Mechanisms of cuproptosis and its relevance to distinct diseases.

Copper is a trace element required by the organism, but once the level of copper exceeds the threshold, it becomes toxic and even causes death. The underlying mechanisms of copper-induced death are inconclusive, with different studies showing different opinions on the mechanism of copper-induced death. Multiple investigations have shown that copper induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nucleolar stress, and proteasome inhibition, all of which can result in cell death. The latest research elucidates a copper-dependent death and denominates it as cuproptosis. Cuproptosis takes place through the combination of copper and lipoylated proteins of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, triggering agglomeration of lipoylated proteins and loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins, leading to proteotoxic stress and ultimately death. Given the toxicity and necessity of copper, abnormal levels of copper lead to diseases such as neurological diseases and cancer. The development of cancer has a high demand for copper, neurological diseases involve the change of copper contents and the binding of copper to proteins. There is a close relationship between these two kinds of diseases and copper. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of copper-related death, and the association between copper and diseases, to better figure out the influence of copper in cell death and diseases, thus advancing the clinical remedy of these diseases.

Insights into the metabolite profiles of Rubus chingii Hu at different developmental stages of fruit.

The fruits of Rubus chingii Hu have high medicinal and nutritional values. However, the metabolite profiles of R. chingii, especially the alterations during different development stages of fruit, have not been comprehensively analyzed, hindering the effective utilization of the unique species. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the metabolites of R. chingii fruit at four developmental stages using systematic untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics analysis and identified 682 metabolites. Significant changes were observed in metabolite accumulation and composition in fruits during the different developmental stages. The contents of the index components, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and ellagic acid, were the highest in immature fruit. The analysis identified 64 differentially expressed flavonoids and 39 differentially expressed phenolic acids; the accumulation of most of these differentially expressed metabolites decreased with the developmental stages of fruit from immaturity to maturity. These results confirmed that the developmental stages of fruit are a critical factor in determining its secondary metabolite compositions. This study elucidated the metabolic profile of R. chingii fruit at different stages of development to understand the dynamic changes in metabolites.

Rotating Bending Fatigue Behaviors of C17200 Beryllium Copper Alloy at High Temperatures.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fatigue properties of C17200 alloy under the condition of quenching aging heat treatment at high temperatures, and to provide a design reference for its application in a certain temperature range. For this purpose, the tensile and rotary bending fatigue (RBF) tests were carried out at different temperatures (25 °C, 150 °C, 350 °C, and 450 °C). The tensile strength was obtained, and relationships between the applied bending stress levels and the number of fatigue fracture cycles were fitted to the stress-life (S-N) curves, and the related equations were determined. The fractured surfaces were observed and analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the RBF fatigue performance of C17200 alloy specimens is decreased with the increase in test temperature. When the temperature is below 350 °C, the performance degradation amplitudes of mechanical properties and RBF fatigue resistance are at a low level. However, compared to the RBF fatigue strength of 1 × 107 cycles at 25 °C, it is decreased by 38.4% when the temperature reaches 450 °C. It is found that the fatigue failure type of C17200 alloy belongs to surface defect initiation. Below 350 °C, the surface roughness of the fatigue fracture is higher, which is similar to the brittle fracture, so the boundary of the fracture regions is not obvious. At 450 °C, due to the further increase in temperature, oxidation occurs on the fracture surface, and the boundary of typical fatigue zone is obvious.

Effect of Milling Processing Parameters on the Surface Roughness and Tool Cutting Forces of T2 Pure Copper.

