration: High-Resolution versus Standard OCT.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether high-resolution OCT (HR-OCT) could enhance the identification and classification of atrophic features in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compared with standard resolution OCT. DESIGN: Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: The study included 60 eyes from 60 patients > 60 years of age with a diagnosis of AMD. METHODS: The participants underwent volume OCT scanning using HR-OCT and standard resolution OCT devices. Trained graders reviewed and graded the scans, identifying specific regions of interest for subsequent analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study focused on identifying and classifying complete retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA), incomplete RORA (iRORA), and other nonatrophic AMD features. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative features associated with atrophy were assessed. RESULTS: The agreement among readers for classifying atrophic lesions was substantial to perfect for both HR-OCT (0.88) and standard resolution OCT(0.82). However, HR-OCT showed a higher accuracy in identifying iRORA lesions compared with standard OCT. Qualitative assessment of features demonstrated higher agreement for HR-OCT, particularly in identifying external limiting membrane (ELM) (0.95) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption (0.94). Quantitative measurements of features such as hypertransmission defects, RPE attenuation/disruption, EZ disruption width, and ELM disruption width showed excellent interreader agreement with HR-OCT (> 0.90 for all features) but only moderate agreement with standard OCT (0.51-0.60). CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that HR-OCT improves the accuracy and reliability of classifying and quantifying atrophic lesions associated with AMD compared with standard resolution OCT. The quantitative findings in particular may have implications for future research and clinical practice, especially with the availability of therapeutic agents for treating geographic atrophy and the development of commercially available HR-OCT devices. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Pachychoroid neovasculopathy versus macular neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with and without shallow irregular pigment epithelial detachment.

To compare the choroidal neovascular features of individuals with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) with and without shallow irregular pigment epithelial detachment (SIPED). Using optical coherence tomography angiography, the choroidal neovascular complexes of 27 patients with PNV, 34 patients with nAMD and SIPED, and 15 patients with nAMD without SIPED were analyzed with FIJI and AngioTool software. PNV compared to nAMD with SIPED had a greater vessel percentage area (P = 0.034), junction density (P = 0.045), average vessel length (P < 0.001), and fractal dimension (P < 0.001). PNV, compared to nAMD without SIPED, had a greater total vessel length (P = 0.002), total number of junctions (P < 0.001), junction density (P = 0.034), and fractal dimension (P = 0.005). nAMD with SIPED, compared to nAMD without SIPED, had greater vessel area, total number of junctions, total vessel length, and average vessel length (all P values < 0.001). Patients with nAMD plus SIPED and individuals with nAMD without SIPED have similar fractal dimension values (P = 0.703). Biomarkers of choroidal neovascular complexity, such as fractal dimension, can be used to differentiate PNV from nAMD with or without SIPED.

Biomechanical analysis of different osteosynthesis configurations in the pin and plate fixation method for distal humerus fractures.

Distal humerus fractures commonly occur in adults with low bone mineral density causing major technical challenges for orthopedic surgeons. Persian fixation method was introduced as a novel technique to stabilize small fragments in comminuted distal humerus fractures using a set of K-wires and a reconstruction plate. The present study aims to measure this technique's stiffness and stability of this technique and analyze the effect of influential parameters with numerical simulation and biomechanical testing on a cadaveric specimen. Validation of the finite element (FE) model was conducted based on results of experiments. The results indicated that Delta configuration mainly led to a higher stiffness in the case of axial loading and anterior bending compared to L configuration. Analyzing the influential factors of this technique suggests that changes in diameter and number of K-wires have a similarly significant effect on the construct stiffness while the height of plate had a slight influence. Also, the diameter of wires was the most effective parameter for implant failure, particularly in the 3-pin construct, which caused a reduction in failure risk by about 60%. The results revealed that the Persian fixation method would achieve suitable stability compared to the dual-plating technique.

Valorization of fly ash by nickel ferrite and vanadium oxide recovery through pyro-hydrometallurgical processes: Technical and environmental assessment.

The fly ash (FA) from the combustion of heavy oil in power stations is characterized by fine particles containing toxic metals. The sample utilized in this study was gathered from the dust precipitators of seven heavy-oil-consuming Iranian power plants. Substantial quantities of heavy metals, particularly vanadium, iron, and nickel, have been detected in the sample, indicating both its potential utility and hazard to the soil and groundwater. The harmful consequences of FA disposal on the environment have led to the adoption of recycling as a treatment approach in this study. The valorization of FA was investigated by producing nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) through a novel approach using a combination of pyro-hydrometallurgical processes, which resulted in proposing a recycling closed-loop flowsheet. Roasting was first practiced to form NiFe2O4 by reacting the nickel and iron content of the FA. The NiFe2O4 showed a low dissolution against inorganic acids (H2SO4, HCl, and HNO3). The vanadium content of the FA showed a remarkable recovery in H2SO4 (91%) and HCl (95.6%), while the dissolution of Ni was limited to 16.85% and 17.5%, respectively. The produced NiFe2O4 acted well in response to the magnetic field, and its purity was further increased to 95-96% through a two-stage process consisting of grinding and magnetic separation. The nano-sized spherical NiFe2O4 with saturation magnetization of 34.66 and 30.82 emu. g-1 was obtained from H2SO4 and HCl residues, respectively. The dissolved vanadium was recovered as V2O5 via oxidation-precipitation in sulfate media and oxidation-ammonium precipitation in chloride solution. The purity of V2O5 in sulfate and chloride media was 93% and 98.5%, respectively. Finally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) study was performed on the suggested methods to track the ecological effects of extracting V and Ni from oil combustion FA. According to the performed LCA, H2SO4 was determined as the proper leaching reagent considering the environmental and technical aspects.

