Pacientes con trastorno funcional intestinal: eficacia de una dieta baja en FODMAPS para el tratamiento de los síntomas digestivos / Patients with functional bowel disorder: effectiveness of a diet low in FODMAPS for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms

Introducción: Investigaciones recientes indican que los síntomas digestivos que presentan los pacientes con trastorno funcional intestinal mejoran con la restricción en la dieta de los hidratos de carbono de cadena corta (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides and Monosaccharides and Polyols: FODMAPs). Objetivos: 1. Valorar la eficacia de una dieta baja en FODMAPs en la mejoría de los síntomas digestivos en pacientes con trastorno funcional intestinal y en aquellos con enfermedades orgánicas del tubo digestivo. 2. Examinar qué alimentos dentro de cada grupo de hidratos de carbono (fructanos, galactanos, lactosa, exceso de fructosa y polioles) vuelven a tolerar los pacientes, después de realizar una dieta de reintroducción de alimentos con FODMAPs. Método: Investigación prospectiva que estudió de forma consecutiva 164 pacientes con trastorno funcional intestinal tratados en la consulta del Área de Nutrición de un hospital universitario de España. Los síntomas que presentaban eran dolor abdominal, distensión, gases, diarreas y/o estreñimiento. Durante 6-8 semanas siguieron dieta baja en FODMAPs, analizando en todos los casos la mejoría y la adherencia al tratamiento dietético. Posteriormente siguieron la dieta de reintroducción de alimentos con FODMAPs, evaluando la tolerancia a cada uno de los alimentos. Resultados: El ochenta y cuatro por ciento de los pacientes presentaron mejoría de los síntomas digestivos con una alta adherencia al tratamiento. Después de realizar la dieta de reintroducción, más del 80% de los pacientes volvieron a tolerar trigo, así como lácteos con lactosa y más del 70% legumbres y 2 raciones de frutas bajas en fructosa en la misma toma. Conclusiones: 1. La dieta baja en FODMAPs es eficaz para mejorar la sintomatología digestiva de los pacientes con trastorno funcional intestinal. 2. La mayor adherencia a la dieta se asocia con una mejoría total de los síntomas digestivos. 3. La mayoría de los pacientes, tras realizar la dieta de reintroducción, vuelve a tolerar trigo, leche, derivados lácteos con lactosa y legumbres, así como una variedad de frutas con alto contenido en FODMAPs (AU)

Introduction: Recent studies indicate that the gastrointestinal symptoms presented by patients with functional bowel disorder improve by restricting the intake of short-chain carbohydrates (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides and Monosaccharides and Polyols: FODMAPs). Objectives: l. Evaluate the efficacy of a diet low in FODMAPs for the improvement of most gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with functional bowel disorder and patients with organic gastrointestinal disorders. 2. Examine the foods within each group of carbohydrates (fructans, galactans, lactose, excess of fructose and polyols) that the patients can again tolerate, after following a diet of reintroducing foods with FODMAPs. Method: Prospective study of 164 patients consecutive with functional bowel disorder attending the Nutrition Unit of a Spanish university hospital. The symptoms presented were abdominal pain, bloating, wind, diarrhoea and/or constipation. Patients followed for 6-8 weeks a diet low in FODMAPs, analysing in every case the improvement and adherence to the dietary treatment. They subsequently followed a re-introductory diet of nutrients with FODMAPs, evaluating their tolerance to each one of the food items. Results: Eighty-four percent of the patients showed an improvement in the gastrointestinal symptoms with a high level of adherence to the dietary treatment. After performing the reintroduction diet, more than 80% of the patients tolerated again wheat as well as dairy products with lactose and more than 70%, legumes and 2 pieces of low-fructose fruits together. Conclusions: 1.The diet low in FODMAPs is effective in improving the gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with functional bowel disorder. 2. Greater adherence to the diet is associated with a general improvement in the gastrointestinal symptoms. 3. The majority of the patients, after following the re-introductory phase, tolerated again wheat, milk, dairy products with lactose and legumes, as well as a variety of fruits with high FODMAPs content (AU)

[Pressure ulcers in intensive care: assessment of risk and prevention measures]. / Ulceras por presión en cuidados intensivos: valoración del riesgo y medidas de prevención.

