[Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric studies of volatile emissions from plants for the assessment of the effectiveness and chemical safety of the implementation of environment improving phytotechnologies].

The chromato-mass-spectrometric studies of volatile emissions of fresh-cut roses have revealed the persistence of wide range of organic compounds. The most large content was consist of terpene hydrocarbons. The contribution of oxygen-containing components (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones) varied in wide ranges in dependence on the content of the feeding solution. The significant part of plants ' volatiles has no hygienic norm. Among the substances released into the air space ofpremises with volatile emissions ofplants, a significant part has not hygienic standards. Purposeful change in composition of the mixture of volatile organic compounds released by the plants, in the combination with chemical-analytical control of the content of these substances by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in terms of ecological and hygienic aspects may be useful in the development, use and determination of the optimal conditions of the implementation of environment improving phytotechnologies and evaluation of the efficacy and safety of their impact on public health.

[The importance of sanitary microbiological indices in the evaluation of epidemiological safety of water use in conditions of chemical contamination of water].

The increasing chemicalization of production and life leads to the pollution of water bodies by chemicals, the effect of which on the micro - and macro - organisms is poorly understood. This section of the study in sanitary bacteriology is becoming ever more topical and is an important task of modern hygienic science. One of complicacies of the study of the problem is related with the fact that the presence of only experimental data fails to be sufficient, as the impact of any given chemical substance on different bacteria in the experiment does not mean that under natural conditions, similar results will be obtained. One reason for this may be the inhibitory effect of the given chemical on biological properties of bacteria, while in field conditions in the water several chemicals interacting with each other can exist. In this regard, the aim of the work was to assess the indicator value of sanitary and microbiological indices of epidemic hazard of water use in conditions of chemical pollution of surface water bodies.

[MONITORING OF THE CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS AND ELEMENTS IN THE SNOW COVER IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS AT THE TERRITORY OF THE MOSCOW REGION].

The monitoring of snow cover pollution by heavy metals and elements (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, strontium, manganese, fluorine, lithium) was performed in 20 districts of the Moscow region in 2009, 2012 and 2013. The assessment of the levels of contamination by heavy metals and elements was given by means of comparison of them with the average values in the snow cover near Moscow in the end of the last century and in some areas of the world, that no exposed to technological environmental impact. 7 districts of Moscow region were characterized by a high content of lead and cadmium in the snow water. It requires the control of water, soil and agricultural products pollution.

[CHEMICAL-ANALYTICAL ASPECTS OF THE COMPLEX IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE POPULATION'S HEALTH].

In the study of the complex action of environmental factors the important step is the consideration of the multi-component composition of chemical substances which affect the human in the real conditions of the environmental pollution. In the study of complex action of environmental factors it is expedient to use the algorithm of chemical analytical studies, envisaging the implementation of the identity analysis with the quantitative assessment ofpossibly the fullest array of pollutants and the subsequent selection of leading indices on the base of the evaluation of the identified multi-component composition ofthe pollution according to the degree of their hygienic significance in view of the proposed set of criteria.

[Chemical analytical aspects of hygiene safety of the use of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in the production of gasoline].

There was developed, certified and recommended for the practical application the technique for control in the water used as a high-octane oxygenated gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether with the use of chromatography-mass spectrometry method with a sensitivity of (0.005 mg/dm3) below the level of existing foreign regulations. Technique is introduced into the Federal Information Fund to ensure the unity of measurements. The possibility of applying the proposed method of analysis for monitoring chemical contamination of water sources and the quality control and safety of drinking water has been shown.

[Monitoring of the chemical composition of snow cover pollution in the Moscow region].

Monitoring of snow cover pollution as an indicator of ambient air pollution in 20 districts in the Moscow region during 2009-2013 was performed. The identification with a quantitative assessment of a wide array of organic compounds and the control of the main physical and chemical and inorganic indices of snow water pollution were carried out. More than 60 organic substances for most of which there are no the hygienic standards were established. The assessment of pollution levels of basic inorganic indices was given by means of the comparing them with the average values in the snow cover in the European territory of Russia and natural content in areas not been exposed to human impact.

