Determinants of unmet need for contraceptive method among young married women in Ethiopia: Multilevel analysis of Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016.

BACKGROUND: The notion of unmet need for family planning indicates the gap between women's contraceptive practice and their reproductive intention. Although universal access to sexual and reproductive health services including contraceptive methods is a bedrock for sustainable development goals, the unmet need for contraception is high among young women in low-income countries including Ethiopia. The unmet need for contraception is associated with unintended pregnancy which most of the time end in unsafe abortion. Hence, this study aimed to assess the determinants of unmet need for family planning among young married women in Ethiopia using nationally representative data. METHOD: This study utilized secondary data collected in the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). A two-stage cluster sampling method was used. The analysis included a total of 2444 sexually active married young women (15-24 years). Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify individual and community level factors associated with unmet need for contraceptives and the results were presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence interval (CI), declaring statistical significance at a p-value <0.05 in all analyses. RESULTS: In this study, the prevalence of unmet need for contraceptive method among married young women was 18.4% [95% CI: (16.9, 20.0)]. Female head of the household [AOR: 1.62, CI (1.25, 2.11)], primary level of education [AOR: 1.53, CI: (1.16, 2.03)], family size ≥5 [AOR: 1.53, 95%CI: (1.22, 1.93)], undecided to have child [AOR: 2.86, 95%CI: (1.58, 5.20)] and infecund [AOR: 1.54, 95%CI: (1.08, 2.20)] were factors positively associated with unmet need for family planning. Whereas the odds of unmet need for contraceptive method was lower among women-initiated sex between 15-17 years and >17 years [AOR:0.72, 95%CI (0.53, 0.98)] and [AOR: 0.58, 95%CI: (0.40, 0.85)] respectively and community with high proportion of poverty [AOR: 0.68, 95%CI: (0.46, 0.99)]. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of unmet need for contraceptive methods among young married women was relatively high. Being female household head, age at first sexual intercourse, educational status of the woman, family size, desire for more children, and community poverty were significantly associated with unmet need for family planning. Hence, interventions targeting these special populations at the individual and community level would play a paramount role in meeting the unmet need for contraception among young married women in Ethiopia.

Malaria Risk Perception and Preventive Behaviors Among Elementary School Students, Southwest Ethiopia. Generalized Structural Equation Model.

Background: In 2020, more than three billion of the world's population were the risk of being infected with malaria and four out of five deaths were from the African population. However, information is scarce on the association between risk perceptions and malaria prevention behaviors in resource-limited countries, particularly Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess malaria risk perceptions and preventive behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 401 elementary school students in Jimma zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, from April 2 to June 8, 2020. Data were collected through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi-data 4.6 and analyzed using STATA version 14.2. The descriptive statistics were presented using frequency and percentages. A Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.7 or higher was used to assess the reliability of each domain. The Generalized Structural Equation Model (GSEM) was employed to examine the relationships and prediction of explanatory variables with risk perception and preventive behaviors of malaria. The model with a lower information criterion was taken as a better-fitting model. Finally, the statistically significant model effects were declared at a P-value of less than 0.05 at a confidence interval of 95%. Results: This study showed that having knowledge about malaria had an indirect positive effect on malaria preventive behavior (ß = 1.29, 95% CI 0.11 to 2.47), and had a positive total effect on the preventive behavior (ß = 2.99, 95% CI 0.08 to 2.67). Besides, an increased knowledge level had a direct positive effect on malaria risk perceptions (ß = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.14), and malaria risk perception had a direct positive effect on malaria preventive behavior (ß = 1.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.31). Conclusion and Recommendation: This study demonstrated that having knowledge about malaria had a direct and indirect association with malaria preventive behavior. An increased level of knowledge had a direct positive effect on malaria risk perceptions. Moreover, malaria risk perception had a direct positive effect on malaria preventive behavior. Therefore, malaria prevention-targeted interventions, behavior change, and knowledge enhancing communication should be enhanced or scaled up to contribute to prompt treatment and progress toward the elimination of malaria.

