Salary Equity in Academic Radiology Relative to Other Clinical Specialties.

BACKGROUND: Equity in faculty compensation in U.S. academic radiology physicians relative to other specialties is not well known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess salary equity in U.S. academic radiology physicians at different ranks relative to other clinical specialties. METHODS: The American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) Faculty Salary Survey was used to collect information for full-time faculty at U.S. medical schools. Financial compensation data were collected for 2023 for faculty with MD or equivalent degree in medical specialties, stratified by gender and rank. RESULTS: The AAMC Faculty Salary Survey data for 2023 included responses for 97,224 faculty members in clinical specialties, with 5847 faculty members in Radiology departments. In radiology, compared to men (n = 3839), the women faculty members (n = 1763) had a lower median faculty compensation by 6% at the rank of Assistant Professor, 3% for Associate Professors, 4% for Professors and 6% for Section Chief positions. Surgery had the highest difference in median compensation with 21%, 24%, 22% and 19% lower faculty compensation, respectively, for women faculty members at corresponding ranks. Pathology had the lowest percent difference (<1%) in median compensation for all professor ranks. Salary inequity in radiology was lower compared to most other specialties. From assistant to full professors, all other clinical specialties except Pathology and Psychiatry, had a greater salary inequity than Radiology. CONCLUSION: The salary inequity in academic radiology faculty is lower than most other specialties. Further efforts should be made to reduce salary inequities as broader efforts to provide a more diverse, equitable and inclusive environment. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Salary inequity in academic radiology faculty is lower than most other specialties.

Advances in chronic subdural hematoma and membrane imaging.

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is projected to become the most common cranial neurosurgical disease by 2030. Despite medical and surgical management, recurrence rates remain high. Recently, middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) has emerged as a promising treatment; however, determinants of disease recurrence are not well understood, and developing novel radiographic biomarkers to assess hematomas and cSDH membranes remains an active area of research. In this narrative review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art for subdural hematoma and membrane imaging and discuss the potential role of MR and dual-energy CT imaging in predicting cSDH recurrence, surgical planning, and selecting patients for embolization treatment.

Thrombectomy vs Medical Management for Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Real-World Data.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of high-level evidence for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in posterior cerebral artery (PCA) strokes. METHODS: The MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases were queried for well-conducted cohort studies comparing EVT vs medical management (MM) for PCA strokes. Outcomes of interest included 90-day functional outcomes, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and death. The level of evidence was determined per the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. We also conducted a propensity score matched (PSM) analysis of the 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to provide support for our findings with real-world data. RESULTS: A total of 2,095 patients (685 EVT and 1,410 MM) were identified across 5 well-conducted cohort studies. EVT was significantly associated with higher odds of no disability at 90 days (odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% CI 1.04-1.50, p = 0.015) but not functional independence (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72-1.07, p = 0.18). EVT was also associated with higher odds of sICH (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.55-3.97, p < 0.001) and numerically higher odds of death (OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.73-2.38; p = 0.35). PSM analysis of 95,585 PCA stroke patients in the NIS showed that EVT (n = 1,540) was associated with lower rates of good discharge outcomes (24.4% vs 30.7%, p = 0.037), higher rates of in-hospital mortality (8.8% vs 4.9%, p = 0.021), higher rates of ICH (18.2% and 11.7%, p = 0.008), and higher rates of subarachnoid hemorrhage (3.9% vs 0.6%, p < 0.001). Among patients with moderate to severe strokes (NIH Stroke Scale 5 or greater), EVT was associated with significantly higher rates of good outcomes (21.7% vs 13.8%, p = 0.023) with similar rates of mortality (7.6% vs 6.6%, p = 0.67) and ICH (17.8% vs, 13.1%, p = 0.18). DISCUSSION: Our meta-analysis revealed that while EVT may be effective in alleviating disabling deficits due to PCA strokes, it is not associated with different odds of functional independence and may be associated with higher odds of sICH. These findings were corroborated by our large propensity score matched analysis of real-world data in the United States. Thus, the decision to pursue PCA thrombectomies should be carefully individualized for each patient. Future randomized trials are needed to further explore the efficacy and safety of EVT for the treatment of PCA strokes. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that in patients with acute PCA ischemic stroke, treatment with EVT compared with MM alone was associated with higher odds of no disabling deficit at 90 days and higher odds of sICH.

