Influence of Constant Rate Infusions of Fentanyl Alone or in Combination With Lidocaine and Ketamine on the Response to Surgery and Postoperative Pain in Isoflurane Anesthetized Dogs Undergoing Unilateral Mastectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of constant rate infusions (CRI) of fentanyl alone or combined with lidocaine and ketamine (FLK), on physiological parameters, isoflurane requirements and the number of postoperative analgesic rescues in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Twenty-two dogs were premedicated with acepromazine 0.02 mg/kg and morphine 0.5 mg/kg and anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: Fentanyl group (fentanyl 5 µg/kg loading dose [LD] and 9 µg/kg/h CRI; n = 11); FLK group (fentanyl [same doses]; lidocaine 2 mg/kg LD and 3 mg/kg/h CRI; ketamine 1.0 mg/kg LD and 0.6 mg/kg/h CRI; = 11). Intraoperative evaluations were performed before the start of surgery and administration of the treatments (T0); three minutes after the LD (T1); during incision and tissue divulsion (T2); during closure of the surgical wound (T3). Meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg) was administered at T3. Blood samples were collected for determination of plasma concentrations of fentanyl, lidocaine and ketamine. Pain scores and the number of postoperative analgesic rescues with morphine (0.5 mg/kg) were evaluated for 24 hours postoperatively using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale. Compared to T0, significant decreases in heart rate (from 84 ± 28 to 53 ± 16 bpm in the Fentanyl group and from 93 ± 16 to 63 ± 15 bpm in FLK) and mean arterial pressure (from 61 ± 5 to 49 ± 10 mmHg in Fentanyl and from 59 ± 3 to 38 ± 6 mmHg in FLK) were observed at T1. Arterial hypotension was transient, with normalization of values at T2 and T3. The expired fraction of isoflurane did not differ significantly between the groups. Plasma concentrations of fentanyl, lidocaine and ketamine remained within the therapeutic range. Postoperatively, the number of dogs requiring analgesic rescue was significantly lower in the FLK (0/11, 0%) than in the Fentanyl group (5/11, 45%). In dogs administered morphine and meloxicam as part of the anesthesia protocol, an intraoperative CRI of FLK abolished the requirement for postoperative analgesic rescue for 24 hours in dogs undergoing mastectomy.

Sedative effects of acepromazine in combination with nalbuphine or butorphanol, intramuscularly or intravenously, in healthy cats: a randomized, blinded clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effects in cats administered acepromazine-nalbuphine and acepromazine-butorphanol, intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV), and the occurrence of adverse cardiorespiratory effects. METHODS: Forty-six cats were randomly divided into four groups and administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) combined with nalbuphine (0.5 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), IV (ACP-NALIV and ACP-BUTIV groups, respectively) or IM (ACP-NALIM and ACP-BUTIM groups, respectively). Sedation scores, ease of intravenous catheter placement (simple descriptive scale [SDS] scores), physiologic variables, venous blood gases and the propofol dose required for anesthetic induction were recorded. RESULTS: Mild sedation was observed in all groups approximately 30 mins after treatment administration (timepoint T1, prior to propofol administration). Sedation scores at T1 increased above baseline in all groups (P <0.05), but no significant difference was observed among groups. Dynamic interactive visual analogue scale sedation scores (range 0-100 mm) recorded at T1 were (median [interquartile range]): ACP-NALIM, 12 (10-12); ACP-NALIV, 11 (6-16); ACP-BUTIM, 11 (7-14); and ACP-BUTIV, 12 (7-19). Overall, SDS scores did not change from baseline at T1 and there was no significant difference among groups. The propofol dose did not differ among groups. Blood gases remained within the reference intervals for cats. Significant decreases from baseline were detected for all groups in systolic arterial pressure (SAP). Mean ± SD values at T1 were (mmHg): ACP-NALIM, 108 ± 13; ACP-NALIV, 102 ± 10; ACP-BUTIM, 97 ± 13; and ACP-BUTIV, 98 ± 21. Arterial hypotension (SAP <90 mmHg) was recorded at T1 in 0/11, 1/13, 4/11 and 5/11 cats in groups ACP-NALIM, ACP-NALIV, ACP-BUTIM and ACP-BUTIV, respectively, and was further exacerbated after the induction of anesthesia with propofol. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In healthy cats administered acepromazine-nalbuphine and acepromazine-butorphanol, IM and IV, the degree of sedation was mild regardless of the protocol and the route of administration. The main adverse effect observed was a reduction in arterial blood pressure.

