Significant enhancement of ferromagnetism above room temperature in epitaxial 2D van der Waals ferromagnet Fe5-δGeTe2/Bi2Te3 heterostructures.

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic metals FexGeTe2 with x = 3-5 have raised significant interest in the scientific community. Fe5GeTe2 shows prospects for spintronic applications since the Curie temperature Tc has been reported near or higher than 300 K. In the present work, epitaxial Fe5-δGeTe2 (FGT) heterostructures were grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) on insulating crystalline substrates. The FGT films were combined with Bi2Te3 topological insulator (TI) aiming to investigate the possible beneficial effect of the TI on the magnetic properties of FGT. FGT/Bi2Te3 films were compared to FGT capped only with AlOx to prevent oxidation. SQUID and MOKE measurements revealed that the growth of Bi2Te3 TI on FGT films significantly enhances the saturation magnetization of FGT as well as the Tc well above room temperature (RT) reaching record values of 570 K. First-principles calculations predict a shift of the Fermi level and an associated enhancement of the majority spin (primarily) as well as the total density of states at the Fermi level suggesting that effective doping of FGT from Bi2Te3 could explain the enhancement of ferromagnetism in FGT. It is also predicted that strain induced stabilization of a high magnetic moment phase in FGT/Bi2Te3 could be an alternative explanation of magnetization and Tc enhancement. Ferromagnetic resonance measurements evidence an enhanced broadening in the FGT/Bi2Te3 heterostructure when compared to FGT. We obtain a large spin mixing conductance of g↑↓eff = 4.4 × 1020 m-2, which demonstrates the great potential of FGT/Bi2Te3 systems for spin-charge conversion applications at room temperature.

Magnetotransport and ARPES studies of the topological insulators Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 grown by MOCVD on large-area Si substrates.

Recently, the topological insulators (TIs) antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) are attracting high interest for applications based on spin-charge interconversion mechanisms. Aiming to make a step toward the technology transfer, it is of major importance to achieve and investigate epitaxial quality-TIs on large area Si-based substrates. In view of that, we report here magnetotransport and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) studies on Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 thin films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on top of 4″ Si(111) substrates. Clear weak antilocalization (WAL) effects are observed in both TIs, proving the existence of quantum transport mechanism, and the data are successfully interpreted in the framework of the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka model. Further, by dedicated magnetotransport experiments, it has been confirmed that the investigated WAL originates from two-dimensional (2D) topological states. ARPES has been performed ex-situ, and in both TIs the gapless Dirac cones have been observed and attributed to the topological surface states. Combining the proofs of the existence of quantum 2D transport as deduced from the analysis of the magnetoconductance curve with the direct observation of the Dirac-like band structure revealed by the ARPES spectra, it is possible to unambiguously confirm the topological nature of our Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3 thin films. The results obtained on thin films grown by MOCVD on 4'' Si(111) substrate mark an important step towards the technology transfer of the topological insulators studied in this work.

Annealing studies combined with low temperature emission Mössbauer spectroscopy of short-lived parent isotopes: Determination of local Debye-Waller factors.

An extension of the online implantation chamber used for emission Mössbauer Spectroscopy (eMS) at ISOLDE/CERN that allows for quick removal of samples for offline low temperature studies is briefly described. We demonstrate how online eMS data obtained during implantation at temperatures between 300 K and 650 K of short-lived parent isotopes combined with rapid cooling and offline eMS measurements during the decay of the parent isotope can give detailed information on the binding properties of the Mössbauer probe in the lattice. This approach has been applied to study the properties of Sn impurities in ZnO following implantation of 119In (T½ = 2.4 min). Sn in the 4+ and 2+ charge states is observed. Above T > 600 K, Sn2+ is observed and is ascribed to Sn on regular Zn sites, while Sn2+ detected at T < 600 K is due to Sn in local amorphous regions. A new annealing stage is reported at T ≈ 550 K, characterized by changes in the Sn4+ emission profile, and is attributed to the annihilation of close Frenkel pairs.

Atomic-scale study of the amorphous-to-crystalline phase transition mechanism in GeTe thin films.