Accuracy of Financial Disclosures in Radiology Journals.

PURPOSE: The accuracy and completeness of self-disclosures of the value of industry payments by authors publishing in radiology journals are not well known. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of financial disclosures by US authors in five prominent radiology journals. METHODS: Financial disclosures provided by US-based authors in five prominent radiology journals from original research and review articles published in 2021 were reviewed. For each author, payment reports were extracted from the Open Payments Database (OPD) in the previous 36 months related to general, research, and ownership payments. Each author was analyzed individually to determine if the reported disclosures matched results from the OPD. RESULTS: A total of 4,076 authorships, including 3,406 unique authors, were selected from 643 articles across the five journals; 1,388 (1,032 unique authors) received industry payments within the previous 36 months, with a median total amount received per authorship of $6,650 (interquartile range, $355-$87,725). Sixty-one authors (4.4%) disclosed all industry relationships, 205 (14.8%) disclosed some of the OPD-reported relationships, and 1,122 (80.8%) failed to disclose any relationships. Undisclosed payments totaled $186,578,350, representing 67.2% of all payments. Radiology had the highest proportion of authorships disclosing some or all OPD-reported relationships (32.3%), compared with the Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (18.2%), the American Journal of Neuroradiology (17.3%), JACR (13.1%), and the American Journal of Roentgenology (10.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Financial relationships with industry are common among US physician authors in prominent radiology journals, and nondisclosure rates are high.

Financial Conflicts of Interest Among Physician Authors of ACR Appropriateness Criteria.

BACKGROUND: The accuracy and completeness of self-disclosures by authors of imaging guidelines are not well known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of financial disclosures by US authors of ACR appropriateness criteria. METHODS: We reviewed financial disclosures provided by US-based authors of all ACR-AC published in 2019, 2021 and 2023. For each US- based author, payment reports were extracted from the Open Payments Database (OPD) in the previous 36 months related to general category and research payments categories. We analyzed each author individually to determine if the reported disclosures matched results from OPD. RESULTS: A total of 633 authorships, including 333 unique authors were included from 38 ACR AC articles in 2019, with 606 authorships (387 unique authors) from 35 ACR-AC articles published in 2021, and 540 authorships (367 unique authors) from 32 ACR AC articles published in 2023. Among authors who received industry payments, failure to disclose any financial relationship was seen in 125/147 unique authors in 2019, 142/148 authors in 2021 and 95/125 unique authors in 2023. The proportion of nondisclosed total value of payments was 86.1% in 2019, 88.6% in 2021 and 56.7% in 2023. General category payments were nondisclosed in 94.1% in 2019, 89.7% in 2021 and 94.4% in 2023 by payment value. CONCLUSION: Industry payments to authors of radiology guidelines are common and frequently undisclosed.

Radiomics-Based Prediction of Collateral Status from CT Angiography of Patients Following a Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke.

