Estudio y descripción anatómica de vías de abordaje del astrágalo / Anatomical study of surgical approaches to the talus

Estudio anatómico descriptivo de las diferentes vías de abordaje de astrágalo, con documentación fotográfica, utilizando técnica en 3 dimensiones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar puntos de referencia macroscópicos, planos anatómicos, estructuras en riesgo, campo de visualización y posible aplicabilidad de cada vía de abordaje para ayudar a la toma de decisiones en el momento de la planificación quirúrgica ante una fractura de astrágalo. Dieciocho especímenes frescos y 2 inyecciones con látex en la arteria poplítea fueron estudiados realizando 2 veces cada vía de abordaje con documentación fotográfica. Este estudio propone la necesidad de realizar una correcta planificación prequirúrgica para elegir la mejor vía de abordaje en cada caso y la importancia de realizar, en la gran mayoría de casos, la vía combinada para conseguir una reducción correcta

Descriptive anatomical study of the different surgical approaches to the talus with photographic documentation using a 3-dimensional technique. The objective of this study is to evaluate macroscopic reference points, anatomical planes, structures at risk, field of visualization and possible applicability of each approach to help decision-making at the time of surgical planning in the event of a fracture of the talus. Eighteen fresh specimens and two specimens injected with black latex through the popliteal artery were dissected, performing each surgical approach twice with photographic documentation. This study highlights the need for correct pre-surgical planning to choose the best approach in each case and the importance of a combined approach in the vast majority of cases to achieve a correct reduction

Anatomical study of surgical approaches to the talus. / Estudio y descripción anatómica de vías de abordaje del astrágalo.

Descriptive anatomical study of the different surgical approaches to the talus with photographic documentation using a 3-dimensional technique. The objective of this study is to evaluate macroscopic reference points, anatomical planes, structures at risk, field of visualization and possible applicability of each approach to help decision-making at the time of surgical planning in the event of a fracture of the talus. Eighteen fresh specimens and two specimens injected with black latex through the popliteal artery were dissected, performing each surgical approach twice with photographic documentation. This study highlights the need for correct pre-surgical planning to choose the best approach in each case and the importance of a combined approach in the vast majority of cases to achieve a correct reduction.

Treatment algorithm for Charcot foot and surgical technique with circular external fixation.

BACKGROUND: Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA), commonly known as Charcot foot, is one of the most debilitating complications of diabetes mellitus. Patients with plantar ulcer and osteomyelitis (OM) due to Charcot foot represent a high cost for health systems and society in general. The amputation risk for ulcerated Charcot patients is 12 times higher than general population under 65 years old. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this article we present the CNA treatment protocol we use in our center. We also make a detailed description of the surgical technique «single stage surgery¼ with circular external fixation. RESULTS: Our CNA treatment protocol covers the most common presentations of this severe neuropathic complication. With the «single stage surgery¼ using circular external fi xation we achieve an ulcer-free foot, successful treatment of the OM, correction of the deformity, diminished the cost of treatment, avoided amputation and prevented recurrence of the ulcer. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a treatment algorithm based on the current literature, can be an invaluable tool in the treatment of these complex patients. The circular external fixation has proven to be the only reliable tool for treating complex Charcot foot in the context of poor bone stock, active ulcers, soft tissues problems and OM.

ANTECEDENTES: La neuroartropatía de Charcot, comúnmente llamado «pie de Charcot¼, es una de las complicaciones más incapacitantes de la diabetes mellitus. Los pacientes con úlceras plantares y osteomielitis representan un gasto elevado para los diferentes sistemas de salud y la sociedad en general. El riesgo de amputación en estos pacientes es 12 veces más elevado que en la población general menor de 65 años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En el presente trabajo mostramos el algoritmo de tratamiento de nuestro centro y también presentamos de manera detallada la técnica quirúrgica de un solo tiempo con fijación externa circular. RESULTADOS: Nuestro algoritmo de tratamiento cubre la mayor parte de las presentaciones clínicas de esta complicación. Con la cirugía en un solo tiempo y el uso de la fijación externa circular se ha logrado desaparecer las úlceras, tratar satisfactoriamente la osteomielitis, corregir la deformidad, disminuir costos, prevenir recurrencias y evitar las amputaciones. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de un algoritmo de tratamiento basado en la literatura actual es de suma utilidad para este grupo de pacientes. La fijación externa circular ha demostrado ser una herramienta confiable en el tratamiento integral de estos casos.

