COLD SNARE POLYPECTOMY: A SAFE PROCEDURE FOR REMOVING SMALL NON-PEDUNCULATED COLORECTAL LESIONS.

BACKGROUND: Polypectomy is an important treatment option for preventing colorectal cancer. Incomplete polyp resection (IPR) is re-cognized as a risk factor for interval cancer. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to evaluate the complete polyp resection (CPR) rate for cold snare polypectomy (CSP) in small non-pedunculated polyps and, secondarily, specimen retrieval and complication rates. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 479 polyps <10 mm removed by CSP in 276 patients by an inexperienced endoscopist. RESULTS: A total of 476 polyps (99.4%) were resected en bloc. A negative margin (classified as CPR) was observed in 435 polyps (90.8%). An unclear or positive margin (classified as IPR) was observed in 43 cases (9.0%) and 1 case (0.2%), respectively, for an overall IPR rate of 9.2% (44/479). The IPR rate was 12.2% in the first half of cases and 5.9% in the second half (P=0.02). Dividing into tertiles, the IPR rate was 15.0% in the first tertile, 6.9% in the second tertile, and 5.7% in the third tertile (P=0.01). Dividing into quartiles, the IPR rate was 15.8% in the first quartile and 5.9% in the fourth quartile (P=0.03). The IPR rate was 6.3% for type 0-IIa lesions and 14.1% for type 0-Is lesions (P=0.01). For serrated and adenomatous lesions, the IPR rate was 9.2%. Specimen retrieval failed in 3.6% of cases. Immediate bleeding (>30 s) occurred in 1 case (0.2%), treated with argon plasma coagulation. No delayed bleeding or perforation occurred. CONCLUSION: CSP is a safe technique that provides good results for the resection of small non-pedunculated polyps, with a short learning curve.

Polipectomia a frio: um procedimento seguro para remover pequenas lesões colorretais não pediculadas / Cold snare polypectomy: a safe procedure for removing small non-pedunculated colorectal lesions

ABSTRACT Background: Polypectomy is an important treatment option for preventing colorectal cancer. Incomplete polyp resection (IPR) is re­cognized as a risk factor for interval cancer. Objective: The primary objective was to evaluate the complete polyp resection (CPR) rate for cold snare polypectomy (CSP) in small non-pedunculated polyps and, secondarily, specimen retrieval and complication rates. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 479 polyps <10 mm removed by CSP in 276 patients by an inexperienced endoscopist. Results: A total of 476 polyps (99.4%) were resected en bloc. A negative margin (classified as CPR) was observed in 435 polyps (90.8%). An unclear or positive margin (classified as IPR) was observed in 43 cases (9.0%) and 1 case (0.2%), respectively, for an overall IPR rate of 9.2% (44/479). The IPR rate was 12.2% in the first half of cases and 5.9% in the second half (P=0.02). Dividing into tertiles, the IPR rate was 15.0% in the first tertile, 6.9% in the second tertile, and 5.7% in the third tertile (P=0.01). Dividing into quartiles, the IPR rate was 15.8% in the first quartile and 5.9% in the fourth quartile (P=0.03). The IPR rate was 6.3% for type 0-IIa lesions and 14.1% for type 0-Is lesions (P=0.01). For serrated and adenomatous lesions, the IPR rate was 9.2%. Specimen retrieval failed in 3.6% of cases. Immediate bleeding (>30 s) occurred in 1 case (0.2%), treated with argon plasma coagulation. No delayed bleeding or perforation occurred. Conclusion: CSP is a safe technique that provides good results for the resection of small non-pedunculated polyps, with a short learning curve.

RESUMO Contexto: A polipectomia é uma importante opção terapêutica na prevenção do câncer colorretal (CCR). A ressecção incompleta do pólipo (RIP) é reconhecida como fator de risco para o câncer de intervalo. Objetivo: O principal objetivo foi avaliar o índice de ressecção completa da polipectomia a frio (PF) em pequenos pólipos não pediculados e, secundariamente, a recuperação do espécime e índice de complicações. Métodos: Avaliamos prospectivamente 479 pólipos <10 mm removidos por PF em 276 pacientes, por um endoscopista sem experiência com este método. Resultados: Foram ressecados em bloco 476 pólipos (99,4%). Tivemos margem negativa, considerada ressecção completa do pólipo (RCP), em 435 (90,8%) casos. Margem indefinida ou positiva (classificada como RIP) foi observada em 43 (9,0%) casos e em 1 (0,2%) caso, respectivamente, com um índice global de RIP de 9,2% (44/479). O índice de RIP foi de 12,5% na primeira metade dos casos e 5,9% na última metade (P=0,02). Dividindo em tercis, o índice de RIP foi de 15,0% no primeiro terço, 6,9% no segundo terço e 5,7% no terceiro quarto, P=0,01. Dividindo em quartis, o índice de RIP foi de 15,8% no primeiro quarto, enquanto o último quarto foi de 5,9%, P=0,03. O índice de RIP foi de 6,3% para lesões tipo 0-IIa e de 14,1% para lesões tipo 0-Is, P=0,01. O índice de RIP foi de 9,2% para lesões serrilhadas e adenomatosas. Houve falha na recuperação dos espécimes em 3,6% dos casos. Sangramento imediato (>30 s) ocorreu em um caso (0,2%), controlado com plasma de argônio. Sem sangramento tardio e perfuração. Conclusão: PF é uma técnica segura que apresenta bons resultados para a ressecção de pequenas lesões não pediculadas, com uma curta curva aprendizado.

