Edad de menopausia, condición nutricional y componentes del síndrome metabólico en mujeres españolas / Menopausal age, nutritional status and components of the metabolic syndrome in Spanish women

La enfermedad cardiovascular es la primera causa de morbimortalidad en la mujer, situación que es modulada por los procesos de desarrollo ontogenético, especialmente los relacionados con la transición menopáusica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue asociar la edad de menopausia con la condición nutricional y la presencia de componentes del síndrome metabólico. Participaron 332 mujeres españolas (edad media: 58,17±6,31 años). Se midieron el peso, talla, perímetro de cintura, de cadera y pliegues adiposos subcutáneos, estimándose el Índice de Masa Corporal, cintura-talla, cintura cadera y las variables de composición corporal: porcentaje de grasa, masa grasa y masa libre de grasa total y relativa. Se tomó la presión arterial y los niveles de colesterol y glucosa, obteniéndose la puntuación de riesgo cardiovascular por protocolo Framingham. La edad media de menopausia (50,28±2,91 años) fue estimada por método retrospectivo, se establecieron categorías: temprana (<49,28 años), media (49,28 a 51,28 años) y tardía (>51,28 años). Además, se categorizó según criterio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, considerándose menopausia temprana (<45 años) o normal (≥45 años). Se aplicaron test T-Student, U Man-Whitney, ANOVA o Kruskal-Wallis para la comparación de medias y Chi-cuadrado para el contraste de proporciones. Las mujeres con menopausia temprana mostraron mayor adiposidad y patrón de acúmulo graso centralizado, mientras que su componente musculoesquelético relativo fue bajo. La presión arterial, los niveles séricos de colesterol y glucosa son superiores en las menopaúsicas tempranas; en consecuencia, estas presentan mayor riesgo cardiovascular. La prevalencia de hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia e hiperglucemia descienden progresivamente entre las menopaúsicas tempranas y tardías

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women, that situation is modulated by ontogenetic development processes, especially those related to the menopausal transition. The aim of this work was to associate the age of menopause with nutritional status and the presence of components of the metabolic syndrome. A total of 332 Spanish women participated (mean age: 58.17±6.31 years). Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and subcutaneous skinfold were measured, estimating Body Mass Index, waist-height, waist-hip and body composition variables: percentage of fat, fat mass and total and relative fat-free mass. Blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels were taken, obtaining the cardiovascular risk score by Framingham. The mean age of menopause (50.28±2.91 years) was estimated by retrospective method, categories were established: early (<49.28 years), middle (49.28 to 51.28 years) and late (>51.28 years). In addition, it was categorized according to the World Health Organization, considering early (<45 years) or normal menopause (≥45 years). T-Student, U Man-Whitney, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied for the comparison of means and Chi-square for the contrast of proportions. Women with early menopause showed higher adiposity and centralized fat accumulation pattern, while their relative musculoskeletal component was low. Blood pressure, serum cholesterol and glucose levels are all higher in early menopause; consequently, early menopause presents greater cardiovascular risk. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hypergly cemia decrease progressively between early and late menopause

La antropometría en las colonias escolares de vacaciones de Madrid, 1887-1936 / Antropometry in 1887-1936 summer camps for schoolchildren from Madrid