BACKGROUND: A major driver of individual variation in long-term outcomes following a large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke is the degree of collateral arterial circulation. We aimed to develop and evaluate machine-learning models that quantify LVO collateral status using admission computed tomography angiography (CTA) radiomics. METHODS: We extracted 1116 radiomic features from the anterior circulation territories from admission CTAs of 600 patients experiencing an acute LVO stroke. We trained and validated multiple machine-learning models for the prediction of collateral status based on consensus from two neuroradiologists as ground truth. Models were first trained to predict (1) good vs. intermediate or poor, or (2) good vs. intermediate or poor collateral status. Then, model predictions were combined to determine a three-tier collateral score (good, intermediate, or poor). We used the receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate prediction accuracy. RESULTS: We included 499 patients in training and 101 in an independent test cohort. The best-performing models achieved an averaged cross-validation AUC of 0.80 ± 0.05 for poor vs. intermediate/good collateral and 0.69 ± 0.05 for good vs. intermediate/poor, and AUC = 0.77 (0.67-0.87) and AUC = 0.78 (0.70-0.90) in the independent test cohort, respectively. The collateral scores predicted by the radiomics model were correlated with (rho = 0.45, p = 0.002) and were independent predictors of 3-month clinical outcome (p = 0.018) in the independent test cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Automated tools for the assessment of collateral status from admission CTA-such as the radiomics models described here-can generate clinically relevant and reproducible collateral scores to facilitate a timely treatment triage in patients experiencing an acute LVO stroke.

Sex discrepancies in the population incidence of stroke and hemorrhage related to atrial fibrillation or flutter.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF) is a well-known risk factor for ischemic stroke. While female sex has been associated with higher stroke risk among AF patients, overall sex-specific real-world burdens of AF-related strokes and hemorrhages are unknown. METHODS: The 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample was queried for hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality due to AF-related ischemic strokes and bleeds. Patient demographic information, vascular risk factors, comorbidities, and stroke characteristics were extracted using ICD-10 codes. Overall incidences were calculated using total population estimates provided by the United States Census Bureau, and relative risk was calculated by comparing annual incidences between men and women. RESULTS: 2,420,870 ischemic stroke hospitalizations were identified; 542,635 (22.4%) were associated with AF. Overall, women had similar risk of hospitalization due to AF-related ischemic strokes compared to men; however, women had a higher risk of morbidity and mortality (RR 1.13 and 1.17, respectively; both p<0.001). In contrast, women had lower incidences of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality due to AF-related bleeds (RR 0.82, 0.94, and 0.74, respectively; all p<0.001). Among patients with AF-related ischemic strokes, women had lower rates of anticoagulation use, higher rates of large vessel occlusion, and higher stroke severity (all p<0.001). These trends persisted among patients 80 years or older (all p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Women in the United States have higher incidences of morbidity and mortality from AF-related ischemic strokes than men. Future studies should investigate strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality due to AF-related strokes in women.

Uncertainty-aware deep-learning model for prediction of supratentorial hematoma expansion from admission non-contrast head computed tomography scan.

Hematoma expansion (HE) is a modifiable risk factor and a potential treatment target in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to train and validate deep-learning models for high-confidence prediction of supratentorial ICH expansion, based on admission non-contrast head Computed Tomography (CT). Applying Monte Carlo dropout and entropy of deep-learning model predictions, we estimated the model uncertainty and identified patients at high risk of HE with high confidence. Using the receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (AUC), we compared the deep-learning model prediction performance with multivariable models based on visual markers of HE determined by expert reviewers. We randomly split a multicentric dataset of patients (4-to-1) into training/cross-validation (n = 634) versus test (n = 159) cohorts. We trained and tested separate models for prediction of ≥6 mL and ≥3 mL ICH expansion. The deep-learning models achieved an AUC = 0.81 for high-confidence prediction of HE≥6 mL and AUC = 0.80 for prediction of HE≥3 mL, which were higher than visual maker models AUC = 0.69 for HE≥6 mL (p = 0.036) and AUC = 0.68 for HE≥3 mL (p = 0.043). Our results show that fully automated deep-learning models can identify patients at risk of supratentorial ICH expansion based on admission non-contrast head CT, with high confidence, and more accurately than benchmark visual markers.

