Quality of life in end stage renal disease: a multicentre comparative study / Calidad de vida en la etapa terminal de la enfermedad renal: un estudio comparativo multicéntrico

BACKGROUND: Quality of Life (QOL) in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is an important measure of dialysis adequacy. Health related QOL is an independent risk factor for mortality in ESRD. The Kidney Disease QOL questionnaire is a highly validated disease targeted instrument with global application. We sought to document QOL and the predictive factors in a cohort of patients with ESRD in Jamaica and Panama. METHODS: Two hundred patients were recruited consecutively from November 2006 - November 2007. Seventy patients were from a tertiary hospital based outpatient dialysis centre, the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), and 40 patients from a private centre, Diabetes Association Renal Unit (DARU) both in Kingston, Jamaica. Ninety patients were consecutively recruited from a tertiary hospital based outpatient dialysis centre in Panama City, Panama. The Kidney Disease Quality of Life - Short Form Questionnaire was administered. Each QOL domain was scored from 0 - 100 with higher scores representing better rating. RESULTS: Mean age was 50 ± 4 years, with no difference between the cohorts. Panama, however, had significantly higher parameters than the Jamaican cohorts: mean haemoglobin (Hb) 12.4g/dL (p = 0.004), mean serum albumin 45g/dL (p = 0.03) and Urea Reduction Ratio (URR) 78% (p = 0.004). Diabetes Association Renal Unit recorded mean Hb 11.4 ± 1.3g/dL, mean serum albumin 42.1 ± 2.3g/dL and URR 72%. The University Hospital of the West Indies documented mean Hb 11.2 ± 2.4g/dL, mean serum albumin 41 ± 4.5g/dL and URR 68%. All three cohorts had good overall QOL scores when compared with the reference population. Patients from Panama had higher overall QOL scores than Jamaican patients (p = 0.02). By centre, UHWI had higher overall QOL scores than DARU (p = 0.04). Burden of Kidney Disease domain recorded the lowest overall scores (Reference Population 49, DARU 19.0 (p = 0.001), UHWI 24.0 (p = 0.002), Panama 32.9 (p = 0.03). Patient Satisfaction scores were also significantly reduced across all cohorts (Reference population 72, DARU 52, UHWI 54, Panama 58). The University Hospital of the West Indies had significantly decreased dialysis staff encouragement (p = 0.003). The Diabetes Association Renal Unit noted significant reductions in general health (p = 0.04), physical functioning (p = 0.001), physical role (p = 0.001) and emotional role (p = 0.005) domains. Panama had the lowest overall physical functioning (p = 0.01), pain (p = 0.01) and social support (p = 0.04) scores. In the Panamanian cohort, age < 65 years (p = 0.0004). Hb > 11.1 g/dL (p = 0.01), albumin > 40 g/dL (p = 0.01), URR > 65% (p = 0.03), race (p = 0.04), at least high school educational attainment (p = 0.01) and household yearly salaries > US$5000 (p = 0.002) predicted good QOL scores. These accounted for 55% of the variance. In the Jamaican cohort, however, younger age (p = 0.02), race (p = 0.001), higher URR (p = 0.01) and higher serum haemoglobin (p = 0.001) predicted higher QOL scores, accounting for only 40% of the variance. By modality, haemodialysis patients had significantly higher haemoglobin (p = 0.003) and albumin (p = 0.002) levels and ultimately higher overall QOL scores (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Overall, QOL is good in patients with ESRD. Domains of highest concern include Burden of Kidney Disease and Patient Satisfaction. The role of spirituality, depression and nutritional markers (eg prealbumin) needs to be assessed. Quality of Life must therefore be routinely documented in ESRD patients and targeted interventions implemented.