In this paper, the responses of machined surface roughness and milling tool cutting forces under the different milling processing parameters (cutting speed v, feed rate f, and axial cutting depth ap) are experimentally investigated to meet the increasing requirements for the mechanical machining of T2 pure copper. The effects of different milling processing parameters on cutting force and tool displacement acceleration are studied based on orthogonal and single-factor milling experiments. The three-dimensional morphologies of the workpieces are observed, and a white-light topography instrument measures the surface roughness. The results show that the degree of influence on Sa (surface arithmetic mean deviation) and Sq (surface root mean square deviation) from high to low level is the v, the f, and the ap. When v = 600 m/min, ap = 0.5 mm, f = 0.1 mm/r, Sa and Sq are 1.80 µm and 2.25 µm, respectively. The cutting forces in the three directions negatively correlate with increased cutting speed; when v = 600 m/min, Fx reaches its lowest value. In contrast, an increase in the feed rate and the axial cutting depth significantly increases Fx. The tool displacement acceleration amplitudes demonstrate a positive relationship. Variation of the tool displacement acceleration states leads to the different microstructure of the machined surfaces. Therefore, selecting the appropriate milling processing parameters has a positive effect on reducing the tool displacement acceleration, improving the machined surface quality of T2 pure copper, and extending the tool's life. The optimal milling processing parameters in this paper are the v = 600 m/min, ap = 0.5 mm, and f = 0.1 mm/r.

Impedance Analysis of Chitin Nanofibers Integrated Bulk Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensor with Asymmetric Electrode Configuration.

This paper fabricated a high-performance chitin nanofibers (ChNFs)-integrated bulk acoustic wave (BAW) humidity sensor with an asymmetric electrode configuration. The ChNFs were successfully prepared from crab shells and used as moisture-sensitive materials to compare the performance of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) humidity sensors with symmetric and asymmetric electrode structures. The QCM humidity sensor with a smaller electrode area exhibited high sensitivity of 58.84 Hz/%RH, competitive response/recovery time of 30/3.5 s, and low humidity hysteresis of 2.5% RH. However, it is necessary to choose a suitable electrode diameter to balance the stability and sensitivity because the impedance analysis result showed that the reduction of the electrode diameter leads to a sharp decrease in the Q value (stability). Next, the possible humidity-sensitive mechanism of the ChNFs-integrated asymmetric n-m electrode QCM humidity sensor was discussed in detail. Finally, the reasons for the highest sensitivity of the asymmetric n-m electrode QCM humidity sensors having a smaller electrode diameter were analyzed in detail in terms of both mass sensitivity and fringing field effect. This work not only demonstrates that the chitin nanofiber is an excellent potential material for moisture detection, but also provides a new perspective for designing high-performance QCM humidity sensors.

Case Report: Radiotherapy Plus Immunotherapy and Lenvatinib for the Treatment of Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma With a Right Atrium and Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus.

Background: The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with right atrium (RA) and inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombi is challenging, with the standard treatment being not well established. Immunotherapy plus antiangiogenic therapy is a potentially effective treatment for patients with advanced HCC. Here, we described the case of a patient with HCC with RA and IVC tumor thrombi who achieved a successful response from radiotherapy and targeted therapy plus immunotherapy. Case Summary: A 62-year-old women presented with severe bilateral lower extremity edema identified as recurrent HCC with RA and IVC tumor thrombi based on past medical history and computed tomography. The patient received palliative radiotherapy plus pembrolizumab and lenvatinib treatment and was relieved of disease symptoms of bilateral lower extremity edema. The HCC with RA and IVC tumor thrombi shrunk, and the progression-free survival of this patient was > seven months. Conclusion: Tumor thrombus-directed radiotherapy plus concurrent immunotherapy and targeted therapy might be a feasible and safe approach for patients with HCC with RA and IVC tumor thrombi.

miR-15a-5p regulates myocardial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation by targeting Smad7.