The underlying mechanism driving the structural amorphous-to-crystalline transition in Group VI chalcogenides is still a matter of debate even in the simplest GeTe system. We exploit the extreme sensitivity of 57Fe emission Mössbauer spectroscopy, following dilute implantation of 57Mn (T½ = 1.5 min) at ISOLDE/CERN, to study the electronic charge distribution in the immediate vicinity of the 57Fe probe substituting Ge (FeGe), and to interrogate the local environment of FeGe over the amorphous-crystalline phase transition in GeTe thin films. Our results show that the local structure of as-sputtered amorphous GeTe is a combination of tetrahedral and defect-octahedral sites. The main effect of the crystallization is the conversion from tetrahedral to defect-free octahedral sites. We discover that only the tetrahedral fraction in amorphous GeTe participates to the change of the FeGe-Te chemical bonds, with a net electronic charge density transfer of ~ 1.6 e/a0 between FeGe and neighboring Te atoms. This charge transfer accounts for a lowering of the covalent character during crystallization. The results are corroborated by theoretical calculations within the framework of density functional theory. The observed atomic-scale chemical-structural changes are directly connected to the macroscopic phase transition and resistivity switch of GeTe thin films.

Charge states and lattice sites of dilute implanted Sn in ZnO.

The common charge states of Sn are 2+ and 4+. While charge neutrality considerations favour 2+ to be the natural charge state of Sn in ZnO, there are several reports suggesting the 4+ state instead. In order to investigate the charge states, lattice sites, and the effect of the ion implantation process of dilute Sn atoms in ZnO, we have performed 119Sn emission Mössbauer spectroscopy on ZnO single crystal samples following ion implantation of radioactive 119In (T ½ = 2.4 min) at temperatures between 96 K and 762 K. Complementary perturbed angular correlation measurements on 111mCd implanted ZnO were also conducted. Our results show that the 2+ state is the natural charge state for Sn in defect free ZnO and that the 4+ charge state is stabilized by acceptor defects created in the implantation process.

Fe charge state adjustment in ZnO upon ion implantation.

The influence of the ion implantation process on the charge state of dilute (57)Fe impurities implanted as radioactive (57)Mn in ZnO is investigated by (57)Fe emission Mössbauer spectroscopy. One sample is additionally implanted with stable (23)Na impurities. Both Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) charge states are observed, and the Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) ratio is found to increase with the fluence of both (57)Mn/(57)Fe and (23)Na ions, demonstrating that the build-up of Fe(3+) is not related to the chemical nature of the implanted ions. The results are interpreted in terms of radiation damage induced changes of the Fermi level, and illustrate that the Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) ratio can be adjusted by ion implantation. The spin-lattice relaxation time for Fe(3+) in ZnO is found to be independent of the implantation fluence, and is evidently an intrinsic property of the system.

Size dependence of the Mössbauer recoilless fraction in ß-Sn nanocrystals.

We study the size dependence of the Mössbauer recoilless fraction in ß-Sn nanocrystals by performing conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy at different temperatures. The Mössbauer recoilless fraction is intimately related to dynamical processes involving the nuclei during the γ-ray emission. The ß-Sn nanocrystals are embedded in a SiO(2) matrix, and they have a mean diameter ranging from 7 to 17 nm. A lowering of the recoilless fraction with decreasing cluster size is observed. The smallest nanocrystals reveal a 60% reduction of the recoilless fraction compared to the bulk value, while for the largest clusters we observe the same Mössbauer recoilless fraction as in the bulk. This suggests that the dynamical properties of the ß-Sn nanocrystals in SiO(2) approach those of the bulk for a critical mean diameter above 16 nm. The experimental results are compared with theoretical values obtained by a continuum model in which the relevant parameters are determined ab initio.

