Patient-reported outcome use in oncology: a systematic review of the impact on patient-clinician communication.

PURPOSE: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are an increasingly popular tool to optimize care and bridge the gap between patient experience and clinician understanding. The aim of this review was to identify mechanisms through which PROs facilitate patient-clinician communication in the adult oncology population. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the published literature using the following data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cab Direct, and CDSR. Studies included in this review reported on the outcomes of PRO use, used PROs as an intervention and not as a study outcome measurement tool, included cancer patients or survivors as study participants, and analyzed patient-clinician communication. RESULTS: We identified 610 unique records, of which 43 publications met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Synthesis of the reviewed studies provided evidence of the usefulness of PROs in facilitating patient-clinician communication on a variety of topics. We identified mechanisms though which PROs influenced patient-clinician communication to include increasing symptom awareness, prompting discussion, streamlining consultations, and facilitating inter-professional communication. Barriers to PRO use in communication improvement include technical problems impeding its administration and completion, compliance issues due to lack of incentive or forgetfulness, and use of PROs that do not appropriately assess issues relevant to the patient. Facilitators include increased education on PRO use, using PRO tools that patients find more acceptable, and providing patient data summaries in an easily accessible format for clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: Our review suggests that PROs facilitate patient-clinician communication through various mechanisms that could perhaps contribute to improvements in symptom management and survival. The impact of PROs on clinical outcomes, however, remains poorly studied.

Canadian Guidelines for Controlled Pediatric Donation After Circulatory Determination of Death-Summary Report

OBJECTIVES: Create trustworthy, rigorous, national clinical practice guidelines for the practice of pediatric donation after circulatory determination of death in Canada. METHODS: We followed a process of clinical practice guideline development based on World Health Organization and Canadian Medical Association methods. This included application of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. Questions requiring recommendations were generated based on 1) 2006 Canadian donation after circulatory determination of death guidelines (not pediatric specific), 2) a multidisciplinary symposium of national and international pediatric donation after circulatory determination of death leaders, and 3) a scoping review of the pediatric donation after circulatory determination of death literature. Input from these sources drove drafting of actionable questions and Good Practice Statements, as defined by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation group. We performed additional literature reviews for all actionable questions. Evidence was assessed for quality using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation and then formulated into evidence profiles that informed recommendations through the evidence-to-decision framework. Recommendations were revised through consensus among members of seven topic-specific working groups and finalized during meetings of working group leads and the planning committee. External review was provided by pediatric, critical care, and critical care nursing professional societies and patient partners. RESULTS: We generated 63 Good Practice Statements and seven Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation recommendations covering 1) ethics, consent, and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy, 2) eligibility, 3) withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy practices, 4) ante and postmortem interventions, 5) death determination, 6) neonatal pediatric donation after circulatory determination of death, 7) cardiac and innovative pediatric donation after circulatory determination of death, and 8) implementation. For brevity, 48 Good Practice Statement and truncated justification are included in this summary report. The remaining recommendations, detailed methodology, full Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tables, and expanded justifications are available in the full text report. CONCLUSIONS: This process showed that rigorous, transparent clinical practice guideline development is possible in the domain of pediatric deceased donation. Application of these recommendations will increase access to pediatric donation after circulatory determination of death across Canada and may serve as a model for future clinical practice guideline development in deceased donation

Carotid endarterectomy after Doppler ultrasonographic examination without angiography.

We prospectively reviewed our experience with 32 carotid endarterectomies in 30 patients performed without angiography in a 7 year period. Although this represents 6.7 percent of our total experience with carotid endarterectomy in this period, carotid endarterectomy without angiography is increasing and comprises 17 percent of the last 2 years' total. We have adhered to strict criteria for patient selection that identifies circumstances for a safe operative experience in seven broad categories. Evidence is also presented to reduce an overriding concern for intracranial aneurysms and siphon stenosis if either one exists unrecognized. We are hopeful that in the future, the latter will be identified by intracranial Doppler studies currently being performed. Our experience in this small series has been favorable, with intraoperatively measured lesions equal to the preoperative noninvasive predictions. We suggest that Doppler ultrasonography in its current form can be effectively used in place of conventional angiography or digital subtraction angiography in selected patients.

