Current mRNA-based vaccine strategies for glioma treatment.

Gliomas are one of the most aggressive types of brain tumors and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, conventional treatments for gliomas such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have limited effectiveness, and new approaches are needed to improve patient outcomes. mRNA-based vaccines represent a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, including gliomas. Recent advances in immunotherapy using mRNA-based dendritic cell vaccines have shown great potential in preclinical and clinical trials. Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that play a crucial role in initiating and regulating immune responses. In this review, we summarize the current progress of mRNA-based vaccines for gliomas, with a focus on recent advances in dendritic cell-based mRNA vaccines. We also discuss the feasibility and safety of mRNA-based clinical applications for gliomas.

Clinical and prognostic significance analysis of glycolysis-related genes in HNSCC.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents one of the most malignant cancers worldwide, with poor survival. Experimental evidence implies that glycolysis/hypoxia is associated with HNSCC. In this study, we aimed to construct a novel glycolysis-/hypoxia-related gene (GHRG) signature for survival prediction of HNSCC. METHODS: A multistage screening strategy was used to establish the GHRG prognostic model by univariate/least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)/step multivariate Cox regressions from The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. A nomogram was constructed to quantify the survival probability. Correlations between risk score and immune infiltration and chemotherapy sensitivity were explored. RESULTS: We established a 12-GHRG mRNA signature to predict the prognosis in HNSCC patients. Patients in the high-risk score group had a much worse prognosis. The predictive power of the model was validated by external HNSCC cohorts, and the model was identified as an independent factor for survival prediction. Immune infiltration analysis showed that the high-risk score group had an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Finally, the model was effective in predicting chemotherapeutic sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the GHRG model is a robust prognostic tool for survival prediction of HNSCC. Findings of this work provide novel insights for immune infiltration and chemotherapy of HNSCC, and may be applied clinically to guide therapeutic strategies.

Integrative analysis defines DDIT3 amplification as a correlative and essential factor for glioma malignancy.

Glioma, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is a highly aggressive and lethal primary brain tumor with poor prognosis. Metabolic reprogramming and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are two crucial factors contributing to glioma pathogenesis. However, the intricate coordination between these processes remains incompletely understood. Here, we conducted an integrative analysis to elucidate the nodal role of DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3) to couple metabolisms and stress responses in glioma. We demonstrated a positive association between DDIT3 amplification/enhanced expression with glioma malignancy, indicating its potential as a novel biomarker for prognosis and treatment stratification. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses further revealed the involvement of DDIT3 enhancement in glioma progression. Moreover, immune infiltration analysis showed that distinct DDIT3 expression groups had different immune microenvironment. Finally, in vitro validations confirmed the impact of DDIT3 on proliferation and migration of glioma cells. Our findings provide novel insights into the complex interplay between metabolic reprogramming and ER stress, and defines DDIT3 as a promising therapeutic target in glioma.

Rheb mediates neuronal-activity-induced mitochondrial energetics through mTORC1-independent PDH activation.

Neuronal activity increases energy consumption and requires balanced production to maintain neuronal function. How activity is coupled to energy production remains incompletely understood. Here, we report that Rheb regulates mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle flux of acetyl-CoA by activating pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to increase ATP production. Rheb is induced by synaptic activity and lactate and dynamically trafficked to the mitochondrial matrix through its interaction with Tom20. Mitochondria-localized Rheb protein is required for activity-induced PDH activation and ATP production. Cell-type-specific gain- and loss-of-function genetic models for Rheb reveal reciprocal changes in PDH phosphorylation/activity, acetyl-CoA, and ATP that are not evident with genetic or pharmacological manipulations of mTORC1. Mechanistically, Rheb physically associates with PDH phosphatase (PDP), enhancing its activity and association with the catalytic E1α-subunit of PDH to reduce PDH phosphorylation and increase its activity. Findings identify Rheb as a nodal point that balances neuronal activity and neuroenergetics via Rheb-PDH axis.

Pharmacokinetics of 16-dehydropregnenolone hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin inclusion complex following peroral administration.

16-Dehydropregnenolone (16-DHP) is an active compound with an unsatisfied in vivo behavior and poor water-solubility, which limits its clinical application. To improve its in vivo behavior and water-solubility, a Hydroxypropyl-beta-Cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) inclusion complex of 16-DHP was prepared in this paper. Pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of 16-DHP-HP-ß-CD at doses of 37.5, 75, 150 mg/kg were carried out to investigate its dose proportionality in rats. The relative bioavailability was researched by comparing the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of 16-DHP-HP-ß-CD and free 16-DHP after oral administration in rats at the dose of 75 mg/kg. At the same time, tissue distribution of 16-DHP-HP-ß-CD after oral administration at the dose of 240 mg/kg in mice was also investigated. Consequently, 16-DHP-HP-ß-CD appeared to be a linear pharmacokinetic character after peroral administration to the rat at the doses tested. Compared to free 16-DHP, inclusion complex could significantly improve the relative bioavailability (467%). Tissue distribution studies indicated that 16-DHP-HP-ß-CD tended to distribute into stomach, intestine, lung, brain and liver.