Antral plexiform fibromyxoma: case report of a rare mesenchymal neoplasm

Plexiform fibromyxoma (PF) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of the stomach usually arising in the gastric antrum, and its main differential diagnosis is gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Most common symptoms are hematemesis, anemia. Immunohistochemically, positivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and vimentin suggests the diagnosis of PF. We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient with a 30- day history of nausea at presentation 4 years ago. Gastroscopy at that time revealed a subepithelial lesion (SEL) in the gastric antrum, measuring approximately 20 mm in diameter, with leakage of serous fluid after biopsy. Histopathology showed only an inflammatory process. Follow-up gastroscopies were performed 24, 36, and 48 months later, with surveillance biopsy at each follow-up. The last gastroscopies showed changes in lesion appearance, reduction in size, and absence of fluid leakage. Histopathology showed bland spindle cell proliferation, with a vaguely plexiform/multinodular pattern, in a fibromyxoid stroma with an arborizing capillary network without mitoses. The tumor cells were positive for SMA and negative for DOG1, CD117, CD34, S100, desmin, EMA, CD10, calponin, and beta-catenin. The choice of treatment and follow-up depends on the SEL features, but because no cases of malignancy or metastatic disease have previously been reported, the patient chose a conservative approach.

El fibromixoma plexiforme (FP) es una rara neoplasia mesenquimatosa del estómago que generalmente surge en el antro gástrico. Su principal diagnóstico diferencial es el tumor del estroma gastrointestinal. Los síntomas más comunes de los FP son hematemesis y anemia. Inmunohistoquímicamente, la positividad para actina del músculo liso (SMA) y vimentina sugieren el diagnóstico de FP. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 56 años de edad que inicia su enfermedad hace 4 años con náuseas de 30 días de evolución. La primera gastroscopia reveló una lesión subepitelial (SEL) en el antro gástrico, de aproximadamente 20 mm de diámetro, con fuga de líquido seroso después de la biopsia. La histopatología mostró sólo un proceso inflamatorio. Se realizaron gastroscopias de seguimiento a los 24, 36 y 48 meses con biopsia de vigilancia en cada seguimiento. Las gastroscopias siguientes mostraron cambios en la apariencia de la lesión, reducción de tamaño y ausencia de fuga de líquido. La última histopatología mostró una proliferación blanda de células fusiformes, con un patrón vagamente plexiforme/multinodular, en un estroma fibromixoide con una red de capilares arborizantes sin mitosis. Las células tumorales fueron positivas para SMA y negativas para DOG1, CD117, CD34, S100, desmina, EMA, CD10, calponina y beta-catenina. La elección del tratamiento y el seguimiento depende de las características del SEL, sin embargo, por ser una enfermedad que no presentaba rasgos de enfermedad maligna o metastásica, el paciente eligió un mantener un enfoque conservador.

Performance of artificial intelligence in the characterization of colorectal lesions.

Background: Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) has been used in the differentiation between neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions through microvasculature analysis. This study aimed to evaluate the computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) mode of the CAD EYE system for the optical diagnosis of colorectal lesions and compare it with the performance of an expert, in addition to evaluating the computer-aided detection (CADe) mode in terms of polyp detection rate (PDR) and adenoma detection rate (ADR). Methods: A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the performance of CAD EYE using blue light imaging (BLI), dichotomizing lesions into hyperplastic and neoplastic, and of an expert based on the Japan Narrow-Band Imaging Expert Team (JNET) classification for the characterization of lesions. After white light imaging (WLI) diagnosis, magnification was used on all lesions, which were removed and examined histologically. Diagnostic criteria were evaluated, and PDR and ADR were calculated. Results: A total of 110 lesions (80 (72.7%) dysplastic lesions and 30 (27.3%) nondysplastic lesions) were evaluated in 52 patients, with a mean lesion size of 4.3 mm. Artificial intelligence (AI) analysis showed 81.8% accuracy, 76.3% sensitivity, 96.7% specificity, 98.5% positive predictive value (PPV), and 60.4% negative predictive value (NPV). The kappa value was 0.61, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.87. Expert analysis showed 93.6% accuracy, 92.5% sensitivity, 96.7% specificity, 98.7% PPV, and 82.9% NPV. The kappa value was 0.85, and the AUC was 0.95. Overall, PDR was 67.6% and ADR was 45.9%. Conclusions: The CADx mode showed good accuracy in characterizing colorectal lesions, but the expert assessment was superior in almost all diagnostic criteria. PDR and ADR were high.