UNLABELLED: Pressure ulcers (PU) are associated to greater patient morbidity and mortality. Thus, all prevention measures are very important. In order to establish the appropriate care early, the first measure is the identification of patients at risk of developing PU, using specific scales. OBJECTIVES: 1) to assess the risk of developing PU in the patients admitted in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), using the Waterlow scale; 2) to identify patients with PU and to analyse the possible relationship between them and the measured risk; 3) to analyse the preventive care received by patients for its prevention. METHOD: This descriptive study analysed the risk of developing PU in 91 critical patients with a stay greater than 3 days. To measure the risk the Waterlow scale (modified by Weststrate in 1998), that included 14 risk factors, was used. Sociodemographic data, cause of admission, patients with PU, its location and grade and care applied were also collected. RESULTS: Risk grade obtained on the Waterlow scale was: without risk (< 10 points) in 8 patients, 23 with risk (10-14 points), 29 with high risk (15-19 points) and 31 had very high risk (20 points). Thirteen patients had ulcer, in 10 of them it was present on admission. Their score obtained on the scale was risk in 2 patients, high risk in 5 and very high risk in the remaining 6. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean score of risk of the 13 patients who had ulcer and the remaining sample (21.85-16.83; p = 0.005). When the risk factors included in the scale and its relationship with the presence of ulcer were analysed, statistically significant difference was only found in the "heart failure" factor (vasoconstrictor treatment), p = 0.045. No association was found between age, gender, diagnosis and presence of ulcer. Regarding the daily care applied to patients, the following results were obtained: skin hydration and hygiene were done in 100% of the patients, patient repositioning were done every 2 hours or more frequently in 80% of the patients, every 3 hours in 10% and in the remaining 10%, with a frequency greater than 4 hours. Heel protection was applied in 57% of the patients and special mattress was used in 54%. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the studied patients had high risk of developing PU. The patients who had an ulcer were at risk of developing it. The low incidence of ulcers obtained in this study allows us to consider appropriate the protocol of care.

[Assessment of practice competence and scientific knowledge of ICU nurses in the tracheal suctioning]. / Evaluación de la competencia práctica y de los conocimientos científicos de enfermeras de UCI en la aspiración endotraqueal de secreciones.

Tracheal suctioning is essential to maintain permeability of the artificial airway. This procedure may be associated to risks for the patients. Thus, it is very important to know if the nurses perform it correctly and if the practice is based on scientific evidence. This investigations objectives are: evaluate practical competence of the nurses, as well as the scientific knowledge that they have on this procedures in a Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit and analyze if there are discrepancies between the practice competence and scientific knowledge. This descriptive study, performed in 34 nurses, analyzed the performance of tracheal suctioning by direct observation, using the data collection of a structured grid that included 19 aspects to evaluate, grouped into 6 categories. In the same way, knowledge on the procedure was analyzed, using a 19-item self-administered questionnaire, also grouped into 6 categories, which evaluated the same aspects observed. The total mean score obtained in the practice observation grid (P) was 12.09 for a maximum score of 19, while it was 14.24 in the knowledge questionnaire (Q). When analyzed by categories, discrepancies were obtained in the following aspects: in the need for hand washing prior to suctioning (P = 55.9%; Q = 97.1%), in cleaning of the suction catheter after each suctioning during the procedure (P = 0%; Q = 38.2%), in the correct performance of hyperoxygenation and hyperinsuflation, before, during and after the procedure (P = 11.8%; Q = 941%), in the correct selection of the size suction catheter in relationship with endotracheal tubes internal lumen (P = 0%; Q = 52.9%), in the maximum time the catheter remains in the trachea (P = 100%; Q = 23.5%), in the maximum number of times that the catheter should be introduced in each suctioning (P = 100%; Q = 73.5%) and in the non-instillation of saline solution (P = 29.4%; Q = 58.8%). When the total scores obtained were compared, both in practice and knowledge, with the years of experience in ICU, no statistically significant differences were found. It is concluded that the study nurses have scientific knowledge of the suctioning procedure that are better than their practice competence. Discrepancies between practice and knowledge were also found in several of the aspects evaluated, which orients towards the specific needs of training in this procedure.