[Biomechanical analysis through numerical simulation of rupture of the tibial posterior tendon in valgus flat foot: a cadeveric study]. / Análisis biomecánico a través de simulación numérica de la ruptura del tendón del tibial posterior en el pie plano valgo: estudio en cadáver.

The insufficiency of the posterior tibial tendon is the most common acquired cause of pain related to valgus flatfoot deformity in adults. The acquired flatfoot adult is a very painful symptomatic deformity resulting from a gradual stretching (attenuation) of the posterior tibial tendon and ligaments that support the arch of the foot. The progressive pain acquired flatfoot adult affects four times more women than men. Some factors that contribute to increased risk of acquired flatfoot in adults, are diabetes, hypertension and obesity. It is thought that the combination of the following events is the cause of acquired flatfoot adult. Johnson Strom classification modified by Mayerson evaluates in 4 stages. This study was divided into 3 stages: Stage 1: Dissection and three-dimensional analysis of the tendon, Step 2: Application of tools bioengineering to determine the causes of rupture of the tibial tendon: Stage 3: Evaluation of 24 patients with flatfoot disease valgus for describe the deformity.

La insuficiencia del tendón del tibial posterior es la causa adquirida de dolor más común relacionada con la deformidad de pie plano valgo en adultos. El pie plano adquirido por el adulto es una deformidad sintomática muy dolorosa que resulta de un estiramiento gradual (atenuación) del tendón del tibial posterior, así como de los ligamentos que sostienen el arco de la planta del pie. El dolor progresivo en el pie plano adquirido por el adulto afecta cuatro veces más a las mujeres que a los hombres. Algunos factores que contribuyen a incrementar el riesgo del pie plano adquirido en el adulto son la diabetes, la hipertensión y la obesidad. Se piensa que la combinación de los eventos siguientes es la causa del pie plano adquirido por el adulto. La clasificación de Johnson Strom modificada por Mayerson lo evalúa en cuatro estadios. Este estudio se dividió en tres etapas: etapa 1: disección y análisis tridimensional del tendón, etapa 2: aplicación de herramientas de bioingeniería para determinar las causas de ruptura del tendón del tibial posterior y etapa 3: evaluación de 24 pacientes con enfermedad de pie plano valgo para describir la deformidad.

Análisis biomecánico a través de simulación numérica de la ruptura del tendón del tibial posterior en el pie plano valgo: estudio en cadáver / Biomechanical analysis through numerical simulation of rupture of the tibial posterior tendon in valgus flat foot: a cadeveric study

Resumen: La insuficiencia del tendón del tibial posterior es la causa adquirida de dolor más común relacionada con la deformidad de pie plano valgo en adultos. El pie plano adquirido por el adulto es una deformidad sintomática muy dolorosa que resulta de un estiramiento gradual (atenuación) del tendón del tibial posterior, así como de los ligamentos que sostienen el arco de la planta del pie. El dolor progresivo en el pie plano adquirido por el adulto afecta cuatro veces más a las mujeres que a los hombres. Algunos factores que contribuyen a incrementar el riesgo del pie plano adquirido en el adulto son la diabetes, la hipertensión y la obesidad. Se piensa que la combinación de los eventos siguientes es la causa del pie plano adquirido por el adulto. La clasificación de Johnson Strom modificada por Mayerson lo evalúa en cuatro estadios. Este estudio se dividió en tres etapas: etapa 1: disección y análisis tridimensional del tendón, etapa 2: aplicación de herramientas de bioingeniería para determinar las causas de ruptura del tendón del tibial posterior y etapa 3: evaluación de 24 pacientes con enfermedad de pie plano valgo para describir la deformidad.

