Attrition rate in infant fNIRS research: A meta-analysis.

Understanding the trends and predictors of attrition rate, or the proportion of collected data that is excluded from the final analyses, is important for accurate research planning, assessing data integrity, and ensuring generalizability. In this pre-registered meta-analysis, we reviewed 182 publications in infant (0-24 months) functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) research published from 1998 to April 9, 2020, and investigated the trends and predictors of attrition. The average attrition rate was 34.23% among 272 experiments across all 182 publications. Among a subset of 136 experiments that reported the specific reasons for subject exclusion, 21.50% of the attrition was infant-driven, while 14.21% was signal-driven. Subject characteristics (e.g., age) and study design (e.g., fNIRS cap configuration, block/trial design, and stimulus type) predicted the total and subject-driven attrition rates, suggesting that modifying the recruitment pool or the study design can meaningfully reduce the attrition rate in infant fNIRS research. Based on the findings, we established guidelines for reporting the attrition rate for scientific transparency and made recommendations to minimize the attrition rates. This research can facilitate developmental cognitive neuroscientists in their quest toward increasingly rigorous and representative research.

Avaliação das políticas sociais brasileiras para a eliminação da desigualdade de gêneros / Assessment of the contribution of Brazilian social policies to the elimination of gender inequality

O Estado de Bem-estar é o resultado de uma evolução histórica, econômica, política e social, e dependendo do regime em cada país, haverá políticas sociais mais abrangentes que outras. Tais políticas apresentam um conjunto de garantias necessárias para a redução das distorções provenientes do modelo industrial capitalista que emergiu na Europa, no final do século XIX. Dentre os exemplos mais exitosos destacamos o regime dinamarquês, que ganha destaque neste trabalho por refletir o sistema de licenças familiares mais completo e eficiente, capaz de garantir acesso universal às mães e seus filhos pequenos, minimizando a estratificação social e a mercadorização das garantias sociais. O Brasil está longe dessa realidade, porém passou a desenvolver, após 1930, uma série de políticas sociais as quais, a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, passaram a ter caráter universal. A presente pesquisa teve como objeto a análise comparativa das políticas sociais dirigidas às famílias com crianças pequenas no Brasil e na Dinamarca, e como objetivo analisar a contribuição das políticas sociais brasileiras para a superação da desigualdade de gêneros, para a promoção da cidadania das mulheres e do desenvolvimento das crianças. A análise centrou-se na regulamentação das licenças de proteção da maternidade, paternidade e parentalidade; nos subsídios atribuídos às famílias com crianças pequenas e na política de creches dos dois países. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada, principalmente, numa revisão bibliográfica e da legislação, utilizando como fonte secundária a base de dados online da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Google acadêmico, periódicos CAPES, base de dados MISSOC - Mutual Information System on Social Protection, OCDE, ILO e CEPAL. Os dados estatísticos utilizados foram obtidos das bases da OCDE e da Pordata (baseada no Eurostat), Banco Mundial (The World Bank Data), além da Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Como resultados encontrei uma disparidade entre os 2 países analisados quanto: a licença parental - ausente no Brasil, e a política de creches na Dinamarca ­ universal a partir de 26 semanas de vida onde os profissionais possuem expertise para atuarem com crianças pequenas nas creches e jardins de infância. (AU)

The Welfare State is the result of a historical, economic, political and social evolution, and depending on the regime in each country, there will be more comprehensive social policies than others. These policies provide a set of guarantees needed to reduce the distortions caused by the capitalist industrial model that emerged in Europe at the end of the 19th century. Among the most successful examples is the Danish system, which is highlighted in this article for reflecting the most complete and efficient family leave system, capable of guaranteeing universal access to mothers and their young children, minimizing social stratification and the commodification of social guarantees. Brazil is far from this reality, but after 1930 it began to develop a series of social policies which, since the 1988 Federal Constitution, have been universal in nature. The purpose of this research is to compare social policies aimed at families with young children in Brazil and Denmark, with the aim of analyzing the contribution of Brazilian social policies to overcoming gender inequality, promoting women's citizenship and children's development. The analysis focused on the regulation of maternity, paternity, and parental leave; the subsidies granted to families with young children and the nursery policy of the two countries. The methodology used was based mainly on a bibliographic and legislative review, using as a secondary source the online database of the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Google Scholar, CAPES journals, MISSOC database - Mutual Information System on Social Protection, ILO and CEPAL. The statistical data used was obtained from the OECD and Pordata databases (based on Eurostat), World Bank (The World Bank Data) and National Treasury Secretary of Brazil. As a result, I found a disparity between the two countries analyzed in terms of: parental leave - absent in Brazil and the nursery policy in Denmark - universal from 26 weeks of age where professionals have the expertise to work with young children in day care centers and nurseries. (AU)

The impact of internet addiction on the mental health of college students from the central area of Portugal

INTRODUCTION: Mental health has an imperative roll in general health, and it's known that most mental and physical diseases are influenced by a combination of biological, psychological and social factors, in which takes place the Internet addiction. OBJECTIVES: identify the sociodemographic variables that influence the mental health of college students; identify academic variables that influence the mental health of college student. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quantitative, descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study with 511 college students of the Central Region of Portugal. It was used a questionnaire on sociodemographic and academic context, and were used the following scales: Mental Health Scale-PhD José Luís Pais Ribeiro (2011); Internet Addiction Test, Portuguese version by Pontes e Patrão (2013). RESULTS: Mostly female students, standing largely in the age group of 17-21 years, living in urban areas, with an average family income. Younger students have high addition to the internet (62.2%). Sex interfere with the mental health of students. The lower the negative impact of adding Internet emotions / feelings and lower its negative impact on daily life, the less anxiety, depression and loss of emotional / behavioral control of college students. The negative impact on daily life establishes a direct relationship with the positive affect, indicating that the greater the negative impact, less positive affect students. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained point to the need to implement mental health programs, by conducting two workshops, promoting social interaction among students, to help them find more effective ways to respond to the daily challenges