Population genomics supports clonal reproduction and multiple independent gains and losses of parasitic abilities in the most devastating nematode pest.

The root-knot nematodes are the most devastating worms to worldwide agriculture with Meloidogyne incognita being the most widely distributed and damaging species. This parasitic and ecological success seems surprising given its supposed obligatory clonal reproduction. Clonal reproduction has been suspected based on cytological observations but, so far, never confirmed by population genomics data. As a species, M. incognita is highly polyphagous with thousands of host plants. However, different M. incognita isolates present distinct and overlapping patterns of host compatibilities. Historically, four "host races" had been defined as a function of ranges of compatible and incompatible plants. In this study, we used population genomics to assess whether (a) reproduction is actually clonal in this species, (b) the host races follow an underlying phylogenetic signal or, rather represent multiple independent transitions, and (c) how genome variations associate with other important biological traits such as the affected crops and geographical distribution. We sequenced the genomes of 11 M. incognita isolates across Brazil that covered the four host races in replicates. By aligning the genomic reads of these isolates to the M. incognita reference genome assembly, we identified point variations. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium and 4-gametes test showed no evidence for recombination, corroborating the clonal reproduction of M. incognita. The few point variations between the isolates showed no significant association with the host races, the geographical origin of the samples, or the crop on which they have been collected. Addition of isolates from other locations around the world confirmed this lack of underlying phylogenetic signal. This suggests multiple gains and losses of parasitic abilities and adaptations to different environments account for the broad host spectrum and wide geographical distribution of M. incognita and thus to its high economic impact. This surprising adaptability without sex poses both evolutionary and agro-economic challenges.

Population density of Trichoderma fungi in natural environments and agrosystems of a Cerrado area / Densidade populacional de fungos do gênero Trichoderma em ambientais naturais e agrossistemas de uma área de Cerrado

Abstract: Soil microorganisms present a great diversity, involving taxonomically distinct groups that play a role in the decomposition of organic matter, nutrient cycling, soil aggregation, among others. In this diversity, the fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been successful plant pathogen biocontrol agents, as plant growth promoters and as inducers of plant resistance to diseases. In addition, they are important in the sustainability of natural ecosystems. Aiming to verify the population density of Trichoderma fungi in natural environments and agroecosystems, in Cerrado area, samples of soils and roots from native vegetation and agroecological production system were collected in the Federal District, Brazil. The collection points were randomly selected, and each soil or root sample was individually wrapped. The soil adhered to the roots was removed for evaluations. Serial sample dilutions and number of Colony Forming Units (CFUs) of Trichoderma isolates were performed. The results showed that the number of CFU varied depending on the plant and location evaluated. The replacement of native vegetation by organic farming systems did not result in a significant reduction in this number.