Abstract: The insufficiency of the posterior tibial tendon is the most common acquired cause of pain related to valgus flatfoot deformity in adults. The acquired flatfoot adult is a very painful symptomatic deformity resulting from a gradual stretching (attenuation) of the posterior tibial tendon and ligaments that support the arch of the foot. The progressive pain acquired flatfoot adult affects four times more women than men. Some factors that contribute to increased risk of acquired flatfoot in adults, are diabetes, hypertension and obesity. It is thought that the combination of the following events is the cause of acquired flatfoot adult. Johnson Strom classification modified by Mayerson evaluates in 4 stages. This study was divided into 3 stages: Stage 1: Dissection and three-dimensional analysis of the tendon, Step 2: Application of tools bioengineering to determine the causes of rupture of the tibial tendon: Stage 3: Evaluation of 24 patients with flatfoot disease valgus for describe the deformity.

Treatment algorithm for Charcot foot and surgical technique with circular external fixation / Algoritmo de tratamiento para el pie de Charcot y técnica quirúrgica con fijación externa circular

Abstract: Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA), commonly known as Charcot foot, is one of the most debilitating complications of diabetes mellitus. Patients with plantar ulcer and osteomyelitis (OM) due to Charcot foot represent a high cost for health systems and society in general. The amputation risk for ulcerated Charcot patients is 12 times higher than general population under 65 years old. Material and methods: In this article we present the CNA treatment protocol we use in our center. We also make a detailed description of the surgical technique «single stage surgery¼ with circular external fixation. Results: Our CNA treatment protocol covers the most common presentations of this severe neuropathic complication. With the «single stage surgery¼ using circular external fixation we achieve an ulcer-free foot, successful treatment of the OM, correction of the deformity, diminished the cost of treatment, avoided amputation and prevented recurrence of the ulcer. Conclusions: The use of a treatment algorithm based on the current literature, can be an invaluable tool in the treatment of these complex patients. The circular external fixation has proven to be the only reliable tool for treating complex Charcot foot in the context of poor bone stock, active ulcers, soft tissues problems and OM.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La neuroartropatía de Charcot, comúnmente llamado «pie de Charcot¼, es una de las complicaciones más incapacitantes de la diabetes mellitus. Los pacientes con úlceras plantares y osteomielitis representan un gasto elevado para los diferentes sistemas de salud y la sociedad en general. El riesgo de amputación en estos pacientes es 12 veces más elevado que en la población general menor de 65 años. Material y métodos: En el presente trabajo mostramos el algoritmo de tratamiento de nuestro centro y también presentamos de manera detallada la técnica quirúrgica de un solo tiempo con fijación externa circular. Resultados: Nuestro algoritmo de tratamiento cubre la mayor parte de las presentaciones clínicas de esta complicación. Con la cirugía en un solo tiempo y el uso de la fijación externa circular se ha logrado desaparecer las úlceras, tratar satisfactoriamente la osteomielitis, corregir la deformidad, disminuir costos, prevenir recurrencias y evitar las amputaciones. Conclusiones: El uso de un algoritmo de tratamiento basado en la literatura actual es de suma utilidad para este grupo de pacientes. La fijación externa circular ha demostrado ser una herramienta confiable en el tratamiento integral de estos casos.

[A cadaveric study of a new capsulorrhaphy for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus]. / Propuesta de una capsulorrafia como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico del hallux valgus: estudio en cadáver.

BACKGROUND: There are many surgical options for the treatment of hallux valgus in combination with capsular repairs for the correction of hallux valgus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This report corresponds to a descriptive study where a new capsulorrhaphy technique in hallux valgus is proposed. Six dissections were performed on cadavers with hallux valgus deformity using the following surgical technique: medial approach on the first toe longitudinally, dissecting by planes and locating the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule; it was incised longitudinally. The capsule was separated and an exostectomy of the first metatarsal head was done, the edges were regularized and a release of the abductor hallucis was performed. Later, the capsular remnant was resected and repaired. RESULTS: Six cadaveric feet with hallux valgus were studied, five with mild deformity, one with moderate deformity, one foot with the 2nd finger on supraductus. DISCUSSION: Many capsular repairs have been reported in the literature, including «L¼, triangular, «V-Y¼, rectangular, with satisfactory results, along with osteotomy of the first metatarsal. In this report, a new capsular repair was described. CONCLUSION: Applying this new capsular repair, we reduced the metatarsophalangeal and intermetatarsal angles and achieved a capsular closure with suitable tension; the metatarsophalangeal joint mobility was preserved.