Antral plexiform fibromyxoma: case report of a rare mesenchymal neoplasm.

Plexiform fibromyxoma (PF) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of the stomach usually arising in the gastric antrum, and its main differential diagnosis is gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Most common symptoms are hematemesis, anemia. Immunohistochemically, positivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and vimentin suggests the diagnosis of PF. We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient with a 30-day history of nausea at presentation 4 years ago. Gastroscopy at that time revealed a subepithelial lesion (SEL) in the gastric antrum, measuring approximately 20 mm in diameter, with leakage of serous fluid after biopsy. Histopathology showed only an inflammatory process. Follow-up gastroscopies were performed 24, 36, and 48 months later, with surveillance biopsy at each follow-up. The last gastroscopies showed changes in lesion appearance, reduction in size, and absence of fluid leakage. Histopathology showed bland spindle cell proliferation, with a vaguely plexiform/multinodular pattern, in a fibromyxoid stroma with an arborizing capillary network without mitoses. The tumor cells were positive for SMA and negative for DOG1, CD117, CD34, S100, desmin, EMA, CD10, calponin, and beta-catenin. The choice of treatment and follow-up depends on the SEL features, but because no cases of malignancy or metastatic disease have previously been reported, the patient chose a conservative approach.

Effect of Linked-color Imaging on the Detection of Adenomas in Screening Colonoscopies.

OBJECTIVES: Linked-color imaging (LCI) is a new image-enhancement option that emphasizes mucosal surface contrast, facilitating the differentiation between colorectal lesions and normal mucosa. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of LCI to increase the detection of colorectal adenomas in screening colonoscopies. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was conducted using white-light imaging (WLI), blue-laser imaging (BLI)-bright and LCI. The outcome measures were adenoma detection rate (ADR), mean number of adenomas per patient, and withdrawal time. Lesion characteristics such as size, morphology, location, and histology were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 205 patients were randomized, and 251 adenomas were detected. The overall ADR was 62%. The ADR was 52.9% for WLI, 62.1% for BLI-bright, and 71% for LCI, and was significantly higher in the LCI group than in the WLI group (P=0.04). No significant difference was observed between LCI and BLI-bright (P=0.28) or BLI-bright and WLI (P=0.30). The mean number of adenomas per patient was 1.01, 1.03, and 1.62 for WLI, BLI-bright, and LCI, respectively, with a significant difference (P=0.02). Withdrawal time did not differ among the groups. A total of 71 adenomas were detected by WLI, 68 by BLI-bright, and 112 by LCI. There was no difference in the size and morphology of the adenomas detected, nor in the diagnosis of sessile serrated adenomas/polyps. CONCLUSION: LCI significantly increased the detection of adenomas in screening colonoscopies.

Impact of linked-color imaging on colorectal adenoma detection.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Linked-color imaging (LCI) is a new technology that emphasizes changes in mucosal color by providing clearer and brighter images, thus allowing red and white areas to be visualized more clearly. We investigated whether LCI increases the detection of colorectal adenomas compared with white-light imaging (WLI) and blue-laser imaging (BLI)-bright. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy were randomized (1:1:1) into examination by WLI, BLI-bright, or LCI during withdrawal of the colonoscope. The adenoma detection rate (ADR), mean number of adenomas per patient, and withdrawal time were evaluated. The lesions were evaluated according to size, morphology, location, and histology. RESULTS: A total of 379 patients were randomized, and 412 adenomas were detected. The ADR was 43.2%, 54.0%, and 56.9% for WLI, BLI-bright, and LCI, respectively, and was significantly higher in the LCI group than in the WLI group (P = .03). No significant difference was observed between LCI and BLI-bright (P = .71) or BLI-bright and WLI (P = .09). The mean number of adenomas per patient was 0.82, 1.06, and 1.38 for WLI, BLI-bright, and LCI, respectively, with a significant difference between LCI and WLI (P = .03). Withdrawal time did not differ among the groups. A total of 102 adenomas were detected by WLI, 131 by BLI-bright, and 179 by LCI. LCI provided a higher rate of detection of adenomas ≤5 mm in size than WLI (P = .02), with a borderline significance for a higher detection of sessile serrated adenomas (P = .05). Nonpolypoid adenomas were more commonly located in the right colon segment and polypoid adenomas in the left colon segment, with a significant difference only between BLI-bright (P < .01) and LCI (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that LCI increases the detection of colorectal adenomas during colonoscopy. (Clinical trial registration number: RBR-9xg6dx.).

Blue laser imaging: a new image-enhanced endoscopy for the diagnosis of colorectal lesions.