Long term follow up of radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter: clinical course and predictors of atrial fibrillation occurrence.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the time to onset and the predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) during long term follow up of patients with typical atrial flutter (AFL) treated with transisthmic ablation. DESIGN: Prospective multicentre study. METHODS AND RESULTS: 383 patients (75.4% men, mean (SD) age 61.7 (11.1) years) who underwent transisthmic ablation for typical AFL were investigated. In 239 patients (62.4%) AF was present before ablation. Ablation proved successful in 367 patients (95.8%). During a mean (SD) follow up of 20.5 (12.4) months, 41.5% of patients reported AF. The cumulative probability of postablation AF increased continuously as time passed: it was 22% at six months, 36% at one year, 50% at two years, 58% at three years, and 63% at four years. CONCLUSIONS: AF occurred in a large proportion of patients after transisthmic catheter ablation of typical AFL. The occurrence of AF was progressive during follow up. Preablation AF, age < 65 years, and left atrial size > 50 mm are associated with postablation AF occurrence.

Supraventricular arrhythmia before and after surgical closure of atrial septal defects: spectrum, prognosis and management.

UNLABELLED: Supraventricular arrhythmias are often observed in patients before and after atrial septal defect repair. Although several papers report different incidences of sustained supraventricular arrhythmias, postoperative 'incisional' macroreentrant tachycardias have not been systematically investigated. METHODS: We reviewed 136 consecutive patients (79 female, 57 male, mean age 36.8+/-17.8 years) who underwent atrial septal defect repair at our institutions between January 1990 and January 1999. Coexisting valve disease requiring surgical intervention was noted in 13 patients (9.5%). The mean follow-up period was 78.8+/-30.1 months. RESULTS: Sustained supraventricular arrhythmias occurred in 12 patients (8.8%) before surgery (atrial fibrillation in 11 patients). Using multivariate analysis the occurrence of arrhythmia significantly correlated with the presence of coexisting heart disease (P< 0.001) and age at surgery (P=0.011) After surgery sustained supraventricular arrhythmias were recorded in 16 patients (11.7%). Eleven of them had atrial fibrillation, permanent in 8 cases, 4 'incisional' macroreentrant atrial tachycardia and 1 atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia. There was a significant correlation between pre and postoperative arrhythmia (P< 0.001). Two of the 4 patients with macroreentrant atrial tachycardia underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation, whereas the arrhythmia was controlled medically in the remaining 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation remains the most frequent form of arrhythmia before and after surgical closure of atrial septal defects in adulthood, and relates to age at the time of repair and coexisting heart disease. Incisional macroreentrant atrial tachycardia is an identifiable, albeit less common, form of tachycardia, which can be treated by transcatheter ablation.

Pacemapping of the triangle of Koch: a simple method to reduce the risk of atrioventricular block during radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia.

Slow pathway ablation in common AVNRT can be complicated by total AV block. When radiofrequency energy is delivered to the posterior aspect of the triangle of Koch, total AV block may be the consequence of the absence of anterograde conduction along the fast pathway or of inadvertent damage to a fast pathway abnormally located close to the slow pathway. To localize the anterogradely conducting fast pathway, the triangle of Koch was pacemapped in 72 patients who underwent the ablation of common AVNRT. In all cases, before ablation the St-H interval was calculated by stimulating the anteroseptal (AS), mid-septal (MS), and posteroseptal (PS) aspect of the triangle of Koch at a rate slightly faster than the sinus rate. In all patients, common AVNRT was induced. In 64 (89%) of 72 patients (group A) the shortest St-H interval was recorded on stimulating the AS region. In six (8%) patients (group B) the shortest St-H interval was recorded on stimulating the MS region. Finally, in two (3%) patients (group C) the shortest St-H interval was recorded stimulating in the PS region. In group C, AH interval, calculated on stimulating in the AS region, was significantly longer than in patients of groups A and B (200 +/- 99 ms vs 64 +/- 18 and 62 +/- 3, respectively). In group A, on stimulating in the AS, MS, and PS regions, the AH interval remained constant in all patients. In contrast, in groups B and C on stimulation in the MS and PS regions, AH interval shortened (in group B from 56 +/- 8 to 27 +/- 37 and 37 +/- 14, respectively; in group C from 200 +/- 99 to 170 +/- 100 and to 137 +/- 109, respectively). In groups A and B, a posteroseptal slow pathway, and in group C, an anteroseptal retrograde fast pathway were successfully ablated without AV block. Pacemapping of the triangle of Koch can help to recognize patients in whom the anterograde conducting fast pathway is abnormally located far from the anteroseptal region or in whom anterograde conduction of the fast pathway is absent. In these cases the risk of AV block can be reduced by performing slow pathway ablation in a site sufficiently far from the site of the anterograde fast pathway or ablating the retrogradely conducting fast pathway.