ANTECEDENTES: Existen numerosas técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento del hallux valgus en combinación con diversas capsulorrafias para su corrección. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El trabajo presentado corresponde a un estudio descriptivo donde se propone una capsulorrafia no desarrollada con anterioridad del hallux valgus. Se realizaron seis disecciones en cadáver con la deformidad de hallux valgus a través de la siguiente técnica quirúrgica: abordaje medial sobre el primer dedo del pie de manera longitudinal, disecando por planos y localizando la cápsula articular metatarsofalángica; se incidió longitudinalmente. Se separó la cápsula y se llevó a cabo la exostectomía de la cabeza del primer metatarsiano; se regularizaron los bordes y se realizó la liberación del abductor del primer dedo. Posteriormente, se resecó el remanente capsular y se reparó. RESULTADOS: Seis pies de cadáver portadores de hallux valgus; cinco con deformidad leve, uno pie moderado, un pie con segundo dedo en supraducto. DISCUSIÓN: Muchas capsulorrafias han sido reportadas en la literatura, incluyendo en «L¼, triangular, «V-Y¼, rectangular, con resultados satisfactorios, junto con las osteotomías del primer metatarsiano. Aquí se describe una propuesta de capsulorrafia. CONCLUSIÓN: La corrección de la deformidad del hallux valgus en pies de cadáver aplicando esta propuesta de reparación capsular fue satisfactoria, con adecuada tensión y una movilidad conservada de la articulación metatarsofalángica.

Propuesta de una capsulorrafia como parte del tratamiento quirúrgico del hallux valgus: estudio en cadáver / A cadaveric study of a new capsulorrhaphy for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus

Resumen: Antecedentes: Existen numerosas técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento del hallux valgus en combinación con diversas capsulorrafias para su corrección. Material y métodos: El trabajo presentado corresponde a un estudio descriptivo donde se propone una capsulorrafia no desarrollada con anterioridad del hallux valgus. Se realizaron seis disecciones en cadáver con la deformidad de hallux valgus a través de la siguiente técnica quirúrgica: abordaje medial sobre el primer dedo del pie de manera longitudinal, disecando por planos y localizando la cápsula articular metatarsofalángica; se incidió longitudinalmente. Se separó la cápsula y se llevó a cabo la exostectomía de la cabeza del primer metatarsiano; se regularizaron los bordes y se realizó la liberación del abductor del primer dedo. Posteriormente, se resecó el remanente capsular y se reparó. Resultados: Seis pies de cadáver portadores de hallux valgus; cinco con deformidad leve, uno pie moderado, un pie con segundo dedo en supraducto. Discusión: Muchas capsulorrafias han sido reportadas en la literatura, incluyendo en «L¼, triangular, «V-Y¼, rectangular, con resultados satisfactorios, junto con las osteotomías del primer metatarsiano. Aquí se describe una propuesta de capsulorrafia. Conclusión: La corrección de la deformidad del hallux valgus en pies de cadáver aplicando esta propuesta de reparación capsular fue satisfactoria, con adecuada tensión y una movilidad conservada de la articulación metatarsofalángica.