BACKGROUND: Image-enhanced endoscopy enables real-time differential diagnosis of colorectal lesions through the observation of microvascular architecture. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of using blue laser imaging (BLI) for capillary pattern analysis in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 920 consecutive superficial lesions diagnosed in 457 patients. The capillary pattern was analysed using BLI-bright magnification on the basis of the Teixeira classification. Histopathology was used as the reference standard. RESULTS: The adenoma detection rate was 42.3%, with a mean of 0.95 adenomas per patient. Neoplastic lesions were predominant (70.3%), of which 33 (5.1%) had advanced histology. Neoplastic progression was significantly increased in patients aged at least 50 years, in lesions at least 10 mm and in lesions located in the right colon (P<0.01). BLI-based capillary pattern analysis showed 95.5% accuracy, 95.7% sensitivity, 95.2% specificity, 97.9% positive predictive value and 90.3% negative predictive value in the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions. For 672 diminutive lesions (≤5 mm), BLI-based capillary pattern analysis showed 95.7% accuracy, 96.6% sensitivity, 93.6% specificity, 97.2% positive predictive value and 92.2% negative predictive value. Analysing only lesions up to 5 mm in the rectum and sigmoid colon, the values were 95.2, 93.9, 96.5, 95.8 and 94.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: BLI associated with magnification yielded excellent results for the real-time predictive histological diagnosis of colorectal lesions.

Observer agreement for diagnosis of colorectal lesions with analysis of the vascular pattern by image-enhanced endoscopy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) can differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic colorectal lesions through indirect analysis of pit patterns and microvascular architecture. We evaluated the accuracy of Flexible Spectral Imaging Color Enhancement (FICE) in differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions and observer agreement in the analysis of capillary pattern of colorectal lesions. METHODS: A prospective double-blind trial was conducted in two referral endoscopy centers. Vascular pattern was analyzed by IEE with magnification. Lesions were divided into two groups and examined separately by two experts. Examiners, blinded to each other's interpretations, switched groups and the lesions were reviewed. After 60 days, lesions were reevaluated. RESULTS: In total, 76 patients were referred to colonoscopy for colon cancer screening. Of 100 colorectal lesions, 88 were neoplastic (73 tubular adenomas, 10 tubulovillous adenomas, 1 villous adenoma, 2 serrated adenomas, 2 adenocarcinomas) and 12 were non-neoplastic (hyperplastic polyps). Mean diameter of the lesions was 6.7 mm. Examiners 1 and 2 had 95 % accuracy. The interobserver kappa coefficient was 0.80 and the intraobserver kappa coefficient was 0.88 for examiner 1 and 0.73 for examiner 2. CONCLUSION: IEE with magnification is effective for real-time predictive histological diagnosis of colorectal lesions, with inter- and intraobserver agreement ranging from good to excellent.

Prevalence of non-polypoid colorectal neoplasms in southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Several studies suggest that non-polypoid lesions (NPL) show higher aggressiveness than polypoid lesions, particularly depressed lesions. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of NPL and the presence of advanced histology in a Brazilian population. METHODS: Two thousand and sixty-seven superficial neoplastic lesions diagnosed in 1135 patients were analyzed. Lesions were classified as polypoid and non-polypoid (flat and depressed) types, and evaluated for site, size, and histology (adenoma with grade of dysplasia, or early cancer). RESULTS: Prevalence of NPL was 46.5%. NPL predominated in the right colon (62.9%), whereas polypoid lesions were detected mainly in the left colon (53.2%) (P < 0.001). NPL had a 34% higher probability of occurring in the right colon than polypoid lesions (P < 0.001). NPL were smaller than polypoid lesions (P = 0.03). There were 208 lesions >10 mm, of which 40 (19.2%) had advanced histology: 13% (18/138) of polypoid lesions; 27.3% (18/66) of flat lesions; and 100% (4/4) of depressed lesions (P < 0.001). Among 1859 neoplasms ≤10 mm, only 18 (1%) had advanced histology, and 15 of them were depressed lesions (P < 0.001). Advanced histology was more commonly detected in NPL than in polypoid lesions (P = 0.007), with significant difference in size (P < 0.001). NPL showed more advanced histology than polypoid lesions (OR 2.06; P = 0.01), especially depressed lesions (OR 36.35; P < 0.001). Among all neoplasms, the prevalence of depressed lesions was 2.2%. CONCLUSION: NPL showed high prevalence and higher aggressiveness than polypoid lesions, especially the depressed type.

Malignancy in large colorectal lesions.

CONTEXT: The size of colorectal lesions, besides a risk factor for malignancy, is a predictor for deeper invasion objectives: To evaluate the malignancy of colorectal lesions ≥20 mm. METHODS: Between 2007 and 2011, 76 neoplasms ≥20 mm in 70 patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 67.4 years, and 41 were women. Mean lesion size was 24.7 mm ± 6.2 mm (range: 20 to 50 mm). Half of the neoplasms were polypoid and the other half were non-polypoid. Forty-two (55.3%) lesions were located in the left colon, and 34 in the right colon. There was a high prevalence of III L (39.5%) and IV (53.9%) pit patterns. There were 72 adenomas and 4 adenocarcinomas. Malignancy was observed in 5.3% of the lesions. Thirty-three lesions presented advanced histology (adenomas with high-grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma), with no difference in morphology and site. Only one lesion (1.3%) invaded the submucosa. Lesions larger than 30 mm had advanced histology (P = 0.001). The primary treatment was endoscopic resection, and invasive carcinoma was referred to surgery. Recurrence rate was 10.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Large colorectal neoplasms showed a low rate of malignancy. Endoscopic treatment is an effective therapy for these lesions.

