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QJM ; 115(6): 359-366, 2022 Jun 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34010386

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Acute extrapyramidal movement disorders in dialysis patients are rare, inconsistently defined and have uncertain aetiology and prognosis. AIM: Define diagnostic criteria, prognosis and risk factors. DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective case series review of 20 patients (14 female, mean age 62 years) receiving dialysis for a median of 15 (interquartile range 4-35) months who presented with acute parkinsonism (AP = 11) or chorea/athetosis (CA = 9). RESULTS: All patients had type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 6.8 ± 1.0) and had received metformin. Lactic acidosis was present in 2 patients at presentation and serum lactate was elevated in 7/15 patients tested. No patient had abnormal copper or thyroid metabolism and 5/8 patients tested returned marginal abnormalities in heavy metal screening. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed characteristic bilateral symmetric T2 hyperintensity of the basal ganglia (BG), predominantly putamen and globus pallidus (the lentiform nucleus) and more extensive involvement of the external and internal capsules in patients with AP presentation. Post-mortem demonstrated cytotoxic necrosis of the BG. Therapy included thiamine, intensive dialysis and cessation of metformin. Two patients died acutely, nine recovered and nine had residual symptoms. Median survival did not differ by presentation: AP 24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 21-27] and CA 33 (95% CI 32-35) months, P = 0.21. CONCLUSIONS: There are two distinct clinical extrapyramidal movement disorders associated with specific diagnostic MRI imaging that support the diagnosis of the extrapyramidal syndromes of chronic kidney disease and dialysis. The associations with diabetes, metformin and metabolic acidosis suggest a common pathogenic mechanism but require additional study. Early recognition and treatment may improve outcomes.


Asunto(s)
Acidosis Láctica , Enfermedades de los Ganglios Basales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Metformina , Trastornos del Movimiento , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Acidosis Láctica/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Ganglios Basales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Ganglios Basales/etiología , Preescolar , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Metformina/uso terapéutico , Pronóstico , Diálisis Renal , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/inducido químicamente , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/terapia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Síndrome
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