BACKGROUND: At present, there is no effective treatment for myocardial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation (AF). It is reported that miR-15a-5p is abnormally expressed in AF patients but its specific role remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of miR-15a-5p in myocardial fibrosis. METHODS: Left atrial appendage (LAA) tissues were collected from AF and non-AF patients. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated H9C2 cells, miR-15a-5p mimic, inhibitor, pcDNA3.1-Smad7 and small interfering RNA-Smad7 (siRNA-Smad7) were respectively transfected to up-regulate or down-regulate the intracellular expression levels of miR-15a-5p and Smad7. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot (WB) were used to determine the expression levels of miR-15a-5p, Smad7, transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) and collagen I. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and ethylene deoxyuridine (EdU) were used to determine cell viability and proliferation capacity, respectively. Dual-luciferase was used to detect whether miR-15a-5p interacted with Smad7, hydroxyproline (HYP) and Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining were used to detect tissue fibrosis. RESULTS: The expression levels of miR-15a-5p, TGF-ß1 and collagen I were up-regulated, while Smad7 was down-regulated in AF tissues and LPS-stimulated cells. MiR-15a-5p mimic can inhibit the expression of Smad7, and the dual-luciferase experiment confirmed their interaction. MiR-15a-5p inhibitor or pcDNA3.1-Smad7 can inhibit LPS-induced fibrosis and cell proliferation, while siRNA-Smad7 can reverse the changes caused by miR-15a-5p inhibitor. CONCLUSION: We combined clinical studies with LPS-stimulated H9C2 cell model to validate the role of miR-15a-5p in the regulation of Smad7 and fibrosis. Taken together, the miR-15a-5p/Smad7 pathway might be a potential target for AF therapy.

Achieving Ultrahigh Volumetric Energy Storage by Compressing Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual-Doped Carbon Nanocages via Capillarity.

High volumetric performance is a challenging issue for carbon-based electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Herein, collapsed N,S dual-doped carbon nanocages (cNS-CNC) are constructed by simple capillary compression, which eliminates the surplus meso- and macropores, leading to a much increased density only at the slight expense of specific surface area. The N,S dual-doping induces strong polarity of the carbon surface, and thus much improves the wettability and charge transfer. The synergism of the high density, large ion-accessible surface area, and fast charge transfer leads to state-of-the-art volumetric performance under the premise of high rate capability. At a current density of 50 A g-1 , the optimized cNS-CNC delivers a high volumetric capacitance of 243 and 199 F cm-3 in KOH and EMIMBF4 electrolyte, with high energy density of 7.9 and 93.4 Wh L-1 , respectively. A top-level stack volumetric energy density of 75.3 Wh L-1 (at power density of 0.7 kW L-1 ) and a maximal stack volumetric power density of 112 kW L-1 (at energy density of 18.8 Wh L-1 ) are achieved in EMIMBF4 , comparable to the lead-acid battery in energy density but better in power density with 2-3 orders. This study demonstrates an efficient strategy to design carbon-based materials for high-volumetric-performance EDLCs with wide practical applications.

Effect of HIF-1αsiRNA-linked AuNRs on radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The radiation sensitivity of tumor cells is closely related to tumor cell hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is considered a key transcription factor which regulates the sensitivity of hypoxic tumor cells to radiotherapy. On the other hand, some studies have shown that gold nanomaterials improve radiation sensitivity. However, studies on the effect of gold nanomaterials carrying HIF-1αsiRNA on tumor radiotherapy, and the underlying mechanisms are limited. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the effect of gold nanocomposites (AuNRs) carrying HIF-1αsiRNA (AuNRs-HIF-1αsiRNA) on the radiation sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) hypoxia cells. The effect of AuNRs-HIF-1αsiRNA on radiation sensitivity of hypoxic NPC cells was determined under X-ray irradiation. The results showed that Au-HIF-1αsiRNA improved the radio-sensitivity of NPC tumor. Thus, this study has demonstrated that gold nanomaterials carrying HIF-1αsiRNA effectively increased the radio-sensitivity of hypoxic tumor, thereby improving the effect of radiotherapy on NPC cells.