Malignancy in arrge colorectal lesinss / Malignidade em grandes lesões colorretais

Context The size of colorectal lesions, besides a risk factor for malignancy, is a predictor for deeper invasion Objectives To evaluate the malignancy of colorectal lesions ≥20 mm. Methods Between 2007 and 2011, 76 neoplasms ≥20 mm in 70 patients were analyzed Results The mean age of the patients was 67.4 years, and 41 were women. Mean lesion size was 24.7 mm ± 6.2 mm (range: 20 to 50 mm). Half of the neoplasms were polypoid and the other half were non-polypoid. Forty-two (55.3%) lesions were located in the left colon, and 34 in the right colon. There was a high prevalence of III L (39.5%) and IV (53.9%) pit patterns. There were 72 adenomas and 4 adenocarcinomas. Malignancy was observed in 5.3% of the lesions. Thirty-three lesions presented advanced histology (adenomas with high-grade dysplasia or early adenocarcinoma), with no difference in morphology and site. Only one lesion (1.3%) invaded the submucosa. Lesions larger than 30 mm had advanced histology (P = 0.001). The primary treatment was endoscopic resection, and invasive carcinoma was referred to surgery. Recurrence rate was 10.6%. Conclusions Large colorectal neoplasms showed a low rate of malignancy. Endoscopic treatment is an effective therapy for these lesions. .

Contexto O tamanho em lesões colorretais, além de risco para malignidade, é preditor para invasão profunda. Objetivos Avaliar a presença de malignidade em lesões colorretais ≥20 mm. Métodos Entre 2007 e 2011, 76 neoplasias colônicas ≥20 mm em 70 pacientes foram analisadas. Resultados A idade média foi de 67,4 anos, e 41 eram mulheres. O tamanho médio das lesões foi de 24,7 mm ± 6,2 mm, com variação de 20 a 50 mm. Metade das neoplasias foram polipoides e a outra metade, não polipoide. O cólon esquerdo apresentou 42 (55,3%) neoplasias e o direito, 34. Houve alta prevalência de lesões com criptas padrão III L (39,5%) e IV (53,9%). Houve 72 adenomas e 4 adenocarcinomas. Malignidade foi detectada em 5,3% dos casos. Histologia avançada (adenoma com displasia de alto grau ou adenocarcinoma precoce) foi diagnosticada em 33 lesões, sem diferença quanto à morfologia e local da lesão. Apenas uma lesão (1,3%) invadiu a submucosa. Lesões maiores de 30 mm apresentaram histologia avançada (P = 0,001). A ressecção endoscópica foi a terapêutica primária, e carcinoma invasivo foi encaminhado para cirurgia. Recorrência foi de 10,6%. Conclusões Grandes neoplasias colorretais demonstram uma baixa taxa de malignidade. A ressecção endoscópica é terapêutica adequada para estas lesões. .

Digital chromoendoscopy for diagnosis of diminutive colorectal lesions.

Introduction. To compare the accuracy of digital and real-time chromoendoscopy for the differential diagnosis of diminutive (<5 mm) neoplastic and nonneoplastic colorectal lesions. Materials and Methods. This is a prospective randomized study comparing the Fujinon intelligent color enhancement (FICE) system (65 patients/95 lesions) and indigo carmine (69 patients/120 lesions) in the analysis of capillary meshwork and pit pattern, respectively. All lesions were less than 5 mm in diameter, and magnification was used in both groups. Histopathology was the gold standard examination. Results. Of 215 colorectal lesions, 153 (71.2%) were adenomas, and 62 were hyperplastic polyps (28.8%). Morphological analysis revealed 132 (61.4%) superficial lesions, with 7 (3.3%) depressed lesions, and 83 (38.6%) protruding lesions. Vascular meshwork analysis using FICE and magnification resulted in 91.7% sensitivity, 95.7% specificity, and 92.6% accuracy in differentiating neoplastic from nonneoplastic lesions. Pit pattern analysis with indigo carmine and magnification showed 96.5% sensitivity, 88.2% specificity, and 94.2% accuracy for the same purpose. Conclusion. Both magnifying virtual chromoendoscopy and indigo carmine chromoendoscopy showed high accuracy in the histopathological diagnosis of colorectal lesions less than 5 mm in diameter.

Endoscopic mucosal resection in colorectal lesion: a safe and effective procedure even in lesions larger than 2 cm and in carcinomas.