Time-Dependent Changes in Hematoma Expansion Rate after Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Its Relationship with Neurological Deterioration and Functional Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Hematoma expansion (HE) following an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a modifiable risk factor and a treatment target. We examined the association of HE with neurological deterioration (ND), functional outcome, and mortality based on the time gap from onset to baseline CT. METHODS: We included 567 consecutive patients with supratentorial ICH and baseline head CT within 24 h of onset. ND was defined as a ≥4-point increase on the NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) or a ≥2-point drop on the Glasgow coma scale. Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin score of 4 to 6 at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: The rate of HE was higher among those scanned within 3 h (124/304, 40.8%) versus 3 to 24 h post-ICH onset (53/263, 20.2%) (p < 0.001). However, HE was an independent predictor of ND (p < 0.001), poor outcome (p = 0.010), and mortality (p = 0.003) among those scanned within 3 h, as well as those scanned 3-24 h post-ICH (p = 0.043, p = 0.037, and p = 0.004, respectively). Also, in a subset of 180/567 (31.7%) patients presenting with mild symptoms (NIHSS ≤ 5), hematoma growth was an independent predictor of ND (p = 0.026), poor outcome (p = 0.037), and mortality (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Despite decreasing rates over time after ICH onset, HE remains an independent predictor of ND, functional outcome, and mortality among those presenting >3 h after onset or with mild symptoms.

Peri-hematomal edema shape features related to 3-month outcome in acute supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Perihematomal edema (PHE) represents secondary brain injury and a potential treatment target in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, studies differ on optimal PHE volume metrics as prognostic factor(s) after spontaneous, non-traumatic ICH. This study examines associations of baseline and 24-h PHE shape features with 3-month outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 796 patients from a multicentric trial dataset and manually segmented ICH and PHE on baseline and follow-up CTs, extracting 14 shape features. We explored the association of baseline, follow-up, difference (baseline/follow-up) and temporal rate (difference/time gap) of PHE shape changes with 3-month modified Rankin Score (mRS) - using Spearman correlation. Then, using multivariable analysis, we determined if PHE shape features independently predict outcome adjusting for patients' age, sex, NIH stroke scale (NIHSS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and hematoma volume. RESULTS: Baseline PHE maximum diameters across various planes, main axes, volume, surface, and sphericity correlated with 3-month mRS adjusting for multiple comparisons. The 24-h difference and temporal change rates of these features had significant association with outcome - but not the 24-h absolute values. In multivariable regression, baseline PHE shape sphericity (OR = 2.04, CI = 1.71-2.43) and volume (OR = 0.99, CI = 0. 98-1.0), alongside admission NIHSS (OR = 0.86, CI = 0.83-0.88), hematoma volume (OR = 0.99, CI = 0. 99-1.0), and age (OR = 0.96, CI = 0.95-0.97) were independent predictors of favorable outcomes. CONCLUSION: In acute ICH patients, PHE shape sphericity at baseline emerged as an independent prognostic factor, with a less spherical (more irregular) shape associated with worse outcome. The PHE shape features absolute values over the first 24 h provide no added prognostic value to baseline metrics.

Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) of direct-to-angiography pathway for acute ischemic stroke patients with suspected large vessel occlusion.

INTRODUCTION: Direct-to-angiography (DTA) is a novel care pathway for endovascular treatment (EVT) of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) that has been shown to reduce time-to-treatment and improve clinical outcomes for EVT-eligible patients. The institutional costs of adopting the DTA pathway and the many factors affecting costs have not been studied. In this study, we assess the costs and main cost drivers associated with the DTA pathway compared to the conventional CT pathway for patients presenting with AIS and suspected LVO in the anterior circulation. METHODS: Time driven activity based costing (TDABC) model was used to compare costs of DTA and conventional pathways from the healthcare institution perspective. Process mapping was used to outline all activities and resources (personnel, equipment, materials) needed for each step in both pathways. The cost model was developed using our institutional patient database and average New York state wages for personnel costs. Total, incremental and proportional costs were calculated based on institutional and patient factors affecting the pathways. RESULTS: DTA pathway accrued additional $82,583.61 (9%) in total costs compared to the conventional approach for all AIS patients. For EVT-ineligible patients, the DTA pathway incurred additional $82,964.37 (76%) in total costs compared to the CT pathway. For EVT eligible patients, the total and per-patient costs were greater in the CT pathway by $380.76 (0.04%) and $5.60 (0.04%) respectively. CONCLUSION: As the DTA pathway incurred additional $82,964.37 for EVT-ineligible patients, appropriate patient selection criteria are needed to avoid transferring EVT-ineligible patients to the angiography suite.