Special AT-rich Sequence Binding-Protein 1 (SATB1) Correlates with Immune Infiltration in Breast, Head and Neck, and Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND SATB1 is essential in gene regulation and associates with T cell development. Aberrant SATB1 expression has been reported in various neoplasms. However, correlations between SATB1 and tumor immune infiltration and prognosis in malignancies still remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used Oncomine and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource database to explore the expression of SATB1 in cancers. In addition, Kaplan-Meier plotter, PrognoScan, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis were also used to assess the effects of SATB1 on clinical prognosis. Furthermore, correlations between cancer immune infiltration and SATB1 were analyzed via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource. RESULTS The results demonstrated that SATB1 correlates with prognosis in different types of cancers, such as breast invasive carcinoma (BRAC), head and neck cancer (HNSC), and prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD). Decreased expression of SATB1 was associated with poor overall and progression-free survival of BRAC patients with positive estrogen receptor (ER) as well as mutated TP53. In addition, B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells infiltration in BRAC, HNSC, and PRAD were also correlated with SATB1 expression level. Moreover, we found strong correlations between SATB1 and various immune markers for BRAC, HNSC, and PRAD. CONCLUSIONS In BRAC, HNSC, and PRAD patients, SATB1 has potential to serve as a prognostic indicator for predicting tumor immune infiltration and prognosis.

Identifying Iron-Nitrogen/Carbon Active Structures for Oxygen Reduction Reaction under the Effect of Electrode Potential.

Transition-metal-nitrogen/carbon (TM-N/C) materials are promising alternatives to Pt-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts of fuel cells. Identifying the highly active sites is the prerequisite for the design of high-performance electrocatalysts, in which the density functional theory (DFT) calculation is an important tool. However, the DFT simulation was usually conducted with a charge-neutral model, which is far away from the working condition, that is, under certain potentials. Herein, by using the DFT method with the explicit consideration of electrode potential, we systematically compared the activities of the Fe-N/C moieties previously proposed in the literature and identified the best one. This study not only demonstrates the significance of the electrode potential in computational electrochemistry but also suggests a feasible experimental strategy to increase the ORR performance of Fe-N/C electrocatalysts by creating edges defects and coordinating with the axial ligands on the Fe center, which is of practical significance for exploring the advanced non-precious-metal-based ORR electrocatalysts and related devices.

Optimisation of extraction conditions for total saponins from Cynanchum wallichii using response surface methodology and its anti-tumour effects.

Cynanchum wallichii Wight, is a traditional Chinese medicine herb, which is rich in saponins and has varieties of pharmacological activities. In this study, a standardized C. wallichii extract was established and the anti-tumor activity of the total saponins was evaluated by MTT assay. The extraction conditions of the standardized extract was optimized using response surface methodology. The experimental value was in good agreement (the yield 4.28%) with predicted values. The total saponins of the extract showed significant anti-tumor activity against three human tumor cell lines (A549, HepG2 and MCF-7), especially for MCF-7 (IC50. 67.63 µg/mL) cells in vitro.

Effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid in rat plasma using UPLC-MS/MS.

1. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of piperine (PP) on the pharmacokinetics of rosmarinic acid (RA) in rat plasma and to determine whether PP could enhance the oral bioavailability of RA via inhibition of its glucuronidation. 2. The pharmacokinetic profiles of RA between oral administration of RA (50 mg/kg) alone and in combination with different oral dose PP (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg) to rats were investigated via a validated UPLC/MS/MS method. 3. The AUC and Cmax of RA were significantly increased in combination with different dose PP dose dependently, especially in the presence of 60 and 80 mg/kg PP (p < 0.01). The relative bioavailability of RA in the presence of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg PP was 1.24-, 1.32-, 2.02-, and 2.26-folds higher, respectively, compared with the control group given RA alone. Compared with RA, the pharmacokinetic modulations of RA glucuronide were even more apparent, and the glucuronidation of RA was remarkedly inhibited. 4. This study demonstrated that PP significantly improved the in vivo bioavailability of RA partly attributing to the inhibition of gut and hepatic metabolism enzymes of RA.

