RESUMEN
A three-phase study was conducted in high-potential farming and peri-urban area in Kikuyu Division central Kenya to obtain farm and management data and to monitor health and productivity of pigs in smallholder farms. The first phase was a cross-sectional study in which 87 farms (that had been selected from a total of 179 farms using a simple random selection) were visited once and data on important farm and management factors were gathered using semi-structured questionnaires. The second phase was a pilot study that was conducted in the 87 study farms for a period of 3 months to pretest the data-collection tools and to evaluate the general research methodology for the longitudinal study. The third phase was a prospective 12-month observational study in which health and productivity of pigs were monitored monthly in 76 herds that were still active and had participated in the previous studies. The initial voluntary enrollment among the eligible farms was 99%. The median farm size was 1 acre. All the farms kept crossbreed pigs of Large White or Landrace (median nine pigs per farm). The median number of sows per herd was one. Most farmers engaged in farrow-to-finish pig-production system and most (60%) did not keep a breeding boar. The pigs were stall-fed the year round. Guard rails/piglet devices were present in 22% of the herds. Few (8%) farmers disinfected pig pens (especially the farrowing area). None of the farmers reported the use of vaccination against pig diseases. Most farmers (84 and 96%) indicated that they controlled for mange and worm infestations, respectively. To control mange, 50% of the farmers used acaricides, 34% used engine oil and 12% used both. Anthelmintics were used to control worms. No farmer had a particular control programme in place for both worms and mange. Artificial heating for piglets was not used in any of the farms. High costs of feeds (which were of variable qualities) lack of credit and genetically high-quality breeding boars and diseases were ranked highly by the farmers as the main production constraints. Thirteen percent (11/87) of farmers withdrew during the pilot study; 10 farmers had sold their pigs and one had died. Thirty-three percent (25/76) of the farms withdrew during the longitudinal study for various reasons that included death of pigs (3%; 2/76) and sale of the pigs (30%; 23/76)-mainly because of financial need.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Cruzamiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Animales , Estudios Transversales , Recolección de Datos/normas , Femenino , Kenia/epidemiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/etiologíaRESUMEN
A longitudinal study was carried out in Kikuyu Division (a peri-urban area in central Kenyan highlands) between January 1999 and December 1999 to estimate the baseline parameters on reproductive performance of the sow, as well as health and productivity of grower and preweaning pigs of smallholder herds. Data were collected on 155 breeding pigs, 795 grower pigs and 801 preweaning piglets in 74, 50 and 40 smallholder herds, respectively, using record cards that were updated during monthly visits. The sow-level medians were: weaning-to-service interval 3 months; interfarrowing interval 6.4 months; number of live-born piglets 9.0; and number of piglets weaned per litter 7.5. The piglet crude morbidity incidence risk was 29%. The cause-specific incidence risks for the important health problems encountered in preweaned piglets were diarrhea (4.3%), pruritus (17.1%), and skin necrosis (4.2%). The estimated crude mortality incidence risk to 8 weeks of age was 18.7%. The cause-specific mortality incidence risks to 8 weeks of age for the important causes of mortality were overlying (9.9%), savaging (2.4%), unviable piglets (2.0%) and unknown (1.9%). Overall, 78.8% of the total live-born piglet mortality occurred during the first week postpartum with 69% of these deaths being caused by overlying. The grower-pig crude morbidity incidence risk was 20% and the cause-specific incidence risks of the important health problems encountered were gut edema (1.3%), pruritus (21.1%), and unknown (2.3%). The crude mortality incidence risk was 3.8% and the important causes were gut edema and unknown causes (cause-specific mortality incidence risks of 1.3 and 1.6%, respectively). The median weight:age ratio and average daily weight gain for the grower pigs were 5.1 kg/month of age and 0.13 kg/day, respectively. For preweaning pigs, the median average daily weight gain was 0.13 g/day.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Cruzamiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Porcinos/fisiología , Animales , Recolección de Datos/métodos , Femenino , Kenia/epidemiología , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/etiologíaRESUMEN
Forty-two pigs in a herd of 117 displayed various clinical signs of progressive atrophic rhinitis. The main signs included sneezing, coughing, lachrymation, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, and nasal bleeding in 1 pig. Three pigs had lateral deviation of the snout, while 4 had brachygnathia superior with obvious deformation of the face. Four acutely affected weaner pigs appeared weak, while the 7 chronically-affected pigs appeared smaller than their apparently unaffected penmates of the same age. Treatment of the acutely affected pigs with long-acting oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly, repeated once after 7 days, reduced the severity but did not clear the sneezing from all the pigs. Fifteen pigs were slaughtered 2 months after the clinical diagnosis was made. The carcasses of the chronically affected pigs were about 15% lighter than those of the apparently normal pigs of the same age and from the same pen, which translated to a loss of 921.00 Kenya shillings per pig (US$13.7). Diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis was confirmed by sectioning the snouts of randomly selected slaughtered pigs with obvious deformation of the snout. Sections were made at the level of the 1st/2nd upper premolar tooth. Varying degrees of turbinate atrophy, from mild to complete, were noted. Histopathology of the turbinates revealed metaplasia of nasal epithelium and fibrosis in the lamina propria.