Introducción: el Museo Pedagógico Nacional (MPN) organizó colonias de vacaciones para los escolares más pobres de ambos sexos (1887-1926). La Corporación de Antiguos Alumnos de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza (CAAILE) también organizó las suyas (1894-1936). En ellas se tomaron numerosas variables antropométricas tanto a la entrada como a la salida. Objetivos: comparar el estado nutricional de los jóvenes al llegar a la colonia con referencias contemporáneas. Analizar la alimentación recibida y determinar su idoneidad. Comprobar la repercusión de esta alimentación en el estado nutricional de los sujetos. Métodos: la muestra consta de 2.937 individuos (1.720 varones y 1.217 mujeres), de 6 a 17 años. Se han constituido dos grupos de edad (≤ 11 y > 11 años). Se ha recogido información sobre la dieta en las colonias y se ha estimado su calidad mediante el cuestionario KidMed. Se han recopilado datos de estatura, peso, circunferencia mamilar y dinamometrías derecha e izquierda. Se han estimado los índices de masa corporal (IMC) correspondientes. Se han comparado las medidas anteriores a la entrada y salida de la colonia, según edad y sexo. Se han cotejado las categorías de IMC/edad y talla/edad (según OMS) a la entrada y a la salida de la colonia por grupo de edad y sexo. Se ha utilizado el software SPSS v.22 y el AnthroPlus de la OMS. Resultados y conclusiones: el análisis de la dieta demuestra que era equilibrada y saludable. El IMC de los individuos a la llegada de la colonia era inferior al de sus coetáneos. La alimentación recibida repercutió positivamente en su condición nutricional

Introduction: the Museo Pedagógico Nacional (MPN) organized summer camps for the poorest schoolchildren of both sexes (1887-1926). The Former Students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (CAAILE) also organized theirs (1894-1936). Numerous anthropometric variables were taken at the beginning and the end of Camps. Objectives: compare the nutritional status of young people upon arrival in the camps with contemporary references. Analyze the received food and determine its suitability. Check the impact of this diet on the nutritional status of the individuals. Methods: the sample consists of 2937 individuals (1720 males and 1217 females), from 6 to 17 years old. Two age groups have been established (≤ 11 and > 11 years). Diet information in the camps has been collected and its quality estimated, using the KidMed questionnaire. Height, weight, mamillary circumference and right and left dynamometry data were collected. Respective Body Mass Indexes (BMI) have been estimated. Measures at the end of the Camps were compared to those at the beginning of them, according to age and sex. BMI / age and height / age (according to WHO) categories have been also compared at the beginning and the end of Camps, by age group and sex. The software SPSS v.22 and the AnthroPlus of the WHO have been used. Results and conclusions: diet analysis shows that it was balanced and healthy. Individuals BMI at the beginning of the camp was inferior to that of their contemporaries. The received food had a positive effect on their nutritional status

El índice cintura-talla es un eficaz indicador antropométrico de la hipertensión en escolares / The waist to height ratio is an effective anthropometric indicator of hypertension in schoolchildren

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Eating habits and preferences among the student population of the Complutense University of Madrid.

OBJECTIVE: Studying eating habits can aid in the design of specific measures that reduce the negative effects of an unhealthy diet on health. In this context, the aim of the present study was to examine the eating habits and food preferences of students and their level of satisfaction with the catering services of the university. DESIGN: Survey conducted during 2011 using a questionnaire that asked participants abut their sex, age and frequency of use of catering services placed on campus. Participants were also asked about their level of satisfaction with five aspects (hygiene, quality, taste of food, price and convenience of facilities) of the university catering services, what their preferred dishes were and whether they followed a special diet. SETTING: Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. SUBJECTS: Nine hundred and sixty-four students (381 males; 583 females). RESULTS: The students used the university food service 2·3 (sd 1·3) times/week. With respect to satisfaction level, 44·1 % gave an average score (3) to the combination of surveyed aspects (hygiene, quality, taste of food, price and comfort of the dining rooms). Regarding food choices, 61·0 % of students preferred pasta dishes, followed by meat (59·1 %) and salads (32·5 %). The least popular dishes were vegetables (16·8 %), fruits (13·6 %), milk products (12·2 %) and legumes (9·8 %). Of the students, 20·1 % followed special diets. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of satisfaction with the university meal service was low and the most common choices of dishes and foods among students were far from the guidelines of the Mediterranean diet. It is necessary to extend policies related to diet to this sector of the population and also to the management and food offer of university canteens.