CONTEXT: Endoscopic mucosal resection is a minimally invasive technique used in the treatment of colorectal neoplasms, including early carcinomas of different size and morphology. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate procedure safety, efficacy, outcomes, and recurrence rate in endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions. METHODS: A total of 172 lesions in 156 patients were analyzed between May 2003 and May 2009. All lesions showed pit pattern suggestive of neoplasia (Kudo types III-V) at high-magnification chromocolonoscopy with indigo carmine. The lesions were evaluated for macroscopic classification, size, location, and histopathology. Lesions 20 mm or smaller were resected en bloc and lesions larger than 20 mm were removed using the piecemeal technique. Complications and recurrence were analyzed. Patients were followed up for 18 months. RESULTS: There were 83 (48.2%) superficial lesions, 57 (33.1%) depressed lesions, 44 (25.6%) laterally spreading tumors, and 45 (26.2%) protruding lesions. Mean lesion size was 11.5 mm ± 9.6 mm (2 mm-60 mm). Patients' mean age was 61.6 ± 12.5 years (34-93 years). Regarding lesion site, 24 (14.0%) lesions were located in the rectum, 68 (39.5%) in the left colon, and 80 (46.5%) in the right colon (transverse, ascending, and cecum). There were 167 (97.1%) neoplasms: 142 (82.5%) adenomatous lesions, 24 (14.0%) intramucosal carcinomas, and 1 (0.6%) invasive carcinoma. En bloc resection was performed in 158 (91.9%) cases and piecemeal resection in 14 (8.1%). Bleeding occurred in 5 (2.9%) cases. Recurrence was observed in 4.1% (5/122) of cases and was associated with lesions larger than 20 mm (P<0.01), piecemeal resection (P<0.01), advanced neoplasm (P = 0.01), and carcinoma compared to adenoma (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions is a safe and effective procedure, with low complication and local recurrence rates. Recurrence is associated with lesions larger than 20 mm and carcinomas.

Endoscopic mucosal resection in colorectal lesion: a safe and effective procedure even in lesions larger than 2 cm and in carcinomas / Mucosectomia em lesões do cólon e reto: procedimento seguro e eficaz mesmo em pacientes com lesões maiores que 2 cm e em carcinomas

CONTEXT: Endoscopic mucosal resection is a minimally invasive technique used in the treatment of colorectal neoplasms, including early carcinomas of different size and morphology. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate procedure safety, efficacy, outcomes, and recurrence rate in endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions. METHODS: A total of 172 lesions in 156 patients were analyzed between May 2003 and May 2009. All lesions showed pit pattern suggestive of neoplasia (Kudo types III-V) at high-magnification chromocolonoscopy with indigo carmine. The lesions were evaluated for macroscopic classification, size, location, and histopathology. Lesions 20 mm or smaller were resected en bloc and lesions larger than 20 mm were removed using the piecemeal technique. Complications and recurrence were analyzed. Patients were followed up for 18 months. RESULTS: There were 83 (48.2 percent) superficial lesions, 57 (33.1 percent) depressed lesions, 44 (25.6 percent) laterally spreading tumors, and 45 (26.2 percent) protruding lesions. Mean lesion size was 11.5 mm ± 9.6 mm (2 mm-60 mm). Patients' mean age was 61.6 ± 12.5 years (34-93 years). Regarding lesion site, 24 (14.0 percent) lesions were located in the rectum, 68 (39.5 percent) in the left colon, and 80 (46.5 percent) in the right colon (transverse, ascending, and cecum). There were 167 (97.1 percent) neoplasms: 142 (82.5 percent) adenomatous lesions, 24 (14.0 percent) intramucosal carcinomas, and 1 (0.6 percent) invasive carcinoma. En bloc resection was performed in 158 (91.9 percent) cases and piecemeal resection in 14 (8.1 percent). Bleeding occurred in 5 (2.9 percent) cases. Recurrence was observed in 4.1 percent (5/122) of cases and was associated with lesions larger than 20 mm (P<0.01), piecemeal resection (P<0.01), advanced neoplasm (P = 0.01), and carcinoma compared to adenoma (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions is a safe and effective procedure, with low complication and local recurrence rates. Recurrence is associated with lesions larger than 20 mm and carcinomas.