Simultaneous Determination of 10 Active Components in Hulisan Tablets by a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Diode Array Detector.

Hulisan tablets (HLST), a famous classic traditional Chinese prescriptions consisting of four medicinal herbs, have been applied for treating fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, mechanical phlebitis and traumatic bleeding extensively. In this study, a simple and reliable method using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was established for the simultaneous determination of 10 active compounds in HLST. The chromatographic analysis was performed on a Symmetry(®)-C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, i.d., 5 µm; Waters, Wexford, Leinster, Ireland) at 30°C with a gradient elution of 0.1 mol/L ammonium acetate (containing 0.5 mL glacial acetic acid per 1,000 mL) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection UV wavelengths were set at 232, 254 and 280 nm. The method was validated by linearity, precision, stability and recovery. Calibration curves for the 10 compounds showed good linear regressions (R(2) > 0.9992). The limits of detection and quantification fell in the ranges of 0.03-0.36 and 0.11-1.01 µg/mL, respectively. The results of the recovery test were 97.19-102.04% with a RSD value of 0.65-2.47%. The developed method was subsequently applied to evaluate five batches of HLST and testified to be suitable for the quality control.

Lipophilic constituents from two processed products and three different parts of Changium smyrnioides Wolff.

This article reports the lipophilic chemical composition of different processed products (Changii Radix, Changii Radix Alba) and parts (root bark, leaf and fruit) of Changium smyrnioides Wolff.. The lipophilic constituents were extracted with petroleum ether in Soxhlet apparatus, subsequently identified and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Yield of lipophilic constituents from Changii Radix (3.65%) was about three times more than Changii Radix Alba's (1.07%), which indicated processing by boiling in water had an impact on the content of lipophilic constituents. Moreover, the major compounds in different processed products and parts were found to be fatty acids and sesquiterpenes. The results are a contribution for the lipophilic chemical composition and can serve as a reference for product development of Changium smyrnioides Wolff..

[Carpal tunnel syndrome with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy: a clinical and electrophysiological study].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) and simple-CTS, and compare the effect of double crush with that of simple entrapment on a nerve and investigate the association between CTS and CSR. METHOD: From January 2011 to August 2014, clinical data from 96 patients with double crush syndrome (DCS, CTS with CSR) and 165 patients with simple-CTS were examined, and the electrophysiologic parameters of median nerve in patients with DCS were compared with that in patients with simple-CTS. RESULTS: In 96 patients with DCS, most of them were female; neck and shoulder pain or simultaneously accompanied by numbness and pain of upper limb was observed in 34 patients, upper limb symptoms and hand weakness and muscle atrophy were observed in the other 62 patients, 124 median nerves with abnormal conduction were found in these DCS patients, including 68 cases with unilateral abnormalities and 28 cases with bilateral abnormalities. Cervical radiculopathies of the C5-7 mainly involved in patients with DCS.223 median nerves with abnormal conduction found in the 165 patients with simple-CTS, including 107 cases with unilateral abnormalities and 58 cases with bilateral abnormalities. The average sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV), motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) and distal motor latency (DML) of median nerve for DCS and simple-CTS were (32±7) m/s vs (35±5) m/s, (55±7) m/s vs (57±5) m/s and (4.6±1.6) ms vs (4.0±0.8) ms, respectively, and their corresponding amplitudes were 6.4 µV vs 9.5 µV, 10.9 mV vs 13.1 mV and 11.3 mV vs 14.1 mV, respectively. The SCV, MCV and DML and their corresponding amplitude of DCS were significantly greater decreased than that of simple-CTS (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: DCS is a common clinical syndrome, and patients with DCS may have neck and shoulder symptoms in addition to the common manifestations of simple-CTS. Abnormal conduction of median nerve of CTS with CSR is more severe than that of simple-CTS, which neurophysiologically proves the association between CTS and CSR and supports double crush hypothesis.

