RESUMEN
How far do marine larvae disperse in the ocean? Decades of population genetic studies have revealed generally low levels of genetic structure at large spatial scales (hundreds of kilometres). Yet this result, typically based on discrete sampling designs, does not necessarily imply extensive dispersal. Here, we adopt a continuous sampling strategy along 950 km of coast in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea to address this question in four species. In line with expectations, we observe weak genetic structure at a large spatial scale. Nevertheless, our continuous sampling strategy uncovers a pattern of isolation by distance at small spatial scales (few tens of kilometres) in two species. Individual-based simulations indicate that this signal is an expected signature of restricted dispersal. At the other extreme of the connectivity spectrum, two pairs of individuals that are closely related genetically were found more than 290 km apart, indicating long-distance dispersal. Such a combination of restricted dispersal with rare long-distance dispersal events is supported by a high-resolution biophysical model of larval dispersal in the study area, and we posit that it may be common in marine species. Our results bridge population genetic studies with direct dispersal studies and have implications for the design of marine reserve networks.
Asunto(s)
Flujo Génico , Genética de Población , Animales , Humanos , Larva/genética , Mar MediterráneoAsunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacocinética , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Humanos , Cooperación del Paciente , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/farmacocinética , Inhibidores de la Transcriptasa Inversa/farmacología , Insuficiencia del TratamientoRESUMEN
New cervical smears were obtained from 24 patients with a cytologic diagnosis of typical condyloma for a cytochemical assay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in the koilocytes that are pathognomonic of this lesion. The smears were air dried and were processed according to Nachlas' modified technique. The controls used were smears from normal cases (which show no G6PDH activity), from dysplasias (which show high levels) and from carcinomas (which show very high G6PDH levels). In the cases of typical condyloma studied, the level of G6PDH was null in 16 (66.7%), very low in 2 (8.3%) and low in 6 (25.0%). If this assay for G6PDH gives the total enzymatic activity of the cell, showing low enzymatic levels in condylomas and high enzymatic levels in dysplasias and carcinomas, an increase in G6PDH activity could indicate the transition of an intraepithelial lesion from condyloma to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.