Cataract surgery in patients with retinitis pigmentosa: systematic review.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited bilateral retinal degenerative disease with an incidence of 1 in 4000 people. RP affects more than 1 million individuals worldwide. Although night blindness and restricted visual field are the most typical symptoms of these individuals, generalized vision loss due to cataracts can be expected in the latter stages of the disease. It has been demonstrated that posterior subcapsular cataract is the most prevalent cataract in younger individuals with RP, as opposed to age-related cataracts. Although most ophthalmologists may have a negative view of cataract surgery in patients with RP, it appears that it can play an important role in the visual restoration of patients with RP. However, there are concerns about performing cataract surgery for patients with RP. Herein, a systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses on databases of MEDLINE and Scopus.

Macular telangiectasia with bilateral obliterated capillaries: a case report.

BACKGROUND: We report an otherwise healthy adult with macular telangiectasia with aneurysms, ischemia, and obliterated capillaries in both eyes. METHODS: This is a case report with a brief literature review. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old Iranian woman presented with a gradual decrease in vision, with recent deterioration. Past medical history was unremarkable, and best-corrected visual acuity was 3/10 in both eyes. Multimodal imaging including fundus photo, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography was carried out. In macula of both eyes, parafoveal telangiectasia, occluded vessels, capillary dropouts, and aneurysms were observed. While there were a dense circinate exudation and edema in the macula of the right eye and a thin and disorganized inner retinal layer in the left eye, the outer retina was intact in both eyes. En face optical coherence tomography angiography revealed capillary blunting and rarefaction in both superficial and deep capillary plexuses of retina. CONCLUSION: Our case most probably represents a case of type 3 macular telangiectasia in the absence of any systemic association.

Preparation of octenyl succinylated kappa-carrageenan; reaction optimization, characterization, and application in low-fat vegan mayonnaise.

Kappa-carrageenan (KC) esterification reaction with octenyl succinic anhydride was optimized using response surface methodology, leading to the production of a food-based emulsifier. Modified kappa-carrageenan (KC-OSA) with different degrees of substitution (DS) (0.023 and 0.045) was produced, and their functional and structural properties were investigated. The results from FTIR and 1HNMR verified the successful occurrence of modification. The KC-OSA emulsions with both DS values were utterly stable after 30 days of storage, while KC failed to form emulsions. The viscosity, foaming properties, surface net charge, and gel opacity increased after modification and with an increase in its extent, while emulsion particle size and polydispersity index, gel melting temperature, and gel hardness decreased. Afterward, the KC-OSA (DS = 0.023) potential use was investigated as fat and egg yolk substitute in mayonnaise, which resulted in vegan mayonnaise samples with no phase separation after a month of storage at room temperature. Particle size measurements implied that the particle size of the mayonnaise sample was decreased with an increase in KC-OSA concentration. The results from the sensory evaluation showed that KC-OSA could be successfully implemented in low-fat vegan mayonnaise. The results from this study draw a bright horizon for the use of KC-OSA in the food industry.

Evaluation of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Premature Twins (Multigestations) with Retinopathy of Prematurity Receiving Anti-VEGF: A Comparison Study.

Purpose: To assess possible neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) following intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection in neonates with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, neurodevelopmental milestones in patients with a history of ROP and intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection were compared with other gestations that received either no treatment or only a laser for treatment. Results: One hundred and twenty-five neonates (of 59 multi-gestation pregnancies) were included in this study (with the range of age 1-7 years old). Sixty-five (51.18%) were male and sixty-two (48.81%) were female. The mean gestational age (GA) and birth weight of all neonates were 29.69 ± 1.57 weeks (ranges: 26-33 weeks) and 1312.50 ± 269.33 grs (ranges: 730-2100 grs). None of the neurodevelopmental outcomes were statistically different when two subgroups in group A (IVB vs. control) were compared. None of the differences between IVB and laser treated subgroups is statistically significant, except for "reaching for toys," which was delayed in the laser treated subgroup (6.6 ± 2.5 and 6.9 ± 2.5 months in IVB and laser treated subgroups, respectively). Conclusion: In neonates with ROP, there is no linear correlation between intravitreal anti-VEGF injection and neurodevelopmental delay.

Flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment over time and outcome of different treatment regimens.

