Global, regional and national burden, incidence, and mortality of cervical cancer.

AIM: Among gynecological cancers, cervical cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in developing countries. This study analyzes the incidence, mortality, and burden of cervical cancer using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The GBD (2019) data on cervical cancer was extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) query tool. Age-standardized rate (ASR) incidence, deaths, lost years of life (YLLs), years of life with disabilities (YLDs), and adjusted years of life with disabilities (DALYs) of cervical cancer in women were extracted. Data were extracted globally for 204 countries and groups based on a socio-demographic index (SDI), World Health Organization (WHO) regions, continents, World Bank regions, and 22 GBD regions. RESULTS: The higher standardized age incidence of cervical cancer is in lower SDI countries, Africa, the African region (According to the WHO), and Sub-Saharan Africa (According to GBD regions). The highest deaths of ASR is in countries with low SDI, low-income group, Africa, the African region (According to the World Health Organization), and Sub-Saharan Africa (According to GBD regions). According to SDI classification, the highest DALYs ASR is in low SDI countries, World Bank Low-income countries, African and then American continents, African region, Sub-Saharan Africa, and then Latin America & Caribbean-WB (Based on GBD regions). CONCLUSION: In 2019, incidence, mortality, and DALYs of cervical cancer mostly affected countries with lower socioeconomic status. Given that cervical cancer is highly preventable, access to screening services and the presence of trained and knowledgeable health care staff can reduce illness, suffering, and death caused by this malignancy. It is recommended to use the national and international potentials to reduce the incidence of this malignancy.

An Overview on the Epidemiology and Immunology of COVID-19.

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and the 2019 novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Currently, there is no analyzed data to examine the outbreak of COVID-19 by continent and no determination of prevalence trends; this article reviews COVID-19 epidemiology and immunology. Original research, reviews, governmental databases, and treatment guidelines are analyzed to present the epidemiology and immunology of COVID-19. Reports from patients who were COVID-19 infected showed typical symptoms of neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and increased systemic inflammatory proteins of IL-6 and C reactive protein (CRP). These observations agree with the results of severe conditions of MERS or lethal cases of SARS, in which there is an increased presence of neutrophils and macrophages in the airways. Additionally, analyzed data showed that Europe (49.37%), the Americas (27.4%), and Eastern Mediterranean (10.07%) had the most cumulative total per 100,000 population confirmed cases, and Africa (6.9%), Western Pacific (3.46%), and South-East Asia (2.72%) had the lowest cumulative total per 100,000 population confirmed cases. In general, the trend lines showed that the number of confirmed cases (cumulative total) and deaths (cumulative total) would decrease eventually.