ANTECEDENTES: La calidad de vida (CDV) en los pacientes con enfermedad renal en etapa terminal (ERET) es un importante indicador de la medida en que la diálisis es adecuada. La CDV relacionada con la salud es un factor de riesgo independiente con respecto a la mortalidad en la ERET. El Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida en la Enfermedad Renal (KDQOL-SF) es un instrumento dirigido a la enfermedad, altamente validado y con aplicación global. Buscamos documentar la CDV y los factores predictivos en una cohorte de pacientes con ERET en Jamaica y Panamá. MÉTODOS: Se reclutaron doscientos pacientes consecutivamente de noviembre 2006 a noviembre 2007. Setenta pacientes provenían de un centro de diálisis para pacientes externos con base en un hospital terciario (HUWI) y 40 pacientes provenían de una Unidad Renal de la Asociación de Diabetes (DARU), ambas en Kingston, Jamaica. Otros noventa pacientes fueron reclutados consecutivamente de un centro de diálisis con base en un hospital de Ciudad Panamá. Se administró el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida en la Enfermedad Renal (KDQOL-SF). Cada dominio de la CDV fue evaluado con una puntuación de 0 - 100, representando las puntuaciones más altas los mejores índices. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 50 ± 4 años, sin diferencias entre las cohortes. Sin embargo, Panamá tuvo parámetros significativamente más altos que las cohortes jamaicanas. El promedio de hemoglobina (Hb) fue 12.4g/dL (p = 0.004), el promedio de albúmina sérica 45g/dL (p = 0.03) y hubo una relación de reducción de la urea (URR) del 78% (p = 0.004). La Unidad Renal de Asociación de Diabetes registró un promedio de Hb de 11.4 ± 1.3 g/dL, y un promedio de albúmina sérica de 42.1 ± 2.3 g/dL en tanto que la URR fue 72%. El Hospital Universitario de West Indies documentó un promedio de Hb igual a 11.2 ± 2.4g/dL, una albúmina sérica promedio de 41 ± 4.5g/dL, y una URR de 68%. Las tres cohortes tuvieron buenas puntuaciones generales de CDV cuando se les comparó con la población de referencia. Los pacientes de Panamá tuvieron puntuaciones de CDV más altas que los pacientes jamaicanos (p = 0.02). En cuanto a centros, HUWI tuvo puntuaciones generales de CDV más altas que DARU (p = 0.04). El dominio de la sobrecarga de la enfermedad renal registró las puntuaciones generales más bajas (población de referencia 49, DARU 19.0 (p = 0.001), UHWI 24.0 (p = 0.002), Panamá 32.9 (p = 0.03). Las puntuaciones con respecto a la satisfacción del paciente estuvieron también significativamente reducidas en todas las cohortes (población de referencia 72, DARU 52, HUWI 54, Panamá 58). El Hospital Universitario de West Indies tuvo una disminución significativa del estímulo del personal de diálisis (p = 0.003). La Unidad Renal de la Asociación de Diabetes registró reducciones significativas en los dominios de la salud general (p = 0.04), el funcionamiento físico (p = 0.001), el rol físico (p = 0.001) y el rol emocional (p = 0.005). Panamá tuvo las puntuaciones más bajas en relación con el funcionamiento físico general (p = 0.01), el dolor (p = 0.01) y el apoyo social (p = 0.04). En la cohorte panameña, la edad < 65 años (p = 0.0004), la Hb > 11.1 g/dL (p = 0.01), la albúmina > 40g/dL (p = 0.01), la URR > 65% (p = 0.03), la raza (p = 0.04), el grado de escolaridad de nivel secundario al menos (p = 0.01) y los ingresos salariales domésticos por año > US$5000 (p = 0.002) arrojaron una buena predicción de la CDV. Estos representaban el 55% de la varianza. Sin embargo, en la cohorte jamaicana, una menor edad (p = 0.02), la raza (p = 0.001), una más alta URR (p = 0.01) y mayor hemoglobina sérica (p = 0.001) predijeron puntuaciones más altas de CDV, representando solamente 40% de la varianza. En cuanto a la modalidad, los pacientes de hemodiálisis tuvieron niveles de hemoglobina (p = 0.003) y albúmina (p = 0.002) significativamente más altos, y finalmente puntuaciones generales más alta de CDV (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIÓN: La CDV general es buena en los pacientes con ERET. Los dominios de mayor preocupación comprenden la recarga de la enfermedad renal y la satisfacción del paciente. El papel de la espiritualidad, la depresión y los marcadores nutricionales como la prealbúmina, necesitan ser evaluados. Por tanto, la calidad de vida tiene que ser documentada a modo de rutina entre los pacientes con ERET, y es necesario implementar intervenciones dirigidas.

