RESUMEN
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Since colorectal cancer takes time to develop, its incidence and mortality can be treated effectively if it is detected in its early stages. As a result, non-invasive or invasive biomarkers play an essential role in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Many experimental studies have been carried out to assess genetic, epigenetic, or protein markers in feces, serum, and tissue. It may be possible to find biomarkers that will help with the diagnosis of colorectal cancer by identifying the genes, RNAs, and/or proteins indicative of cancer growth. Recent advancements in the molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer, DNA methylation, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, exosomes, and their involvement in colorectal cancer have led to the discovery of numerous new colorectal cancer biomarkers. In small-scale investigations, most biomarkers appear promising. However, large-scale clinical trials are required to validate their effectiveness before routine clinical implementation. Hence, this review focuses on small-scale investigations and results of big data analysis that may provide an overview of the biomarkers for the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide with about 1.2 million new cases identified annually. While considering swift progress in the field of molecular biology, new horizons in the treatment approaches have been materialized in colon cancer with conventional methods being replaced with targeted therapies. METHODS: In this review, we focused on the existing conventional therapies utilized for colon cancer by comparing the effectiveness of various standard/conventional therapies with respect to overall survival parameter. Regardless of all the conventional treatments and scientific research, the disease remains to be the one of the major cause of cancer related death and rising as societal burden due to its co morbidities. Thus, we have also discussed briefly in this review, all the possible biotechnological next-generation therapeutics including nucleic acid medicines, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, adoptive cell therapy, cancer stem cells and therapy, gut microbiome, and personalized medicines, which might be promising after effective clinical trials. RESULTS: From our study, we suggest that the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in resected patients was found to be safe and effective therapy in treating colon cancer and thereby improving overall survival in patients. From considering the total estimate of our meta-analysis plot, we state that the existing therapies are not much satisfying to improve the overall survival and more research has to be carried out in this field to find an effective therapy to treat colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS: As existing therapies are not much satisfying and are unable to improve the overall survival, we brought together a diversity of possible approaches focusing on biotechnological nextgeneration therapeutics to treat colon cancer. Hence, various multi-disciplinary choices are mandatory in order to provide patients with distended access to tailored treatments.
