Snuffbox Versus Wrist Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistulas: 10 Years Experience.

Background The wrist radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) is the initial suggested procedure for establishing hemodialysis vascular access (HVA) in the most distal site of the upper limb. The anatomical snuffbox arteriovenous fistula (SBAVF) is barely utilised, despite its remote location. In this study, we aimed to analyse and compare the results of SBAVF and RCAVF in terms of their maturity, patency, and failure rates. Methodology This descriptive, retrospective study compared outcomes between SBAVF and RCAVF in terms of maturation, patency, and failure. All patients with chronic kidney disease who attended and underwent either procedure at Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board between 2013 and 2023 were studied. Results In a period of 10 years, 179 patients were included. Overall, 102 (57%) were male and 77 (43%) were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3:1. Wrist radiocephalic fistula was the dominant type of surgery done in 76% (n = 136), while the snuffbox radiocephalic fistula was done in fewer than 24% (n = 43) of patients. Most patients underwent a successful arteriovenous (AV) fistula (n = 105, 58.7%), in contrast to 67 patients whose fistulas failed. There was a significant relationship between fistula failure and complications (p = 0.000). There was no significant effect of the fistula site, hypertension, diabetes, cardiac diseases, smoking, peripheral vascular disease, or central vein stenosis on the failure of the AV fistula (p = 0.127, 0.534, 0.510, 0.397, 0.017, 0.68, and 0.371, respectively). Conclusions The snuffbox AV fistula is a suitable and feasible first choice for patients on hemodynamic therapy.

On-X versus St Jude Medical Mechanical Prosthesis in mitral position: are we moving forward in design technology?

BACKGROUND: Continuous effort is still provided in designing optimal artificial heart valves with better hemodynamic function and reduced thromboembolic potential. The question is do we have moved forward toward this goal or not. METHODS: A prospective, randomized comparative study was done on 360 patients scheduled for elective mitral valve replacement. Patients were grouped into an On-X group (N.=180), who received On-X mechanical valve, and a SJM group (N.=180), who received St Jude mechanical valve. Echocardiographic and clinical assessments were performed for all patients at 6 and 12 months follow-up period. RESULTS: Rheumatic heart disease was the most common cause of valve affection (94.2%). Early mortality was 6.4%. The mean follow-up time was 3.11±2.44 years. No structural or non-structural valvular dysfunction and no thromboembolism cases were encountered. Late valve thrombosis was1.9%/patient-year in On-X group and 2.1%/patient-year in SJM group. The mean EOA was higher in On-X group (2.0±0.3 cm2) than in SJM group (1.9±0.2 cm2), (P≥0.05). The mean EOAI was higher in On-X group (1.1±0.1 cm2/m2) than in SJM group (1.0±0.1 cm2/m2), (P=0.034), especially significant in small valve size (25 mm) where it was 1.09±021 cm2/m2 in On-X group and 0.93±0.12 cm2/m2 in SJM group (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: On-X and St Jude prosthetic valves have a comparable hemodynamic performance in mitral position. However, On-X prosthesis might have a forward step on the way of design technology that may allow better function in terms of EOA and EOAI especially in smaller valve size.

Bilateral bidirectional Glenn: outcome of off-pump technique.

OBJECTIVES: Off-pump bilateral bidirectional Glenn (b-BDG) poses a surgical challenge and may add complexity to the postoperative outcome especially regarding uniformity of the anastomosis and central pulmonary artery growth. Herein, we report early- and mid-term outcomes after off-pump b-BDG without using superior vena cava decompression techniques. METHODS: Ninety-seven consecutive patients, between 2009 and 2014, were included in this prospective study. All patients had complete pre- and postoperative clinical and detailed neurological assessments. Diagnosis and follow-up were done by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization for assessment of pulmonary artery anatomically and haemodynamically. Median follow-up period was 3.5 years. Perioperative variables, clinical outcome, morbidity, mortality and follow-up data were recorded. RESULTS: Hypoplastic right ventricle was present in 52 cases (53.6%) and hypoplastic left ventricle was present in 45 cases (46.4%). Mean superior vena cava pressure on clamping was 21.49 ± 3.04 mmHg. Mean total clamping time was 23.11 ± 3.44 min. Mean oxygen saturation increased from preoperative 69.22 ± 6.01% to 83.66 ± 3.97% after b-BDG construction (P-value ≤ 0.0001). The Nakata index increased from 288.47 ± 28.66 mm2/m2 to 303.64 ± 26.85mm2/m2 on follow-up (P-value ≤ 0.05). In-hospital mortality was 4 patients (4.1%) due to low-cardiac output. There were chylothorax in 9 patients (9.3%) and convulsions in 4 patients (4.1%) who were treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump b-BDG can be conducted safely, with a uniform anastomosis that allows a good central pulmonary artery growth for subsequent Fontan completion. Moreover, avoiding the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is more economic and less hazardous.

