Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001-2003.

In 2001-2003, >60,000 km of aerial surveys and 7,700 km of vessel surveys were conducted during June to November when critically endangered Korean-Okhotsk or western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were present off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. Results of surveys in all years indicated gray whales occurred in predominantly two areas, (1) adjacent to Piltun Bay, and (2) offshore from Chayvo Bay, hereafter referred to as the Piltun and offshore feeding areas. In the Piltun feeding area, the majority of whales were observed in waters shallower than 20 m and were distributed from several hundred meters to approximately 5 km from the shoreline. In the offshore feeding area during all years, the distribution of gray whales extended from southwest to northeast in waters 30-65 m in depth. During all years, the distribution and abundance of whales changed in both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas, and both north-south and inshore-offshore movements were documented within and between feeding seasons. The discovery of a significant number of whales feeding in the offshore area each year was a substantial finding of this study and raises questions regarding western gray whale abundance and population levels, feeding behavior and ecology, and individual site-fidelity. Fluctuations in the number of whales observed within the Piltun and offshore feeding areas and few sightings outside of these two areas indicate that gray whales move between the Piltun and offshore feeding areas during their summer-fall feeding season. Seasonal shifts in the distribution and abundance of gray whales between and within both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas are thought, in part, to be a response to seasonal changes in the distribution and abundance of prey. However, the mechanism driving the movements of whales along the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island is likely very complex and influenced by a multitude of factors.

[Adaptive changes in the cardiac automatism of the sea otter Enhydra lutris]. / Prisposobitel'nye izmeneniia avtomatizma serdtsa kalana Enhydra lutris.

Electrographic investigations in sea otters reveal acute decrease in the heart rate (to 1/2--1/8 of the normal rate) during diving. The longer the dive, the more intense the bradycardia. Each partial exhalation under water causes further decrease in the heart rate. The duration of cardiac cycles (R--R) increases mainly at the expense of the prolongation of diastole (T--P). Variations in the heart rate during submersion result from the increased vagal tone. Atropine injections abolish diving bradycardia. On surfacing, the animals exhibit a pronounced recovery tachycardia.