CONTEXTO: A mucosectomia endoscópica é uma técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento de neoplasias de cólon e reto, inclusive carcinomas precoces, de diferentes tamanhos e aspectos morfológicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança, a eficácia, os resultados e a recurrência das lesões após mucosectomia. MÉTODOS: Entre maio de 2003 e maio de 2009 um total de 172 lesões em 156 pacientes foi incluído no estudo. Todas as lesões tinham padrão de criptas sugestivo de neoplasias (III-V), segundo a classificação de Kudo, com o diagnóstico feito por colonoscópios com magnificação de imagens e índigo-carmin. As lesões foram avaliadas quanto à macroscopia, tamanho, localização e histopatologia. Lesões com até 20 mm foram removidas em bloco e as maiores que 20 mm pela técnica de piecemeal. Complicações e recurrência foram analisadas. O seguimento foi de 18 meses. RESULTADOS: Este estudo identificou 83 (48,2 por cento) lesões superficiais, sendo 57 (33,1 por cento) deprimidas, além de 44 (25,6 por cento) lesões de espraiamento lateral e 45 (26,2 por cento) protrusas. O tamanho médio foi de 11,5 ± 9,6 mm (2-60 mm) e a idade média de 61,6 ± 12,5 anos (34-93 anos). No reto estavam 24 (14 por cento) lesões, 68 (39,5 por cento) no cólon esquerdo e 80 (46,5 por cento) no cólon direito (transverso, ascendente e ceco). Foram 167 (97,1 por cento) neoplasias, sendo 142 (82,5 por cento) lesões adenomatosas, 24 (14,0 por cento) carcinomas intramucosos e 1 (0,6 por cento) carcinoma invasivo. Foram tratadas em bloco 158 (91,9 por cento) lesões e 14 (8,1 por cento), por piecemeal. Houve cinco casos (2,9 por cento) de sangramento. A recurrência foi de 4,1 por cento (5/122) e associada a lesões maiores que 20 mm (P<0,01), à técnica piecemeal (P<0,01), à neoplasia avançada (P = 0,01) e ao carcinoma quando comparado ao adenoma (P = 0,04). CONCLUSÕES: A mucosectomia endoscópica de lesões colorretais é procedimento seguro, eficaz, com baixo índice de complicações e recidiva local. A recidiva de lesão é associada a lesões maiores que 20 mm e aos carcinomas.

Computerized virtual chromoendoscopy versus indigo carmine chromoendoscopy combined with magnification for diagnosis of small colorectal lesions: a randomized and prospective study.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Magnifying colonoscopy with indigo carmine dye and the analysis of the capillary and the pit patterns by computed virtual chromoendoscopy (Fujinon Intelligent Color Enhancement, FICE) with magnification are effective for the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of virtual and real chromoendoscopy in differentiating neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized trial of magnification colonoscopy with targeted FICE (Group I - 72 patients/111 lesions) versus magnification colonoscopy with targeted indigo carmine dye (Group II - 72 patients/137 lesions) was performed in consecutive patients with lesions 1 cm or less. Histopathology of the specimens was regarded as the gold standard. RESULTS: In group I, 86 (77.5%) lesions showed an intense vascular pattern (positive capillary meshwork), of which 80 (93%) were histologically confirmed as adenomas. From 25 lesions with negative capillary meshwork, 23 (92%) were non-neoplastic. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of the capillary meshwork for the differential diagnosis of these lesions was 97.8, 79.3, 92.8, 93 and 92%, respectively. The same parameters for pit pattern analysis by FICE were 92.7, 82.3, 90.1, 93.8 and 80%, respectively. Indigo carmine magnified chromoscopy showed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of 97, 88.9, 94.9, 96.1 and 91.4%, respectively in the discrimination between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions. CONCLUSION: Magnified virtual chromoendoscopy is as accurate as indigo carmine magnified chromoendoscopy in distinguishing between neoplastic from non-neoplastic small colorectal lesions.

[Comparative study between MBI (FICE) and magnification chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the colorectum]. / Estudo comparativo entre MBI (FICE) e a magnificação com índigo-carmin no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas de cólon e reto.

CONTEXT: Multiband imaging (MBI)/Fuji Intelligent Color Enhancement (FICE) is a spectral image processing technology that helps in vivo diagnosis of colorectal neoplasias. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the magnification with either the electronic chromoendoscopy or indigo carmine dye in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions. METHODS: Seventy five patients with 157 colorectal lesions were prospectively evaluated. The capillary pattern, as well as the pit pattern according to the Kudo classification, of colorectal lesions were evaluated by means of the FICE system. Absence and presence of meshed capillary networks were labeled as non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, respectively. Afterwards, indigo carmine 0.8% was instilled and a new evaluation of the pit pattern was carried out. RESULTS: One hundred and sixteen of the 157 lesions were classified as positive meshed capillary network, 115 of them were confirmed histologically as neoplasia. Other 32 lesions out of 41 with negative meshed capillary network were non-neoplastic. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were, respectively, 92.7%, 97% and 93.6%. Pit patterns I and II were confirmed as non-neoplastic lesions, and patterns III to V were confirmed as neoplasias. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the electronic chromoendoscopy were, respectively, 94.4%, 97% and 94.9%. Meanwhile, the figures for the magnification with indigo carmine were, respectively, 97.6%, 93.9% and 96.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods, either the MBI/FICE system or the use of indigo carmine dye with magnification, achieved a high accuracy for the differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions.