Orthodromic tachycardia with atrioventricular dissociation: evidence for a nodoventricular (Mahaim) fiber.

We describe a patient in whom two tachycardias with AV dissociation were inducible by ventricular extrastimulation. The first tachycardia was characterized by a narrow QRS preceded by a His deflection with an HV interval identical to that recorded in sinus rhythm (40 ms). Premature ventricular depolarization delivered when the His bundle was refractory advanced the next His deflection. These findings suggest the presence of a nodoventricular bypass tract involved in an orthodromic tachycardia. The second tachycardia was induced after propafenone infusion and exhibited a wide QRS complex with left bundle branch block morphology; each ventricular complex was consistently associated with a His deflection with a HV interval of -15 ms. The second tachycardia may be considered to represent an antidromic tachycardia through the nodoventricular tract. However, a ventricular tachycardia cannot be excluded.

Long-term follow-up after atrioventricular nodal ablation and pacing: low incidence of sudden cardiac death.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been reported in patients with drug refractory AF who underwent AV nodal ablation and pacing. However, whether SCD in these patients is related to the underlying heart disease or to the ablating and pacing procedure remains uncertain. Between May 1987 and January 1997, AV nodal ablation was performed in 585 patients (mean age 66 +/- 11 years) with drug-resistant, paroxysmal (n = 308) or chronic (n = 277) AF in 12 Italian centers. Lone AF was present in 133 patients. After AV junction ablation, patients underwent VVIR (454 patients) or DDDR (131 patients) pacemaker implantation. At a follow-up of 33.6 +/- 24.2 months, 80 (13.7%) deaths were recorded: 40 noncardiac, 23 nonsudden, and 17 sudden cardiac death (3%, 1.04% per year). Among five variables, including age. NYHA functional class, presence of heart disease, paroxysmal or chronic AF, previous embolic events, and LVEF, the presence of heart disease (P = 0.007) and a LVEF < 0.45, (P = 0.003) were associated with a higher risk of SCD. Analysis of SCD-free survival by log-rank test showed a higher incidence of SCD in patients with LVEF < 0.45 (P = 0.0001) and with coronary artery disease (P = 0.005). In this large cohort, a low incidence of long-term SCD after AV nodal ablation and pacing for drug-refractory AF was observed. The presence of underlying heart disease and the extent of baseline LV dysfunction were associated with an increased likelihood of SCD.

Thromboembolism after atrioventricular node ablation and pacing: long term follow up.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of arterial embolic events in patients with high rate, drug resistant, severely symptomatic paroxysmal and chronic atrial fibrillation who have undergone atrioventricular (AV) node ablation and permanent pacing. DESIGN: Multicentre retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS AND MANAGEMENT: From May 1987 to January 1997, AV node ablation was performed in 585 severely symptomatic patients (mean (SD) age 66 (11) years) with high rate, drug resistant paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (308) or chronic atrial fibrillation (277). Lone atrial fibrillation was present in 133 patients, while the remaining 452 suffered from dilated, ischaemic, or valvar heart disease. Patients underwent VVIR (454) or DDDR (131) pacemaker implantation, after AV node ablation. Antiplatelet agents were given to 202 patients, warfarin to 187 patients. RESULTS: During a follow up of 33.6 (24.2) months, thromboembolic events were observed in 17 patients (3%); the actuarial occurrence rates of thromboembolism were 1.1%, 3%, 4.2%, and 7.4% after one, three, five, and seven years, respectively. Among five variables, univariate analysis showed that only the presence of chronic atrial fibrillation at the time of ablation (relative risk (RR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02 to 3. 20, p = 0.04) and the need for warfarin treatment (RR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.71, p = 0.048) were associated with a significantly higher risk of occurrence of thromboembolic events. On multivariate analysis the only predictor of embolic events during the follow up was the presence of chronic atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this large cohort of patients indicate a fairly low incidence (1.04% per year) of thromboembolic events after AV node ablation and pacing for drug refractory, high rate atrial fibrillation.

[Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (Coumel type): an unusual location of a retrograde accessory pathway]. / Tachicardia reciprocante giunzionale permanente (tipo Coumel): un'inconsueta localizzazione della via accessoria retrograda.

Permanent junctional reentrant tachycardia (PJRT) is an uncommon form of tachycardia that is usually due to an atrioventricular reentry via a right posteroseptal accessory pathway with decremental properties. We describe a case of PJRT that showed evidence of two accessory pathways located both left and right. A 63-year-old woman was referred to our institution for radiofrequency (RF) ablation of a permanent form of regular narrow QRS tachycardia (T) (cycle length 520 ms) with long RP interval (380 ms); P wave was negative in inferior leads, negative in D1 and flat in aVL. During sinus rhythm, AH and HV intervals were 110 ms and 50 ms respectively. The atrioventricular anterograde conduction curve was continuous. A decremental retrograde conduction via a left posterior pathway until ventricular effective refractory period (210 ms) was evident. Tachycardia inducible with both atrial and ventricular programmed stimulation was almost incessant. During tachycardia, a premature ventricular depolarization delivered when His bundle was refractory was able to advance the next atriogram, and tachycardia could be interrupted by a ventricular depolarization without atrial capture. During right atrial mapping, an earliest atrial activation was found in the mid-septal position just above the coronary sinus ostium and RF application caused a transient interruption of T (3 minutes). Tachycardia resumed with basal characteristics, but no evidence of earlier right atrial activation was found during atrial mapping. Successful RF ablation was performed via retrograde aortic catheterization in the left posterior region. This case showed evidence of a left posterior pathway causing PJRT. However, the transient successful ablation in the right mid-septal region and the lack of evidence of right early atrial activation after RF application could account for the presence of an additional right accessory pathway or a strand of the same broad left pathway.

Clinical usefulness of slow pathway ablation in patients with both paroxysmal atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and atrial fibrillation.

Some patients with atrioventricular (AV) node reentrant tachycardia (AVN RT) also presented with atrial fibrillation (AF). In this study we demonstrate that slow pathway ablation is able to suppress both AVN RT and AF in subjects without structural heart abnormalities, whereas in patients with structural heart abnormalities after ablation AF frequently recurs.

Efficacy of intravenous propafenone in termination of atrial flutter by overdrive transesophageal pacing previously ineffective.

Fifty patients with symptomatic type I atrial flutter in whom termination of the arrhythmia with transesophageal stimulation was unsuccessful were randomized to undergo a repeat procedure after intravenous propafenone (n = 25) or placebo (n = 25). Immediate sinus rhythm recovery rate was 36% in the propafenone group and 4% in the placebo group (p = 0.005), indicating that intravenous propafenone increases the rate of successful transesophageal stimulation and can be used when a first attempt at conversion is ineffective.

Global and regional left ventricular function in heart transplant patients: an angiographic follow-up study.

We studied the global and regional left ventricular function, its determinants and its modification with time, in orthotopic heart transplant recipients. We reviewed the left ventricular cineangiography performed 1 (50 patients), 2 (33 patients), 3 (18 patients), and 4 (seven patients) years after operation. Regional wall motion was quantitatively evaluated by the area method. All patients had angiographically normal coronary arteries and no evidence of acute rejection at the time of the study. One year after heart transplantation, cardiac index and left ventricular ejection fraction were mildly but significantly lower than normal. Cardiac index was more than 2.5 L/min/m2 in all but one patient, and ejection fraction was more than 50% in all patients. Only previous acute cardiac rejection necessitating therapy and arterial hypertension showed some influence on the left ventricular function. Two years after operation, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume was increased, and left ventricular mass-volume ratio decreased compared with year 1. Three years after operation, an increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and of left ventricular ejection fraction was also evident. Four years after operation, the heart rate was higher, compared with previous years. Even if the changes in the parameters of left ventricular function were significant, they were small in terms of absolute value. Regional hypokinesia was detected 1 year after heart transplantation in eight patients, involving one segment in six patients and two segments in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[An aneurysm of the interatrial septum associated with Ebstein's anomaly: a case report]. / Aneurisma del setto interatriale associato ad anomalia di Ebstein: descrizione di un caso.

Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is a known morphologic abnormality and has been largely investigated with two-dimensional echocardiography. Its association with other congenital or acquired diseases has also been described. However, the presence of ASA and concomitant Ebstein's anomaly in the same patient is a very unexpected finding in an adult subject. We therefore present the case of a young asymptomatic woman with this association.

[The behavior of the arterial pressure at rest and under exertion in normotensive and hypertensive subjects exposed to acute hypoxia at a median altitude]. / Comportamento della pressione arteriosa a riposo e da sforzo in normotesi e ipertesi sottoposti a ipossia acuta da media quota.

In order to evaluate blood pressure changes at rest and during effort in response to moderate altitude acute hypoxia, we performed noninvasive blood pressure monitoring and maximal bicycle stress testing in 10 normotensive and 13 untreated mild hypertensive subjects at sea-level and in a mountain resort (m. 2572). Blood pressure was measured every 10 minutes by the Spacelabs 5200 pressurometer and bicycle stress test was performed at initial workload of 50 watts and steps of 50 watts every 3 minutes until exhaustion. Mean systolic blood pressure resulted unchanged in the normotensive subjects (120.8 +/- 10.6 vs 121.5 +/- 6.9 NS) while in the hypertensive ones it increased slightly at 2572 m. (131.0 +/- 12.3 vs 137.0 +/- 13.1 NS). Mean diastolic blood pressure did not increase significantly at 2572 m in either group (respectively from 74.5 +/- 90 to 80.1 +/- 7.9 NS and from 88.3 +/- 10.2 to 94.7 +/- 10.7 NS) even if blood pressure increase was relevant in some hypertensive subjects. During the monitoring, heart rate increased at 2752 m in both groups, even if this difference was significant in the hypertensive group only (respectively 82.8 +/- 11.8 vs 94.3 +/- 13.2 in normotensive subjects-NS-and 88.0 +/- 6.3 vs 104.0 +/- 7.8 in hypertensive subjects-p less than 0.001). During the ergometric test submaximal systolic blood pressure (100 and 150 watts) increased slightly in both groups, but this difference was significant in hypertensive subjects at a workload of 150 watts only (208.3 +/- 18.2 vs 219.3 +/- 19.2 p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[The effects of enalapril on basal arterial pressure at rest and during exercise and on cardiac performance in hypertensive athletes]. / Effetti dell'enalapril sulla pressione arteriosa basale e da sforzo e sulla performance cardiaca in atleti ipertesi.

A dose of 10 mg of enalapril was administered once a day to regularly trained hypertensive athletes (mean age 39 +/- 8.9 range 29-51) in order to evaluate the effect of the drug on ambulatory blood pressure and on blood pressure and physical performance during stress testing. STUDY DESIGN. This investigation was a randomized, double blind, cross-over versus placebo trial. At first, subjects whose blood pressure met the entry criteria (casual diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mmHg), were subjected to 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and maximal upright bicycle stress testing including measurement of O2 uptake. Then they were randomly assigned to treatment with placebo or enalapril. After one month they repeated stress testing and then they were crossed over. Stress testing was repeated in all subjects after two months. The 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was repeated in all subjects during enalapril treatment only, by a non-blind investigator. RESULTS. Ambulatory blood pressure decreased significantly during enalapril and no changes in heart rate were observed during the monitoring. The results of bicycle stress testing, both in basal and during the placebo test were comparable as regards blood pressure response, maximal workload, effort duration, maximal heart rate and VO2 max. With enalapril systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly during stress testing both versus basal test and placebo test at each workload considered including maximal workload. No changes were observed during enalapril as regards maximal workload, effort duration, maximal heart rate and VO2 max. CONCLUSION. Our results suggest that enalapril could be effective in treating hypertensive athletes because it reduces blood pressure during physical effort without affecting physical performance. We conclude that enalapril could be considered a first-choice drug in hypertensive athletes doing aerobic sports.