Resumo: Os microrganismos de solo apresentam uma grande diversidade, envolvendo grupos taxonomicamente distintos que desempenham papel na decomposição da matéria orgânica, ciclagem de nutrientes, agregação dos solos, dentre outros. Nesta diversidade, os fungos do gênero Trichoderma tem apresentado sucesso como agentes de biocontrole de fitopatógenos, como promotores de crescimento de plantas e, ainda, como indutores de resistência de plantas a doenças. Além disso, são importantes na sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas naturais. Com o objetivo de verificar a densidade populacional de fungos do gênero Trichoderma em ambientes naturais e agroecossistemas, em área de Cerrado, amostras de solos e raízes oriundas de vegetação nativa e de sistema de produção agroecológica foram coletadas na região do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Os pontos de coleta foram selecionados aleatoriamente, e cada amostra de solo ou raiz foi acondicionada individualmente. O solo aderido às raízes foi removido para as avaliações. Foram realizadas diluições seriadas das amostras e contagem do número de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFCs) de isolados de Trichoderma. Os resultados mostraram que o número de UFC variou dependendo da planta e da localidade avaliada. A substituição da vegetação nativa por sistemas de cultivo orgânicos não resultou em importante redução neste número.

Síndrome de fournier: ações do enfermeiro, uma revisão literária / Fournier syndrome: nurse's actions, a literary review / Síndrome de fournier: acciones de enfermera, una revisión literaria

A Síndrome de Fournier é um processo infeccioso severo que atinge os tecidos moles com avanço acelerado, possui etiologia polimicrobiana, com presença predominante de micro-organismos aeróbicos e anaeróbicos gram positivos e negativos. A finalidade deste trabalho é identificar por meio de revisão bibliográfica o conhecimento e atuação do enfermeiro sobre a síndrome de founier para que a sistematização de enfermagem seja executada de uma forma eficaz, prestando um atendimento eficiente ao paciente. Foi realizada revisão literária entre os anos de 2009 a 2019. Foram enfatizados a aplicabilidade da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem no tratamento, diagnóstico, complicações de acordo com a atuação do enfermeiro. Verificou-se que o tratamento incluiu a antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro e a cobertura mais indicada e utilizada foi à papaína. A oxigenoterapia hiperbárica foi aliada ao tratamento, porém questionada por alguns autores. Conclui- se que, de acordo com a revisão bibliográfica, não há dados publicados suficientes para realizar a análise.(AU)

Fournier syndrome is a severe infectious process that affects fast-advancing soft tissues, has a polymicrobial etiology, with predominant presence of aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and negative microorganisms. The purpose of this study is to identify through literature review the knowledge and performance of nurses about the Fournier syndrome so that nursing systematization is performed effectively, providing efficient care to the patient. A literature review was conducted between 2009 and 2019. The applicability of the systematization of nursing care in the treatment, diagnosis, and complications according to the nurse's performance was emphasized. The treatment was found to include broad spectrum antibiotic therapy and the most appropriate coverage used was papain. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was combined with treatment but questioned by some authors. It is concluded that, according to the literature review, there are not enough published data to perform the analysis.(AU)

El síndrome de Fournier es un proceso infeccioso severo que afecta los tejidos blandos con un progreso acelerado, tiene una etiología polimicrobiana, con una presencia predominante de microorganismos gram positivos y negativos aerobios y anaerobios. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar, mediante una revisión bibliográfica, el conocimiento y el desempeño de las enfermeras sobre el síndrome de Founier para que la sistematización de enfermería se realice de manera efectiva, brindando una atención eficiente al paciente. Se realizó una revisión literaria entre los años 2009 a 2019. Se enfatizó la aplicabilidad de la sistematización de la atención de enfermería en el tratamiento, diagnóstico, complicaciones según el desempeño de la enfermera. Se descubrió que el tratamiento incluía antibióticos de amplio espectro y la cobertura más indicada y utilizada fue la papaína. La oxigenoterapia hiperbárica se combinó con el tratamiento, pero algunos autores la cuestionaron. Se concluye que, según la revisión de la literatura, no hay suficientes datos publicados para realizar el análisis.(AU)

Escalas aplicadas em pacientes com suspeita e diagnóstico de acidente vascular encefálico / Scales applied in patients with suspect and diagnosis of encephalic vascular accident / Escalas aplicadas en pacientes con sospecha y diagnóstico de accidente vascular encefálico

