Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis after COVID-19.

An increase in the incidence of inflammatory arthritis after COVID-19 has been reported. Since many diseases exhibit population-specific causal effect sizes, we aimed to evaluate the incidence trends of inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), after COVID-19 in a large admixed Colombian population. Data analysis for this retrospective, population-based cohort study was carried out using the COOSALUD EPS registry. The following codes were selected for analyses: M059, seropositive RA, M069, unspecified RA, M060 seronegative RA, and other RA-related diagnoses: M064, M139, M068, M058, M130 and M053. The study period was limited to January 01, 2018, through December 31, 2022. Incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were assessed. A Cox survival model was built to evaluate the influence of age, gender, and COVID-19 vaccination status on the development of inflammatory arthritis. A bioinformatic analysis was performed to evaluate the homology between SARS-CoV-2 and autoantigen peptides related to RA. The entire population study comprised 3,335,084 individuals. During the pandemic period (2020-2022) the total IIR for seropositive and unspecified RA were 1.60 (95% CI, 1.16-2.22) and 2.93 (95% CI, 2.04-4.19), respectively, and the IIR for overall RA-related diagnosis was 2.01 (95% CI 1.59-2.53). The age groups hazard ratios (HRs) were increased until the age group of 51-60 years (HR: 9.16; 95% CI, 7.24-11.59) and then decreased slightly in the age group 61 years or older (HR: 5.364; 95% CI, 4.24-6.78) compared to those within 18-30 years. Men were less at risk than women to develop inflammatory arthritis (HR: 0.21; 95% CI, 0.18-0.24). The greater time since COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with a lower likelihood of developing inflammatory arthritis (HR: 0.99; 95% CI:0.998-0.999). Vaccination (all types of COVID-19 vaccines included) did not prevent the development of inflammatory arthritis after COVID-19. Low identity was found between the SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab antigen and the human antigens Poly ADP-ribose polymerase 14 and Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP9 isoform D (39% and 29%, respectively). In conclusion, our study confirms increased incidence of inflammatory arthritis, including RA, after COVID-19, with the greatest increase occurring before the first year post-covid. Women in their fifties were more susceptible. Further research is required to examine the effectiveness of vaccination in preventing post-COVID inflammatory arthritis and the mechanisms implicated in the development of RA after COVID-19.

Characterization of the external exposome and its contribution to the clinical respiratory and early biological effects in children: The PROMESA cohort study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution contains a mixture of different pollutants from multiple sources. However, the interaction of these pollutants with other environmental exposures, as well as their harmful effects on children under five in tropical countries, is not well known. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to characterize the external exposome (ambient and indoor exposures) and its contribution to clinical respiratory and early biological effects in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort study will be conducted on children under five (n = 500) with a one-year follow-up. Enrolled children will be followed monthly (phone call) and at months 6 and 12 (in person) post-enrolment with upper and lower Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) examinations, asthma development, asthma control, and genotoxic damage. The asthma diagnosis will be pediatric pulmonologist-based and a standardized protocol will be used. Exposure, effect, and susceptibility biomarkers will be measured on buccal cells samples. For environmental exposures PM2.5 will be sampled, and questionnaires, geographic information, dispersion models and Land Use Regression models for PM2.5 and NO2 will be used. Different statistical methods that include Bayesian and machine learning techniques will be used for the ambient and indoor exposures-and outcomes. This study was approved by the ethics committee at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. EXPECTED STUDY OUTCOMES/FINDINGS: To estimate i) The toxic effect of particulate matter transcending the approach based on pollutant concentration levels; ii) The risk of developing an upper and lower ARI, based on different exposure windows; iii) A baseline of early biological damage in children under five, and describe its progression after a one-year follow-up; and iv) How physical and chemical PM2.5 characteristics influence toxicity and children's health.

Tripanosomiasis americana, una mirada desde eltratamiento / American trypanosomiasis, a new look at its treatment

La tripanosomiasis americana o enfermedad de Chagas es una infección parasitaria causada por el parásito flagelado Trypanosomacruzi, cuyo principal vector es un insecto de la clase hemíptera conocido como triatomino. La quimioterapia, adicional a un controloportuno de vectores y rigurosidad en el control de las transfusiones, son los elementos más importantes para el manejo de estaparasitosis. En la actualidad, el mercado farmacéutico solo ofrece nifurtimox y benznidazol como opciones terapéuticas, y a pesar deque se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios con el uso de estos medicamentos en fases agudas de la enfermedad, tripanosomiasiscongénita y accidentes de laboratorio, la efectividad en las fases crónicas es notoriamente menor. Además, ambos fármacos generanciertos efectos adversos que deben ser tenidos en cuenta por el personal de la salud, antes de iniciar el debido manejo de estaenfermedad. El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar el estado actual del tratamiento farmacológico de la tripanosomiasis americana,buscando resumir los nuevos avances terapéuticos y dar a conocer las limitaciones de los mismos debido a sus efectos adversos.

American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, whosemain vector is an insect of the Hemiptera class, called triatomine. Chemotherapy, in addition to an appropriate vector control and arigorous control of transfusions, are the most important strategies for the management of this parasitosis. Currently, the pharmaceuticalmarket only offers nifurtimox and benznidazole as treatment options, and although satisfactory results have been obtained with theuse of these drugs in either acute stages of the disease, congenital trypanosomiasis and laboratory accidents, its effectiveness in thechronic phases is significantly smaller. In addition, both drugs produce some side effects that must be taken into account by healthworkers, before starting the proper management of the disease. The aim of this article is to review the current state of the Americantrypanosomiasis treatment, in order to summarize the new advances in therapeutics and to introduce their limitations due to adverseeffects.