Asunto(s)
Rinitis Atrófica/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Cornetes Nasales/patología , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Atrofia/veterinaria , Femenino , Kenia , Masculino , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapéutico , Rinitis Atrófica/diagnóstico , Rinitis Atrófica/fisiopatología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/patología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/fisiopatologíaAsunto(s)
Meningitis Bacterianas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria , Streptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Cloranfenicol/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Meningitis Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Meningitis Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Water intoxication is a condition that is common in cattle, and has also been reported in other domestic animals and man. A comprehensive description of the condition is lacking. For a better understanding of the condition, this paper reviews work that has been reported previously by various authors.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Intoxicación por Agua/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/terapia , Causalidad , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Intoxicación por Agua/diagnóstico , Intoxicación por Agua/patología , Intoxicación por Agua/terapiaRESUMEN
Ovine lymphosarcoma was diagnosed clinically in a 5-year-old Blackhead sheep in Kenya, and confirmed on blood smear, leukocyte count and macroscopic pathology. Four progeny of the ewe were examined. They were normal haematologically but 2 revealed bilaterally enlarged lymph nodes.
Asunto(s)
Linfoma no Hodgkin/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Animales , Kenia , Recuento de Leucocitos , Linfoma no Hodgkin/sangre , Linfoma no Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/sangreRESUMEN
The pathology of calves that died from experimental water intoxication was investigated. Oedema of the brain and urinary bladder, and renal damage were significant pathological findings in these calves. The findings were attributed to positive water balance in calves suffering from water intoxication.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Intoxicación por Agua/veterinaria , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Bovinos , Riñón/patología , Masculino , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Intoxicación por Agua/patologíaAsunto(s)
Arsenicales/uso terapéutico , Camelus/parasitología , Tripanocidas/uso terapéutico , Trypanosoma/efectos de los fármacos , Tripanosomiasis/veterinaria , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/análisis , Antígenos de Protozoos/análisis , Arsenicales/administración & dosificación , Arsenicales/farmacología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Ratones , Tripanocidas/administración & dosificación , Tripanocidas/farmacología , Trypanosoma/inmunología , Tripanosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios/toxicidad , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Quinolinio/toxicidad , Urea/análogos & derivados , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Glutatión/análisis , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Urea/toxicidadRESUMEN
The acute toxicity of quinuronium was investigated by measurements of lethal doses (LD50) in mice and rats, cholinesterase activity in vivo in whole blood, and protection from anticholinesterase activity by atropinisation in sheep and rabbits. The LD50s in mice injected i.p. and s.c. were 4.80 and 5.40 mg/kg and in rats 6.3 and 6.5 mg/kg for i.p. and s.c. routes, respectively. Signs of salivation, defecation, anorexia and muscular spasms were observed in sheep. In rabbits anorexia and depression only were observed. There was species variation in normal cholinesterase activity, rabbits being low in activity. Quinuronium inhibited cholinesterase activity from 10 min to 24 h after treatment in sheep by 24% of the normal baseline values. The enzyme activity returned to normal at 48 h. Atropinisation partially protected against anticholinesterase activity in sheep; cholinesterase activity was inhibited by only 14% of the normal baseline values 10 min to 2 h after treatment. This study indicates that quinuronium is highly toxic and that rabbits are moderately resistant.