[The concept of the development of the state of chemical-analytical environmental monitoring].

Chemical and analytical monitoring of the quality of environment is based on the accounting of the trace amount of substances. Considering the multicomponent composition of the environment and running processes of transformation of substances in it, in determination of the danger of the exposure to the chemical pollution of environment on population health there is necessary evaluation based on the simultaneous account of complex of substances really contained in the environment and supplying from different sources. Therefore, in the analytical monitoring of the quality and safety of the environment there is a necessary conversion from the orientation, based on the investigation of specific target substances, to estimation of real complex of compounds.

[Electrothermal atomic absorption determination of arsenic in plants and plant products].

The authors have developed the optimal temperature-time parameters of electrothermal atomic absorption determination of arsenic in plants after their acid predigestion. The matrix modifier is 1% nickel nitrate or palladium nitrate solution. Cuvettes (ovens) are simple, made of porous or pyrolytic graphite. The analytical program is suitable for both spectrometers with Zeeman and deuterium background correction. The correctness of the procedure has been estimated from the results of analysis of state reference samples certified for their arsenic content. The coefficient of variation was 20-35% for the concentration range of 0.02-0.2 mg/kg.

[Determination of ammonia in ambient air by ion chromatography].

The use of the well-known methods for testing the content of ammonia in the air of a populated area at the average daily maximum allowable concentration (0.04 mg/m3) is associated with the high requirement for chemical reagents and with considerable time. Deionized water proposed to be used as an absorption solution in the sample collector with the final ion chromatographic determination of ammonia is an alternative to solving the problem and enables air ammonia to be determined with a sensitivity of 0.02 mg/dm3.

[Hygienic bases for listing the indicators for evaluation and control of the safety of drinking water].

The authors describe their developed methodology to draw up lists for drinking water quality control on the whole territory of the Russian Federation and at specific waterworks of its subjects. The paper considers a 4-step scheme for applying the methodology and a possibility of its use to add and shorten the lists, by keeping in mind the local sanitary situation. The proposed scheme for listing the priority substances and indicators may be regarded as the optimal solution for equalization of mutually exclusive trends in the quality control of drinking water by a sanitary service and water canals and ensures its safety to human health, reasonably focusing attention only on the minimum of actually priority substances that are individual to each water supply system.

[Chemoanalytical studies in the hygienic safety assessment of the influence of biological factors on the population's health].

Chromatography-mass spectrometric identification of chemical pollutants released into the ambient air and water prior to and after microbiotic purification facilities, as well as those contained in the sludge has indicated a risk from underestimation of transformation and biotransformation products resulting from the influence of biological factors. Methods for physicochemical analysis have demonstrated to be of importance for adequate hygienic evaluation of the safety and efficiency of novel technologies for biological purification of atmospheric emissions and industrial and household sewage.

[Problems in the monitoring of bromine-containing substances in the drinking water].

The water concentrations of bromide ions at the level of 0.2 mg/dm3 or higher, which are sufficient for redox reaction of humin compounds under the action of potent oxidizing agents present a potential hazard in the hygienic terms of formation of transformation products, which also agrees with the hygienic standards. The concentration of bromide ions below 0.1 mg/dm3 can be considered to be relatively safe in the terms of production of organobromine compounds.

[Transformation of surfactants in different ways of water disinfection].

Evaluation of the efficacy ofoxidants on the destruction of bisquartemary ammonium salts (BAS) in water demonstrated that the highest destruction effectiveness was achieved upon exposure to ozone (87%), potassium permanganate (68.2%), ultraviolet radiation (37.8%), by chlorination with gas chlorine (35.4%), lime chloride (24.1%), the least destruction was achieved by chlorination with sodium hypochlorite (21.9%). There was a more than 2-fold increase in the level of low-molecular impurities upon chlorine exposure of the water containing BAS as a result of transformation processes. In ozone treatment of BAS, unlike its chlorination, there was as high as 2-fold decrease in the concentration of C6-C9 alcohols present in their composition, giving rise to C6-C9 aldehydes (0.5%) and C6-C9 organic acids (as high as 3% of the mass content).