Predictors for large vessel recanalization before stroke thrombectomy: the HALT score.

BACKGROUND: Large vessel recanalization (LVR) before endovascular therapy (EVT) for acute large vessel ischemic strokes is a poorly understood phenomenon. Better understanding of predictors for LVR is important for optimizing stroke triage and patient selection for bridging thrombolysis. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients presenting to a comprehensive stroke center for EVT treatment were identified from 2018 to 2022. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) use, and LVR before EVT were recorded. Factors independently associated with different rates of LVR were identified, and a prediction model for LVR was constructed. RESULTS: 640 patients were identified. 57 (8.9%) patients had LVR before EVT. A minority (36.4%) of LVR patients had significant improvements in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Independent predictors for LVR were identified and used to construct the 8-point HALT score: hyperlipidemia (1 point), atrial fibrillation (1 point), location of vascular occlusion (internal carotid: 0 points, M1: 1 point, M2: 2 points, vertebral/basilar: 3 points), and thrombolysis at least 1.5 hours before angiography (3 points). The HALT score had an area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC) of 0.85 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.90, P<0.001) for predicting LVR. LVR before EVT occurred in only 1 of 302 patients (0.3%) with low (0-2) HALT scores. CONCLUSIONS: IVT at least 1.5 hours before angiography, site of vascular occlusion, atrial fibrillation, and hyperlipidemia are independent predictors for LVR. The 8-point HALT score proposed in this study may be a valuable tool for predicting LVR before EVT.

Analysis of Medical Malpractice Claims Involving Interventional Radiologists: A Comprehensive Analysis From Two National Legal Databases.

PURPOSE: The nature of lawsuits involving interventional radiologists (IRs) is not well understood. The purposes of this article are to provide an overview of the causes of action underlying medical malpractice lawsuits related to IRs and to characterize the associated factors and outcomes. METHODS: Two large legal databases were used to search for US legal cases in which there were jury awards and settlements involving IRs in the United States. Cases were screened to include only those cases in which the cause of action involved negligence on the part of IRs. RESULTS: A total of 389 published case summaries were identified, of which 93 were eligible to be included in the analysis. In 46% of the cases (43 of 93), medical malpractice was alleged against an individual IR, whereas in 43% (40 of 93), it was alleged against both an individual IR and a health care institution. Thirty-five percent of IR malpractice cases (33 of 93) involved the performance of a vascular procedure, most commonly embolization procedures (30% [n = 10]), stenting or angioplasty (21% [n = 7]), and diagnostic arteriography and angiography (18% [n = 6]). Twenty-six percent of cases (24 of 93) involved IR performance of a biopsy. Eighteen percent of cases (17 of 93) involved a failure to gain informed consent in addition to an allegation of medical negligence during treatment. Eleven percent of cases (10 of 93) were resolved by settlement, with an average settlement amount of $877,500 (range, $200,000-$2,700,000). Among the 72 cases that went to trial, 74% (53 of 72) resulted in judgments for the defendants, and 26% (19 of 72) resulted in judgements for the plaintiffs, with an average award of $2,012,243 (range, $101,667-$6,400,000). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular procedures and biopsies were the most frequent reasons for malpractice lawsuits involving IRs. Failure to gain informed consent in addition to an allegation of medical negligence during treatment was not infrequent. Although the majority of published medical malpractice claims involving IRs resulted in judgments in favor of the defendants, the average amount awarded to plaintiffs was higher compared with previous data reported for all physicians.