Objetiva-se analisar as escalas de Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) utilizadas durante o pré e pós-diagnóstico. Revisão bibliográfica simples, descritiva e interdisciplinar nas bases de dados SciELO, Pubmed, LILACS e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Foram utilizados como critério de inclusão artigos em inglês, espanhol e português entre 2011 e 2017, dentre esses foram selecionados assunto ao tema proposto. Segundo as pesquisas, foram selecionados artigos os quais mostram escalas que auxilia na identificação dos sinais e sintomas, auxilia na avaliação do paciente com AVE Hemorrágico, avalia o estado neurológico e classifica o comprometimento funcional do paciente. Com base na confiabilidade e critérios de avaliação das escalas validadas pela American Stroke Asssociation, Cincinnati, LAPSS e NIHSS são as mais aplicadas por serem específicas devidos aos itens que confirmam os sinais clínicos apresentados por pacientes com suspeita de AVE.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the Stroke scales used during pre and post-diagnosis. Simple, descriptive and interdisciplinary bibliographic review in the databases SciELO, Pubmed, LILACS and Virtual Health Library were used as inclusion criteria articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese between 2011 and 2017, among which were selected subject to the proposed theme. According to the researches, articles were selected which show scales that aid in the identification of signs and symptoms, assist in the evaluation of the patient with hemorrhagic stroke, evaluate the neurological status and classify the functional impairment of the patient. Based on the reliability and evaluation criteria of the scales validated by the American Stroke Asssociation, Cincinnati, LAPSS and NIHSS are the most applied because they are specific due to items that confirm the clinical signs presented by patients suspected of having stroke.(AU)

Se pretende analizar las escalas de Accidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) utilizadas durante el pre y post-diagnóstico. sencillo, descriptivo e interdisciplinar revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed, lilas y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Fue utilizado como criterio para artículos de inclusión en Inglés, español y portugués entre 2011 y 2017, entre estos se seleccionaron sujetos a la temática propuesta. Según las encuestas, se seleccionaron artículos que muestran escalas que auxilia en la identificación de los signos y síntomas, auxilia en la evaluación del paciente con AVE Hemorrágico, evalúa el estado neurológico y clasifica el compromiso funcional del paciente. En base a la confiabilidad y criterios de evaluación de las escalas validadas por American Stroke Assocation, Cincinnati, LAPSS y NIHSS, son las más aplicadas por ser específicas debidas a los ítems que confirman los signos clínicos presentados por pacientes con sospechas de AVE.(AU)

Relation between iron metabolism and antioxidants enzymes and δ-ALA-D activity in rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron metabolism in serum, as well as antioxidant enzymes, in addition to the Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activity in the liver of rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Thirty male adult rats (Wistar) specific pathogen free were divided into four groups: two uninfected group (CTRL 1 and CTRL 2) with five animals each and two infected groups (INF 1 and INF 2) with 10 animals each. Infection was performed orally with 20 metacercariae at day 1. On day 15 (CTRL 1 and INF 1 groups) and 87 PI (CTRL 2 and INF 2 groups) blood and bone marrow were collected and the animals were subsequently euthanized for liver sampling. Blood was allocated in tubes without anticoagulant for serum acquisition to measure iron, transferrin and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC). δ-ALA-D, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in the liver. A decrease in iron, transferrin and UIBC levels was observed in all infected animals compared to control groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, iron accumulation was observed in bone marrow of infected mice. Infected animals showed an increase in δ-ALA-D activity at 87 post-infection (PI) (INF 2) as well as in SOD activity at days 15 (INF 1) and 87 PI (INF 2). On the other hand, CAT activity was reduced in rats infected by F. hepatica during acute and chronic phase of fasciolosis (INF 1 and INF 2 groups), when moderate (acute) and severe necrosis in the liver histopathology were observed. These results may suggest that oxidative damage to tissues along with antioxidant mechanisms might have taken part in fasciolosis pathogenesis and are also involved in iron deficiency associated to changes in δ-ALA-D activity during chronic phase of disease.