The St. Jude experience.

This paper covers our experience with the use of the St. Jude prosthetic heart valve from November 1979 through August 1983 in 91 patients operated on for aortic and mitral valve replacement. Nonfatal complications included hemorrhagic sequela due to anticoagulation, with an annual rate of 1 percent (1.4 percent per 100 patient years), thromboembolism with an annual rate of 0.8 percent (0.87 percent per 100 patient years), sternal infection 1 percent, operative cardiovascular accident 1 percent, and pericardial tamponade 1 percent. Operative mortality was 1 percent, early mortality (within 30 days) was 3 percent, and late mortality was 3 percent, with a total overall mortality of 7 percent. Excluding two patients who died from noncardiac causes, the overall mortality was 5 percent. The mortality rate per year was 2 percent. The survival rate 3.8 years postoperatively was 89 percent for mitral valve replacement patients and 93 percent for aortic valve replacement patients, for an overall 38 year survival rate of 92 percent. All patients were anticoagulated with warfarin. There were no instances of valve failure, replacement, or serious hemolysis. Eighty-three percent were active or working with a New York heart functional class I. In our experience, the complication rate with the St. Jude valve is as low or lower than that for any other mechanical prosthetic cardiac valve available in the world today.

The middle scalene muscle and its contribution to the thoracic outlet syndrome.

The predisposing anatomic alterations or features of thoracic outlet syndrome have been tallied to better define this difficult and inchoate issue. In the last 34 supraclavicular operations involving 33 patients (for a total operative experience of 128 procedures), we have found the anterior insertion of the middle scalene muscle to be present in 48 percent of our patients. This insertion, forward on the first rib, closes an already small interscalene triangle, so that the posteriorly placed brachial plexus is entrapped or irritated by the anterior edge of this muscle, which may be very sharp and firm. In addition, 10 percent of our patients had a middle scalene band intimately associated with the middle scalene muscle, often-times inseparable, for a 58 percent incidence of middle scalene involvement in the thoracic outlet syndrome. With data such as those presented herein, a more simplified operation than the heretofore popular all-out attack on the first rib may well be in the offering.

Implantation of a larger aortic prosthetic valve in a patient with a small aortic annulus: an operative technique.

A technique for implantation of a larger aortic prosthetic valve in a small aortic annulus is described. The technique consists of passing inverted horizontal mattress sutures in the aortic annulus in the right and left coronary sinuses. In the noncoronary sinus, horizontal mattress sutures are passed from outside through a strip of Teflon felt and then through the aortic wall a few millimeters away from the annulus and finally through the sewing ring of the aortic valve prosthesis. Sutured in this manner, the valve sits below the annulus in the areas of the right and the left coronary sinuses and above the annulus in the noncoronary sinus. This technique is simple, does not add to the aortic cross-clamp time, and permits placement of a prosthesis that is at least 2-4 mm larger than the size of the annulus.

Experiences with autotransfusion during abdominal aortic aneurysm resection.

In a series of 79 elective and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm resections, the autotransfuser manufactured by the Bentley Laboratories was used in 50 patients. These 50 patients, in whom the average amount of autotransfused blood was 1,500 cc, required a smaller number of intra- and postoperative transfusions, maintained satisfactory recovery hematocrit levels and had an essentially unchanged platelet count throughout the first 24 hours. There was no evidence of laboratory or clinical coagulopathy. The autotransfusion equipment was set up and operated by the patients' technician, and proved devoid of air embolism or clotting components. Although there are many patients whose aneurysms are easily removed and grafted and who require a small number of whole blood transfusions, there still remain operative traps and pitfalls in many patients that suggest to us that the autotransfuser is a security system, and thus it is routinely set up in all cases.

Aortic valve replacement and the senior citizen.

The elderly patient, regardless of age, faces an early demise from progressive cardiac decompensation secondary to aortic valve disease. Aortic valve replacement can be carried out at a reasonable operative risk and extend the longevity to very close to that of normal life expectancy. It is our feeling, based on these results, that patients with significant symptoms secondary to aortic valvular disease, regardless of age and without other major organ problems, should be given the choice of aortic valve replacement to enhance the quality and quantity of their lives.