Estudo comparativo entre MBI (FICE®) e a magnificação com índigo-carmin no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas de cólon e reto / Comparative study between MBI (FICE®) and magnification chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the colorectum

CONTEXTO: O uso da cromoscopia virtual com sistema de imagem multibanda poderia auxiliar no diagnóstico in vivo de neoplasias colônicas. Objetivo - Avaliar a exatidão da magnificação associada à cromoendoscopia eletrônica ou com índigo-carmin na distinção entre lesões neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas do cólon e reto. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas prospectivamente 157 lesões colorretais em 75 pacientes. Empregou-se o sistema FICE® para a análise dos padrões de capilares, com a malha capilar negativa sendo considerada padrão de lesões não-neoplásicas, e a malha capilar positiva, o padrão das neoplasias. Após esta avaliação, ainda usando o sistema FICE®, o padrão de criptas foi definido conforme a classificação de Kudo. Por fim, instilou-se índigo-carmin à 0,8 por cento e outro estudo das criptas foi realizado. RESULTADOS: Entre as 157 lesões colorretais, classificou-se 116 como malha capilar positiva, sendo 115 confirmadas histologicamente como neoplasias. Já entre as 41 lesões com malha capilar negativa, 32 eram não-neoplásicas. A sensibilidade foi de 92,7 por cento, a especificidade de 97 por cento e a precisão de 93,6 por cento. Os padrões de criptas tipo I e II representaram as lesões não-neoplásicas e os tipos III-V, as neoplásicas. Com a utilização da cromoscopia eletrônica, observou-se sensibilidade de 94,4 por cento, especificidade de 97 por cento e precisão de 94,9 por cento. Já com o uso da magnificação associada ao índigo-carmin, a sensibilidade foi de 97,6 por cento, a especificidade de 93,9 por cento e a precisão de 96,8 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Tanto a cromoendoscopia eletrônica, quanto o uso do índigo-carmin, associados à magnificação de imagens, apresentaram precisão elevada quanto ao diagnóstico histopatológico e não houve diferença estatística entre ambos os métodos.

CONTEXT: Multiband imaging (MBI)/Fuji Intelligent Color Enhancement (FICE®) is a spectral image processing technology that helps in vivo diagnosis of colorectal neoplasias. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the magnification with either the electronic chromoendoscopy or indigo carmine dye in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions. Methods - Seventy five patients with 157 colorectal lesions were prospectively evaluated. The capillary pattern, as well as the pit pattern according to the Kudo classification, of colorectal lesions were evaluated by means of the FICE® system. Absence and presence of meshed capillary networks were labeled as non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, respectively. Afterwards, indigo carmine 0.8 percent was instilled and a new evaluation of the pit pattern was carried out. RESULTS: One hundred and sixteen of the 157 lesions were classified as positive meshed capillary network, 115 of them were confirmed histologically as neoplasia. Other 32 lesions out of 41 with negative meshed capillary network were non-neoplastic. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were, respectively, 92.7 percent, 97 percent and 93.6 percent. Pit patterns I and II were confirmed as non-neoplastic lesions, and patterns III to V were confirmed as neoplasies. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the electronic chromoendoscopy were, respectively, 94.4 percent, 97 percent and 94.9 percent. Meanwhile, the figures for the magnification with indigo carmine were, respectively, 97.6 percent, 93.9 percent and 96.8 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods, either the MBI/FICE® system or the use of indigo carmine dye with magnification, achieved a high accuracy for the differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic colorectal lesions.

Sífilis gástrica: relato de 21 casos e revisäo da literatura / Gastric syphilis: a report of 21 cases and literature review

A sífilis é uma doença infecto-contagiosa causada pelo Treponema pallidum. Embora raramente comprometido, o estömago representa a principal sede de lesöessifiliticas do trato gastrointestinal. Objetivo: Relatar a expetiência dos autores em 21 casos diagnosticados e tratados entre 1970 e 1999 na Faculdade Medicina de Ribeiräo Preto da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Ribeiräo Preto, SP. Material e métodos: Foram revisados 54.000 laudos endoscópicos e 21 prontuários dos pacientes selecionados e revistos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, radiológicos, endoscópicos, terapêuticos e evolutivos da sífilis gástrica nesta populaçäo. Resultados: Dos 21 pacientes, 16(76,10 por cento) eram do sexo masculino e 5(23,9 por cento) do feminino, com média de idade de 40 anos. Dor epigástrica ocorreu em todos os casos, seguida por emagrecimento em 66,7 por cento. Apenas 2 pacinentes (9,5 por cento) tinham evidências clinicas de sífilis. O teste sorológico de Wasserman foi o mais utilizado e positivo em 76,1 por cento dos casos. Catorze pacientes tinham estudo radiológico, sendo encontrada lesäo ulcerada gástrica em 50 por cento deles. A endoscopia revelou enormes ulceraçöes de antro e/ou corpo com infiltraçäo da parede em 80 por cento dos casos. O tratamento com penicilina benzatínica foirealizado em 18 pacientes (85,7 por cento) e 3 (14,3 por cento) foram operados devido à suspeita de carcinoma gástrico. Conclusäo: Os autores propöem uma classificaçäo macroscópica baseada no aspecto endoscópico das lesöes gástricas. A sífilis deve ser considerada como diagnóstico deferencial de toda a lesäo ulcerada gástrica, incluindo o carcinoma. Como resultado, ressecçöes gástricas desnecessárias podem ser evitadas