Association between adiposity and blood pressure levels between the ages of 6 and 16 years. Analysis in a student population from Madrid, Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The increase in the incidence of hypertension in children can be attributed to the rising prevalence of obesity. The objective is to analyze the impact of overweight and the degree or distribution of adiposity on blood pressure levels in a population of Spanish schoolchildren. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1511 schoolchildren between 6 years and 16 years of age. We measured weight, height, waist circumference, subcutaneous skinfolds, and blood pressure. Nutritional categories were established on the basis of body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and percent body fat. According to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group, subjects whose blood pressure was above the 90th percentile of the standard normal distribution were considered to have high blood pressure. RESULTS: In all, 3.17% of the boys and 3.05% of the girls had high blood pressure. According to odds ratio analysis, the risk of high blood pressure increased in individuals with a body mass index indicative of obesity (7.87-fold in boys, 12.32-fold in girls), with a percent body fat>97th percentile (6.98-fold in boys, 18.51-fold in girls), or with a waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5 (10.56-fold in boys, 7.82-fold in girls). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity increase the risk of high blood pressure in children between 6 years and 16 years of age, although the risk level varies depending on the amount and distribution of adipose tissue. Anthropometric indicators of relative adiposity and fat distribution are especially useful in the identification of children and adolescents with high blood pressure.

Composición corporal y condición nutricional en estudiantes de ballet cubanos / Body composition and nutritional condition in cubans students of ballet

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar y comparar por sexos la composición corporal y la condición nutricional de estudiantes de ballet frente a un grupo control no practicante de la danza. La muestra consistió en 304 alumnos de uno y otro sexo de la Escuela Elemental de Ballet Alejo Carpentier de Cuba, y con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 14 años. El grupo control, de las mismas edades, incluyó 340 escolares asistentes a escuelas de Primaria y Secundaria de la Ciudad de la Habana. Se midieron la estatura, el peso, los perímetros del brazo, cintura y cadera y los pliegues bicipital, tricipital, subescapular y suprailiaco. Se estimaron los índice de conicidad (IC), cintura/cadera(C/C), masa corporal (IMC) y sumatorio de pliegues. Como variables de composición corporal el porcentaje de grasa (G%) y peso magro (PM) aplicando ecuaciones de Durnin y Wormerseley (1974) y Siri(1961). Respecto a la serie control, las bailarinas, excepto para la estatura, presentaron promedios significativamente inferiores, tanto para las medidas directas como para los índices y los parámetros de composición corporal. Los bailarines tuvieron niveles de adiposidad total y relativa significativamente inferior, menor IC e IMC y un peso magro proporcionalmente más elevado. El 38% de las niñas y el 13,5 %de los niños estudiantes de ballet, presentaron déficit ponderal respecto a las referencias internacionales para el IMC propuestas por Cole et al. (2000; 2007).En el grupo de bailarines se estimaron ecuaciones para el cálculo del peso magro y el porcentaje de grasa a partir del peso, el perímetro del brazo y los pliegues subcutáneos (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the body composition and nutritional status in ballet students and a group of non-ballet practising by sexe. The sample was composed by 304 individuals of both sexes students of The Elementary Cuban Ballet School Alejo Carpentier between 10 and 14 years old. Control group, includes 340 boys and girls aged 10 to 14 from Publics Schools of Habana City. Heigth, weight, midarm, waist, hip circumferences and bicipital, tricipital, subescapular and suprailiac skinfold thikness. Conicityindex (IC), bodymas index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio(W/H), skinfold thickness sumatory was calculated. Also, fat percentaje (F%) and fat free mass (FFM) wasestimated using Durnin y Wormerseley (1974) and Siri(1961) ecuations. Excepting heigth, female dancers presented significantly lower values for the direct measures, indices and body composition variables. Male dancers had significantly lower means for skinfold thikness, CI, BMI, F% and a proportionally higher FFM. In the ballet dancer group 38% of girls and 13,5 % of boys had underweight according to international references of BMI proposed by Cole et al. (2000; 2007).FFM and % F regresion ecuations was estimated in female and male dancers from body weight, arm circunfrence and skinfold thickness (AU)