Abstract: Background: There are many surgical options for the treatment of hallux valgus in combination with capsular repairs for the correction of hallux valgus. Material and methods: This report corresponds to a descriptive study where a new capsulorrhaphy technique in hallux valgus is proposed. Six dissections were performed on cadavers with hallux valgus deformity using the following surgical technique: medial approach on the first toe longitudinally, dissecting by planes and locating the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule; it was incised longitudinally. The capsule was separated and an exostectomy of the first metatarsal head was done, the edges were regularized and a release of the abductor hallucis was performed. Later, the capsular remnant was resected and repaired. Results: Six cadaveric feet with hallux valgus were studied, five with mild deformity, one with moderate deformity, one foot with the 2nd finger on supraductus. Discussion: Many capsular repairs have been reported in the literature, including «L¼, triangular, «V-Y¼, rectangular, with satisfactory results, along with osteotomy of the first metatarsal. In this report, a new capsular repair was described. Conclusion: Applying this new capsular repair, we reduced the metatarsophalangeal and intermetatarsal angles and achieved a capsular closure with suitable tension; the metatarsophalangeal joint mobility was preserved.

Comparative anatomical study of standard percutaneous and modified medialised percutaneous Bunnell type repair for artificial Achilles tendon rupture: positive effect of medialisation of the stitches with lower risk of sural nerve injury.

BACKGROUND: Less invasive percutaneous acute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR) repair techniques gain popularity because of lower risk of surgical wound complications. But these approaches have an increased risk of sural nerve iatrogenic injury as this sensory nerve is usually not visualised during minimally invasive operative procedures. We compared standard percutaneous Bunnell type and our proposed modified-medialised percutaneous technique in a cadaver study to evaluate potential advantages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten pairs of fresh frozen specimens were divided into two groups for comparative anatomical study. Tenotomies of Achilles tendons were made and wounds sutured. Ten standard and 10 modified-medialised repairs were applied for artificially performed ruptures. All sutured tendons were dissected meticulously. We carefully looked at repaired Achilles tendon end-to-end contact and adaptation, distance from Achilles insertion in calcaneal tubercle to place where sural nerve crosses lateral border of the Achilles tendon and possible sural nerve and vein entrapment. Groups were compared using Fisher's exact and Student-T tests. RESULTS: All ends of sharply dissected tendons in both groups were in sufficient contact. No measurable diastasis between tendon ends was found in all cases. No entrapment of sural nerve or vein was found in modified percutaneous Bunnell suture technique group, whereas 7 of 10 sural nerves and 9 small saphenous veins were entrapped when using standard percutaneous Bunnell type technique. Average distance from Achilles tendon insertion in tuber calcanei to sural nerve crossing the lateral border of Achilles was 93 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Medialisation of percutaneous suture in AATR repair shows clear advantages compared to standard non medialised technique ensuring a possible lower incidence of sural nerve entrapment injury. Our modified percutaneous Bunnell type technique allows sufficient adaptation of ruptured Achilles tendon.

Síndrome del túnel del tarso: secundario a insuficiencia venosa. Reporte de un caso / Tarsal tunnel syndrome secondary to venous insufficiency: Case report