To present long-term visual and structural outcome of treatment in two forms of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment (FIPED): avascular (aFIPED) and vascularized (vFIPED) in eyes within pachychoroid spectrum. Prospective interventional case series. FIPED were classified into two subgroups; aFIPED and vFIPED based on OCTA. aFIPED underwent PDT, and vFIPED underwent either PDT, IVB, or combination of PDT&IVB. Vision, subretinal or intraretinal fluid, and choroidal biomarkers such as choroidal thickness, area, choroidal vascular index (CVI), and PED area were measured at baseline and last follow-up. Fifteen eyes with aFIPED were followed for a mean of 14.7 ± 10.8 months. Their vision improved, (0.44 ± 0.37-0.33 ± 0.40 LogMAR, p = 0.009) with significant reduction of fluid, choroidal area, thickness, PED area and increase in CVI. Twenty eyes with vFIPED were followed for a mean of 16.5 ± 8.2 months. The same pattern of choroidal alterations without visual improvement was observed in eyes underwent PDT alone. Combination therapy resulted in improvement of vision (0.38 ± 0.10-0.23 ± 0.17 LogMAR, p = 0.006) with reduction of choroidal area and thickness, with an increase in CVI. IVB alone could not change vision or choroidal structure. Single session PDT may lead to sustained visual improvement and structural change in eyes with aFIPED. Combination of PDT and IVB may be a better choice in eyes with vFIPED.

Comparison of aflibercept and bevacizumab in the treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the outcome of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and aflibercept (IVA) injection for patients with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: In this single-center retrospective cohort, the recorded medical data of the infants who had been undergone intravitreal injection with either bevacizumab or aflibercept for type 1 ROP were reviewed. The infants were allocated into two groups. IVB group included patients who were treated with bevacizumab as initial treatment and the IVA group included patients who were treated with aflibercept as initial treatment. The rate and time of complete regression, as well as the recurrence rates, were compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 889 eyes of 453 infants were enrolled in the study. There were 865 eyes of 441 infants in the IVB group and 24 eyes of 12 infants in the IVA group. Follow-up time was 289 ± 257 days in the IVB group and 143 ± 25 days in the IVA group (p < 0.001). The difference in the ROP zone was not statistically significant between the 2 treatment groups (p = 0.328). All eyes in the IVA group showed initial regression of ROP after the intravitreal injections. These regressions were achieved in 830 (96.0%) eyes that were injected with IVB (p = 0.023). The median observed regression time was 10 days and 16 days in eyes treated with bevacizumab and aflibercept respectively. Recurrence was noted in 3.9% of eyes (34/865) in the IVB group and 58.3% of eyes (14/24) in the IVA group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While the regression rate in the IVA group was significantly higher than in the IVB group, the recurrence rate was significantly more in the IVA group, which may be attributed to differences in the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in the vitreous body.

Choroidal features in flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment associated with Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: Avascular versus vascularized.

PURPOSE: To investigate the differences in the choroidal biomarkers between two forms of flat irregular pigment epithelial detachment (FIPED): avascular (aFIPED) and vascularized (vFIPED) in eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was done in eyes with FIPED correlated to chronic CSC, fellow eyes, and also in healthy eyes from gender- and age-matched subjects. Eyes with FIPED were classified into two subgroups based on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings: vFIPED and aFIPED. Different choroidal biomarkers such as subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), total choroidal area (TCA), and choroidal vascular index (CVI) were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Forty-four eyes from 42 patients with chronic CSC and FIPED along with 40 eyes from 20 healthy subjects were included. OCTA identified vascularization in 14 eyes in the FIPED group (31.8%). Mean SFCT was higher in the FIPED group compared to two other groups (p = 0.005). In comparison to patients with aFIPED, patients with vFIPED had lower SFCT (p = 0.003) and higher CVI (p = 0.020) based on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that measurement of CVI along with SFCT may help to differentiate aFIPED from vFIPED in patients with CSC. Further longitudinal studies would be required to confirm the clinical significance of these findings.

StrongestPath: a Cytoscape application for protein-protein interaction analysis.

BACKGROUND: StrongestPath is a Cytoscape 3 application that enables the analysis of interactions between two proteins or groups of proteins in a collection of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network or signaling network databases. When there are different levels of confidence over the interactions, the application is able to process them and identify the cascade of interactions with the highest total confidence score. Given a set of proteins, StrongestPath can extract a set of possible interactions between the input proteins, and expand the network by adding new proteins that have the most interactions with highest total confidence to the current network of proteins. The application can also identify any activating or inhibitory regulatory paths between two distinct sets of transcription factors and target genes. This application can be used on the built-in human and mouse PPI or signaling databases, or any user-provided database for some organism. RESULTS: Our results on 12 signaling pathways from the NetPath database demonstrate that the application can be used for indicating proteins which may play significant roles in a pathway by finding the strongest path(s) in the PPI or signaling network. CONCLUSION: Easy access to multiple public large databases, generating output in a short time, addressing some key challenges in one platform, and providing a user-friendly graphical interface make StrongestPath an extremely useful application.