Xanthone-rich dichloromethane fraction of Securidaca inappendiculata, the possible antirheumatic material base with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunodepressive effects.

CONTEXT: Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. is an traditional Chinese medicine curing rheumatoid arthritis, but there is a lack of reports on material base research. OBJECTIVE: To find the active fraction of S. inappendiculata contributing the most to antirheumatic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prior to assays in vivo, mice were treated with different fractions from S. inappendiculata for 5 d at doses relative to 10, 5, and 2.5 g/kg of crude drug. Hot plate test and carrageenan-induced paw edema test were used to investigate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. PGE2 levels in inflammatory paws were determined by a colorimetric method. Carbon clearance test in vivo and lymphocyte transformation test in vitro were employed to assess the immune regulation activity. HPLC was used to explore the main compounds in the active fraction. RESULTS: All the fractions, especially the dichloromethane fraction (SID), alleviated inflammation. High dose of SID (112 mg/kg) inhibited paw swelling by 63.1%, and decreased PGE2 level to 38 ng/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction (SIE) and SID suppressed the carbon clearance rate (K = 0.044, 0.038 for high dose) efficiently. All fractions hindered the transformation and proliferation of lymphocyte, and prolonged the reaction time of rats in the hot plate test. The concentrations of two typical xanthones: 2-hydroxyl-1,7-dimethoxyl-xanthone and 1,7-dihydroxyl-xanthone in SID were 0.93% and 1.19%, respectively, by HPLC analysis. CONCLUSION: SID exhibited significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunodepressive effects in vivo and vitro, and deemed as the main material base for the antirheumatic activity.

Hybrid particle swarm optimization for hybrid flowshop scheduling problem with maintenance activities.

A hybrid algorithm which combines particle swarm optimization (PSO) and iterated local search (ILS) is proposed for solving the hybrid flowshop scheduling (HFS) problem with preventive maintenance (PM) activities. In the proposed algorithm, different crossover operators and mutation operators are investigated. In addition, an efficient multiple insert mutation operator is developed for enhancing the searching ability of the algorithm. Furthermore, an ILS-based local search procedure is embedded in the algorithm to improve the exploitation ability of the proposed algorithm. The detailed experimental parameter for the canonical PSO is tuning. The proposed algorithm is tested on the variation of 77 Carlier and Néron's benchmark problems. Detailed comparisons with the present efficient algorithms, including hGA, ILS, PSO, and IG, verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Analysis and control of an SEIR epidemic system with nonlinear transmission rate.

In this paper, the dynamical behaviors of an SEIR epidemic system governed by differential and algebraic equations with seasonal forcing in transmission rate are studied. The cases of only one varying parameter, two varying parameters and three varying parameters are considered to analyze the dynamical behaviors of the system. For the case of one varying parameter, the periodic, chaotic and hyperchaotic dynamical behaviors are investigated via the bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponent spectrum diagram and Poincare section. For the cases of two and three varying parameters, a Lyapunov diagram is applied. A tracking controller is designed to eliminate the hyperchaotic dynamical behavior of the system, such that the disease gradually disappears. In particular, the stability and bifurcation of the system for the case which is the degree of seasonality ß 1 = 0 are considered. Then taking isolation control, the aim of elimination of the disease can be reached. Finally, numerical simulations are given to illustrate the validity of the proposed results.

[Study of DNA examination in trace sample by carrier method].

OBJECTIVE: To solve the problems of DNA testing in trace sample. METHODS: Applying original carrier method to detect known trace blood DNA and to compare it with the results obtained by high effective DNA extracting method of Chelex-100. RESULTS: The carrier method not only could obtain the right STR genotype in the trace blood sample, but also was twice as sensitive as the Chelex-100 method. CONCLUSION: The carrier method could improve the DNA detection in trace sample. It is easy to operate and is much more valuable in the forensic case analysis.