Single-stage, three-fold repair for Ebstein's anomaly.

Objectives: Favourable outcomes in the repair of Ebstein's anomaly are predicated on tricuspid valve competence, right ventricular function and presence of arrhythmia. We report our experience with a single-stage, three-fold repair of Ebstein's anomaly, namely, cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve supplemented by bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis and right atrial electrocautery maze. Methods: From 2010 to 2014, 37 consecutive patients with Ebstein's anomaly, median age 17.3 (9.1-56.2) years, underwent this single-stage, three-fold surgical procedure. The principal elements of the procedure include (i) cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve, limited plication at the level of the displaced valve, insertion of a homemade annuloplasty ring, defect repair and reduction atrioplasty supplemented by (ii) right atrial electrocautery maze and (iii) bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Postoperatively, all patients were followed up regularly for a mean period of 2.3 (1-4) years by clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examinations. Results: The in-hospital mortality rate was 2.7% (1 patient) with no late deaths. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 110 ± 18.3 min and aortic cross-clamp time was 48.5 ± 7.4 min. Echocardiographic examination showed significant improvement of valve regurgitation (P < 0.0001). NYHA functional class was I in 77.8% of the survivors and II in 22.2%. The cardiothoracic ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.05). No deleterious effects of the Glenn shunts have been reported. Sinus rhythm has remained stable in 31 patients (86.1%) during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Single-stage, three-fold repair for the management of Ebstein's anomaly offers good outcome in terms of low mortality and morbidity rates. It can achieve a durable valve-sparing repair, good functional mid-term outcomes and good quality of life among survivors.

The EuroSCORE: a neglected measure of medium-term survival following cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVES: EuroSCORE is used to predict operative mortality following cardiac surgery. There are limited data to assess the ability of EuroSCORE to predict medium- to long-term survival. We aimed to test the ability of EuroSCORE to predict mid-term survival following cardiac surgery. METHODS: We analysed prospectively collected data from all patients undergoing cardiac surgery in an urban tertiary cardiac centre over a 6-year period. All-cause mortality following cardiac surgery was determined via Office of National Statistics data. Patients were grouped into all comers, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR), isolated mitral valve repair and replacement (MVR) and combined AVR/MVR and CABG. Each group was separated into EuroSCORE quartiles. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to calculate 6-year actuarial survival. Log-rank test was used to calculate the P-value. C-statistic discriminated the ability of the EuroSCORE to predict medium-term survival. RESULTS: A total of 9022 consecutive patients were identified. The mean age was 66.86 years, 73.7% were male. The cases were grouped according to their additive EuroSCORE into 0-5 (n = 5369), 6-10 (n = 3059), 11-15 (n = 506) and >15 (n = 93). Median follow-up was 2.92 years. The 6-year survival was 88.5, 71.8, 52.5 and 39.5%, respectively. The P-value for all operative categories was significant. The C-statistic was 0.68 (all comers), 0.72 for isolated MVR, 0.65 (isolated CABG), 0.62 (isolated AVR) and 0.69 (combined AVR/MVR and CABG). CONCLUSIONS: Additive EuroSCORE may be used to predict medium-term survival in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; increasing additive EuroSCORE resulting in significant decreases in survival. It is a good predictive tool for patients undergoing isolated MVR and a fair tool for patients undergoing the remaining operative procedures studied.