Quality of life in end stage renal disease: a multicentre comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Quality of Life (QOL) in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is an important measure of dialysis adequacy. Health related QOL is an independent risk factor for mortality in ESRD. The Kidney Disease QOL questionnaire is a highly validated disease targeted instrument with global application. We sought to document QOL and the predictive factors in a cohort of patients with ESRD in Jamaica and Panama. METHODS: Two hundred patients were recruited consecutively from November 2006 - November 2007. Seventy patients were from a tertiary hospital based outpatient dialysis centre, the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), and 40 patients from a private centre, Diabetes Association Renal Unit (DARU) both in Kingston, Jamaica. Ninety patients were consecutively recruited from a tertiary hospital based outpatient dialysis centre in Panama City, Panama. The Kidney Disease Quality of Life - Short Form Questionnaire was administered. Each QOL domain was scored from 0 - 100 with higher scores representing better rating. RESULTS: Mean age was 50 +/- 4 years, with no difference between the cohorts. Panama, however, had significantly higher parameters than the Jamaican cohorts: mean haemoglobin (Hb) 12.4g/dL (p = 0.004), mean serum albumin 45g/dL (p = 0.03) and Urea Reduction Ratio (URR) 78% (p = 0.004). Diabetes Association Renal Unit recorded mean Hb 11.4 +/- 1.3g/dL, mean serum albumin 42.1 +/- 2.3g/dL and URR 72%. The University Hospital of the West Indies documented mean Hb 11.2 +/- 2.4g/dL, mean serum albumin 41 +/- 4.5g/dL and URR 68%. All three cohorts had good overall QOL scores when compared with the reference population. Patients from Panama had higher overall QOL scores than Jamaican patients (p = 0.02). By centre, UHWI had higher overall QOL scores than DARU (p = 0.04). Burden of Kidney Disease domain recorded the lowest overall scores (Reference Population 49, DARU 19.0 (p = 0.001), UHWI 24.0 (p = 0.002), Panama 32.9 (p = 0.03). Patient Satisfaction scores were also significantly reduced across all cohorts (Reference population 72, DARU 52, UHWI 54, Panama 58). The University Hospital of the West Indies had significantly decreased dialysis staff encouragement (p = 0.003). The Diabetes Association Renal Unit noted significant reductions in general health (p = 0.04), physical functioning (p = 0.001), physical role (p = 0.001) and emotional role (p = 0.005) domains. Panama had the lowest overall physical functioning (p = 0.01), pain (p = 0.01) and social support (p = 0.04) scores. In the Panamanian cohort, age< 65 years (p = 0.0004). Hb > 11.1 g/dL (p = 0.01), albumin > 40g/dL (p = 0.01), URR > 65% (p = 0.03), race (p = 0.04), at least high school educational attainment (p = 0.01) and household yearly salaries > US$5000 (p = 0.002) predicted good QOL scores. These accounted for 55% of the variance. In the Jamaican cohort, however, younger age (p = 0.02), race (p = 0.001), higher URR (p = 0.01) and higher serum haemoglobin (p = 0.001) predicted higher QOL scores, accounting for only 40% of the variance. By modality, haemodialysis patients had significantly higher haemoglobin (p = 0.003) and albumin (p = 0.002) levels and ultimately higher overall QOL scores (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Overall, QOL is good in patients with ESRD. Domains of highest concern include Burden of Kidney Disease and Patient Satisfaction. The role of spirituality, depression and nutritional markers (eg prealbumin) needs to be assessed. Quality of Life must therefore be routinely documented in ESRD patients and targeted interventions implemented.

Effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients.

To determine the influence of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibition on the renal function in renal transplant recipients, we carried out a crossover, double-blind, placebo controlled study of 18 ambulatory patients. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured using 51-Cr EDTA, before and after indomethacin (50 mgr. three times a day for three days), and placebo. Overnight urinary PGE excretion decreased 88.9 +/- SEM 4.81% after indomethacin, but remained unchanged following placebo. GFR decreased 15.3 +/- SEM 3.94% (p = 0.0139) after indomethacin. There was no correlation between PGE urinary excretion and GFR changes. Pre-existing renal functional impairment was not a significant risk factor. Caution should be exercised when using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in renal transplant patients.