New isolates of Trichoderma antagonistic to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum / Novos isolados de Trichoderma antagônicos a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Abstract Forty-nine isolates of Trichoderma from the Brazilian Midwest were evaluated for their antagonistic activity in vitro against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of white mold), which were then identified based on their nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Paired culture tests showed that all isolates exhibited some antagonism, with a maximum of 77% mycelial inhibition and complete inhibition of sclerotia production. Two isolates were found to be the most promising biocontrol agents, considering both antagonistic parameters (CEN1253 - T. koningiopsis and CEN1265 - T. brevicompactum). Five different species were identified: T. harzianum (23), T. spirale (9), T. koningiopsis (8), T. brevicompactum (7) and T. asperellum (2). These isolates are stored in the Embrapa Fungi Collection for Biological Control and the information obtained in the experiments will be incorporated into the database of biological assets within the genetic resources information system (Allele) and be made available for further studies.

Resumo Quarenta e nove isolados de Trichoderma obtidos no centro-oeste do Brasil foram avaliados quanto a sua atividade antagônica in vitro contra Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (agente causal do mofo branco) e identificados com base nas sequências ITS do DNA ribossômico nuclear. Os testes de cultivo pareado mostram que todos os isolados exibiram algum antagonismo, com um máximo de 77% de inibiação micelial e inibição total da produção de escleródios. Dois isolados se destacaram como os mais promissores, considerando ambos os parâmetros avaliados (CEN1253 - T. koningiopsis e CEN1265 - T. brevicompactum). Cinco espécies diferentes foram identificadas: T. harzianum (23), T. spirale (9), T. koningiopsis (8), T. brevicompactum (7) and T. asperellum (2). Estes isolados estão armazenados na Coleção de Fungos para Controle Biológico da Embrapa e as informações obtidas nos experimentos serão incorporadas na base de dados de ativos biológicos, no sistema de informações de recursos genéticos, e disponibilizados para estudos futuros.

Virulência de estirpes (biovar 1 e 2T) de Ralstonia solanaceraum a Eucalyptus spp. / Virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum strains (biovar 1 and 2T) to Eucalyptus spp.

A murcha bacteriana do eucalipto (Raça 3 biovar 2T de Ralstonia solanacearum) foi descrita em 2009 em campo com o híbrido de eucalipto urograndis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a virulência de duas estirpes de R. solanacearum a dezessete espécies de Eucalyptus, através do teste de microbiolização de sementes. A análise estatística dentre espécies mostrou que a virulência variou entre as estirpes estudadas. A virulência da R3bv2T foi significativamente maior em: urograndis, E. urophylla, E. grandis x E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. microcorys, E. deanei e E. phaeotricha; e maior para R1bv1 somente na espécie E. pellita. Entre espécies de eucalipto, observou-se maior suscetibilidade em "urograndis", E. grandis e E. paniculata para R3bv2T; e em E. cloeziana, E. paniculata, E. botryoides, E. pellita, E. propinqua e E. resinifera devido a R1bv1.

The bacterial wilt of Eucalyptus (Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 biovar 2T) was reported in field of Eucalyptus hybrid urograndis. The objective of this research was to evaluate the virulence of two R. solanacearum strains to 17 Eucalyptus species, using the seed microbiolization method for pathogen inoculation. The results of the statistical analyses showed that virulence varied between the two R. solanacearum strains. The R3bv2T virulence was higher than the one in R1bv1 in the following Eucalyptus species: urograndis, E. urophylla, E. grandis x E. camaldulensis, E. grandis, E. microcorys, E. deanei, and E. phaeotricha. The virulence of the R1bv1 strain was higher only in E. pellita. Among species of Eucalyptus the following ones were more susceptibles: to R3bv2T strain - urograndis, E. grandis and E. paniculata, and to R1bv1 strain - E. cloeziana, E. paniculata, E. botryoides, E. pellita, E. propinqua and E. resinifera.