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Lesões em DNA promovidas por produtos de oxidação do ß-caroteno: possivéis implicações biológicas / Lesions in DNA promoted by oxidation of products the ß-carotene: possible biological implications

Apesar de diversos estudos in vitro e em populações indicarem um efeito protetor do ß-caroteno em sistemas biológicos, estudos epidemiológicos como o "The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study"(ATBC) e o "The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial"(CARET) mostraram um aumento na incidência de câncer pulmonar em indivíduos fumantes suplementados com ß-caroteno. Essa ação contraditória tem sido chamada na literatura de "Paradoxo do ß-Caroteno". Sabe-se que este carotenóide sob altas pressões de oxigênio ou na presença de peróxidos pode sofrer oxidação e levar a formação de compostos como aldeídos, epóxidos, etc, que são capazes de se adicionarem covalentemente ao DNA. Estudos, in vitro e in vivo têm demonstrado a possibilidade de os metabólicos do ß-caroteno agirem como agentes pró-carcinogênicos. Estes agentes quando ativados quimicamente podem levar à formação de adutos de DNA. Já se sabe que alguns desses adutos encontram-se em níveis aumentados em diversas situações de risco de câncer. Diversos grupos incluindo o nosso, têm demonstrado a formação de lesões em DNA a partir de aldeídos e epóxidos exógenos ou gerados endogenamente...

Induction of 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA exposed to beta-carotene oxidation products.

Epidemiological studies testing the effect of beta-carotene in humans have found a relative risk for lung cancer in smokers supplemented with beta-carotene. We investigated the reactions of retinal and beta-apo-8'-carotenal, two beta-carotene oxidation products, with 2'-deoxyguanosine to evaluate their DNA damaging potential. A known mutagenic adduct, 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine, was isolated and characterized on the basis of its spectroscopic features. After treatment of calf thymus DNA with beta-carotene or beta-carotene oxidation products, significantly increased levels of 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine were quantified in DNA. These lesions are believed to be important in the development of human cancers. The results reported here may contribute toward an understanding of the biological effects of beta-carotene oxidation products.

Oxidative and alkylating damage in DNA.

Modification of cellular DNA upon exposure to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is the likely initial event involved in the induction of the mutagenic and lethal effects of various oxidative stress agents. Evidence has been accumulated for the significant implication of singlet oxygen (1O(2)), generated as the result of UVA activation of endogenous photosensitizers as porphyrins and flavins. 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) has been shown to be the exclusive product of the reaction of 1O(2) with the guanine moiety of cellular DNA, in contrast to the hydroxyl radical, which reacts almost indifferently with all the nucleobases and the sugar moiety of DNA. Furthermore 8-oxodGuo is also produced by other oxidants and can be used as an ubiquitous biomarker of DNA oxidation but can not be a specific marker of any particular species. The role of DNA etheno adducts in mutagenic and carcinogenic processes triggered by known occupational and environmental carcinogens has also been studied. Much interest in etheno adducts resulted from the detection of increased levels of 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine and 3,N(4)-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine in DNA from human, rat and mouse tissues under pathophysiological conditions associated with oxidative stress. A method involving on-line HPLC with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection has been developed for the analysis of 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine (1,N(2)-epsilondGuo) in DNA. This methodology permits direct quantification of 20 fmol (7.4 adducts/10(8) dGuo) of the etheno adduct from approximately 350 microg of crude DNA hydrolysates. This method provides the first evidence of the occurrence of 1,N(2)-epsilondGuo as a basal endogenous lesion and may be utilized to better assess the biological consequences of etheno DNA damage under normal and pathological conditions. This work addresses the importance of isotope labeling associated with mass spectrometry technique for biomolecule damage studies.

DNA damage in digestive gland and mantle tissue of the mussel Perna perna.

Data concerning the susceptibility of DNA to damage by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and other endogenous compounds produced by physiological stress in marine organisms is lacking, especially in bivalve mollusks. In this article, we analyzed the background levels of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) and 1,N2-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine (1,N2-epsilon dGuo) in digestive gland and mantle tissue of mussels Perna perna collected at a cultivation zone in Florianópolis (Santa Catarina, Brazil). The present data point to the possibility of the use of both 8-oxodGuo and 1,N2-epsilon dGuo as complementary indicators of oxidative stress processes in mussels. A sensitive method coupling high performance liquid chromatography to mass spectrometry was applied for the detection of 1,N2-epsilon dGuo in mussel tissues.

Development of an on-line liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantitatively determine 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA.

A method involving on-line reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection has been developed for the analysis of 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine in DNA. This methodology permits direct quantification of 20 fmol (7.4 adducts/10(8) dGuo) of the etheno adduct from approximately 350 microg of crude DNA hydrolysate. Using the newly developed technique, basal levels of 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine were determined in commercial calf thymus DNA (1.70 +/- 0.09 adducts/10(7) dGuo), in cultured mammalian cells (CV1-P) DNA (4.5 +/- 0.4 adducts/10(7) dGuo), and in untreated female rat liver DNA (5.22 +/- 1.37 adduct/10(7) dGuo). The mutagenicity of 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine had already been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo systems. The method described here provides the first evidence of the occurrence of 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine as a basal endogenous lesion and may be usefully employed to assess the biological consequences of etheno DNA damage under normal and pathological conditions.