Quality of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa using Demographic and Health Surveys: A multilevel analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Antenatal care offers a forum for critical healthcare functions, including health education, screening, and disease prevention. Several pocket studies carried out in specific localities of East African countries were investigated. However, these were neither representative of the country nor specific to the recommended minimum of four antenatal care visits. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with quality of antenatal care among pregnant women in East Africa. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was done using Demographic and Health Survey data of six East African Countries from 2008 to 2018. A total of 46,656 women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey were included in this study. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was fitted. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as significant factors associated with the quality of antenatal care. RESULTS: The magnitude of quality of antenatal care in East Africa was 11.16% (95% confidence interval: 10.87-11.45). Women of age 35-49 (adjusted odds ratio = 1.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.25-1.80), primary education (adjusted odds ratio = 1.35; 95% confidence interval: 1.18-1.55), richest wealth index (adjusted odds ratio = 2.35; 95% confidence interval: 2.02-2.74), and rural resident (adjusted odds ratio = 0.62; 95% confidence interval: 0.55-0.69) were among factors significantly associated with quality of antenatal care. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of antenatal care quality was low in East Africa. Age, level of education, wealth index, birth order, husband/partners' level of education, residence, and living countries were among the factors associated with the quality of antenatal care. It would be useful to increase financial support strategies that enable mothers from poor households to use health services and enhance women's understanding of the significance of antenatal care utilization through health education targeting both women and partners with no education is very crucial.

Child Vaccination Coverage, Trends and Predictors in Eastern Ethiopia: Implication for Sustainable Development Goals.

BACKGROUND: Every year, immunization prevents about 4-5 million child fatalities from vaccine preventable morbidities. Conversely, in Ethiopia, achieving full coverage of vaccination has continued to be challenging. Socio-demographic, caregivers and child related factors determine vaccination coverage. Therefore, this study aimed to find out recent coverage, trends in coverage, and its predictors in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS: A population-based longitudinal study design was conducted among 14,246 children aged 12-24 months from 2017 to 2021 in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System site (KHDSS). The data were collected from caregivers of the child by face to face interview. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of vaccination. The association between vaccination coverage and its predictors was presented by adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. A p-value of <0.05 was used to establish statistical significance. RESULTS: From the 14,198 included children, only 39% of children were fully vaccinated, with highest proportion in 2020 (45%) and lowest proportion in 2019 (32%). In comparison to fully vaccinated, being partially vaccinated was positively associated with older maternal age, rural residence, unemployment, rich wealth index, no antenatal care, facility delivery, and birth order whereas negatively associated with semi-urban residence. In compared to fully vaccinated, being not vaccinated was positively associated with older maternal age, rural residence, maternal education, unemployment, and no antenatal care whereas negatively associated with semi-urban residence, poor wealth index, multipara, grand multipara, and facility delivery. CONCLUSION: Less than two-fifths of children aged 12 to 24 months were fully vaccinated. Socio-demographic factors and maternity care utilization were found to be predictors of vaccination coverage. Therefore, strategies that emphasize women's empowerment in terms of education, economy, and employment status, and enhancing maternal healthcare utilization may improve vaccination coverage.

Survival and Predictors of Mortality Among Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Bombe Primary Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: Institution-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal mortality includes all deaths of neonate occurring before the 28th day of life. Neonatal mortality has been declining over two decades in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. The foremost causes of death are preventable and treatable. Regardless, recognizing the predictors may be a crucial step in lowering neonatal mortality. However, evidences on the survival status of neonates and/or neonatal death predictors were limited in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. Thus, this study aimed to answer these questions. METHODS: An institution-based retrospective cohort study was done among 380 Neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Bombe Primary Hospital from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019. Bivariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of mortality. Association was summarized using adjusted hazard ratio (AHR), and statistical significances were declared at 95% CI and P-value <0.05. Proportionality assumption was tested by a global test based on Schoenfeld residuals analysis. RESULTS: The overall incidence of neonatal mortality was 20.8 (95% CI: 15.2, 28.5) per 1000 neonatal days. Late initiation of early breastfeeding (EBF) after 1 hr. [AHR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.32, 6.37], 5th min APGAR score <5 [AHR: 3; 95% CI: 1.32; 6.88], low birth weight [AHR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.1,6.26], hypothermia [AHR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 6.22] and mothers' time of rupture of membrane >12 hours before delivery [AHR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.25, 4.97] were increased the risk of neonatal mortality, while cesarean section delivery 91.6% [AHR= 0.084; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.65] and antenatal care (ANC) utilization 61% [AHR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.15-0.91] decreased the risk of neonatal mortality. CONCLUSION: The incidence of neonatal mortality rate was high at the Bombe primary hospital. Therefore, to improve neonatal survival, it is recommended that complications and low birth weight be managed, that early exclusive breastfeeding be initiated, that service quality be improved, and that a continuum of care be ensured.