[Problems of chemicoanalytical studies in the hygienic assessment of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies].

By now the hygienic assessment of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies and the evaluation of their safety to human health in full measure present a challenging task. The major complexities are associated with the small sizes of particles of structural constituents, the high extent of phase boundaries and interface, the possibility of forming metastable, so far unstudied phases, high reactivity, etc. In some cases, the physicochemical features of nanomaterials keep the existing study methods from being used; and some procedures require major modifications or development. At the same time, the existing physicochemical analytical methods that are aimed at determining substances at the level of microconcentrations, the sensitivity of which meets hygienic standards requirements may be used to evaluate the efficiency of nanotechnologies. Spectral analytical tests, such as atomic emission and atomic absorption analyses that determine as many as 80 elements of the Periodic System on present-day spectrometers, as well as ultraviolet, infrared, optical, microwave, and radiospectroscopic techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, high-resolution electron microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray and ultraviolet photospectroscopies, and Auger spectroscopy, may be employed to determine the elemental composition of nanomaterials and the sizes and surface of particles.

[Oil pollution of a number of Moscow residential and recreational areas].

The soils of residential areas were studied in different Moscow districts differing in the level of a man-caused load. Oil pollution was estimated by the soil content of oil hydrocarbons. A correlation was established between the levels of hydrocarbons and the sanitary ill-being of the city's soils.

[Hygienic evaluation of the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on the soils of megapolises].

The paper gives the results of studying the quantity of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Moscow soil, as well as the latter's hygienic evaluation by the changes in acidity (pH) and redox potential and by the sanitary state (the levels of Escherichia coli and viable helminthic eggs). The study has ascertained that the petroleum-polluted soils show changes in medium pH and redox conditions that determine the biological activity of the substances and the trend in their disintegration processes and revealed a relationship of thy sanitary state of Moscow soils to their level of petroleum hydrocarbons.

[Buccal epithelial micronuclear test in the comprehensive assessment of children's ecological well-being in Moscow].

In the buccal epithelial micronuclear test, only the higher frequency of cells with any nuclear degenerative changes is considered to be attributable to the adverse influence of environmental factors. Comprehensive examination of 223 children of 5-7 years of age, going to kindergartens and schools has indicated that the frequency of cells with nuclear chromatin condensation and incomplete nuclear lysis decreased when ambient air contamination was increased in the territories of children's establishments and when the child's throat was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus or the pharyngeal resident microflora inhibited. Some poor conditions of the nasal and buccal mucosae were also associated with the increase or decrease of cell frequencies. It is suggested that nuclear chromatin condensation and nuclear lysis (rather than other signs of cell degeneration and death) reflect natural cell aging. A moderate toxic effect causes epitheliocytic physiological development retardation and a more intensive effect accelerates aging of cells and induces their death.

[Assessment of real risk of urban chemical exposure to the population's health].

Improving the chemoanalytical quality control of the urban environment requires transition from the assessment considering only certain things determined by target analyses to the comprehensive assessment based on monitoring with the identification of the maximally complete spectra of substances contained in the environmental objects and coming from the sources of pollution, by using the appropriate algorithm; identification, quantifying a spectrum of pollutants as completely as possible; selection of the leading indices, by evaluating the detected composition of pollutions from the degree of their hygienic significance, by taking into account a set of criteria (detection rate, concentrations, group affiliation, specificity for a nearby source of pollution in the check of drinking water, a capacity for transformation, possible formation of more toxic transformation products); and monitoring through target tests by the chosen leading indices.

[Hygienic assessment of a recirculatory combined air-conditioning extract-and-input system in office building].

The high concentrations of lead were reveled in the air and dust of some premises and on the filters of a combined air-conditioning extract-and-input system in the high-rise office buildings located in the ecologically lead favorable environment. The dust content of lead in some premises on the first floors dust was as high as 200 mg/kg, which was more than 6 times higher than that in the soil at the highway near the office buildings. The use of new technologies and devices for cleaning and optimizing the air in the premises requires analytical studies to assess the quality of the environment, by taking into account the optimal conditions of their operation.