El síndrome del túnel del tarso se define como una neuropatía compresiva extrínseca y/o intrínseca del nervio tibial posterior o de una de sus ramas siendo una de sus causas la insuficiencia vascular. Caso clínico: femenina de 51 años, originaria de León, Guanajuato. Hipertensa, síndrome de Guillain-Barré hace ocho años, insuficiencia vascular y obesidad. Inicia con dolor en tobillo y talón izquierdo, manejada con AINES y rehabilitación con mejoría parcial, se realizan radiografías y resonancia magnética nuclear del tobillo izquierdo con datos de pinzamiento posterior, se realiza artroscopía y mejora un mes presentándose dolor intenso en el tobillo y la planta del pie y disestesias, se hace electromiografía con datos de lesión del tibial posterior. Cuenta con historia clínica, perfil prequirúrgico, dorsoplantar y lateral, se realiza una artroscopía encontrándose una tendinitis del Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL), sinovitis y un pinzamiento posterior del tobillo, se hace sinovectomía, descompresión y un peinado del FHL. Mala evolución, se realiza electromiografía con axonotmesis de la rama plantar medial. Se realiza la liberación del nervio encontrándose el plexo venoso de Lazhortes tortuoso comprimiendo en todo su trayecto. Una de las causas es por la compresión intrínseca secundaria a tumores, modificaciones de la anatomía del túnel del tarso; sin embargo, menos frecuente, las várices pueden confundir el diagnóstico y llegar a producir un daño irreparable para el paciente si no se trata a tiempo. La paciente se encuentra actualmente sin dolor que le posibilita la marcha, con disestesias leves del primer dedo y movilidad limitada para su flexión.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is defined as an extrinsic and/or intrinsic compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its branches. Its causes include venous insufficiency. Clinical case: 51 year-old female patient from León, Guanajuato. Hypertensive, with Guillain-Barré syndrome for eight years, vascular insufficiency and obesity. Her condition started with left ankle and heel pain; she was treated with NSAIDs and rehabilitation and achieved partial improvement. X-rays and MRI of the left ankle showed posterior impingement. She underwent arthroscopy and improved but one month later she presented with severe pain in the left ankle and sole and dysesthesias. Electromyography showed a lesion of the posterior tibial nerve. We had the patient's case history, preoperative tests, and dorsoplantar and lateral X-ray views. The arthroscopic diagnosis was flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendinitis, synovitis and posterior ankle impingement. Synovectomy, decompression and smoothening of the FHL tendon were performed. The patient did poorly and underwent electromyography with axonotmesis of the medial plantar branch. After the nerve was released, Lazorthes venous plexus was found to be tortuous and compressing the entire nerve tract. The possible causes for this include intrinsic compression secondary to tumors, and anatomical changes of the tarsal tunnel. However, less often varices may confound the diagnosis and cause irreversible damage if not treated timely. The patient is currently pain free and can walk, has mild dysesthesias of the first toe and limited flexion.

[Tarsal tunnel syndrome secondary to venous insufficiency. Case report]. / Síndrome del túnel del tarso: secundario a insuficiencia venosa. Reporte de un caso.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is defined as an extrinsic and/or intrinsic compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its branches. Its causes include venous insufficiency. Clinical case: 51 year-old female patient from León, Guanajuato. Hypertensive, with Guillain-Barré syndrome for eight years, vascular insufficiency and obesity. Her condition started with left ankle and heel pain; she was treated with NSAIDs and rehabilitation and achieved partial improvement. X-rays and MRI of the left ankle showed posterior impingement. She underwent arthroscopy and improved but one month later she presented with severe pain in the left ankle and sole and dysesthesias. Electromyography showed a lesion of the posterior tibial nerve. We had the patient's case history, preoperative tests, and dorsoplantar and lateral X-ray views. The arthroscopic diagnosis was Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) tendinitis, synovitis and posterior ankle impingement. Synovectomy, decompression and smoothening of the FHL tendon were performed. The patient did poorly and underwent electromyography with axonotmesis of the medial plantar branch. After the nerve was released, Lazorthes venous plexus was found to be tortuous and compressing the entire nerve tract. The possible causes for this include intrinsic compression secondary to tumors, and anatomical changes of the tarsal tunnel. However, less often varices may confound the diagnosis and cause irreversible damage if not treated timely. The patient is currently pain free and can walk, has mild dysesthesias of the first toe and limited flexion.

[Anatomical variants of the medial calcaneal nerve and the Baxter nerve in the tarsal tunnel]. / Variantes anatómicas del nervio calcáneo medial y nervio de Baxter en el túnel del tarso.

The tarsal tunnel is composed of the posterior border of the medial malleoulus, the posterior aspect of the talus and the medial aspect of the calcaneus. The medial calcaneal nerve emerges from the posterior aspect of the posterior tibial nerve in 75% of cases and from the lateral plantar nerve in the remaining 25%. Finally, the medial calcaneal nerve ends as a single terminal branch in 79% of cases and in numerous terminal branches in the remaining 21%. To describe the anatomical variants of the posterior tibial nerve and its terminal branches. To describe the steps for tarsal tunnel release. To describe Baxter nerve release. The anatomical variants of the posterior tibial nerve and its terminal branches within the tarsal tunnel were studied. Then the Lam technique was performed; it consists of: 1) opening of the laciniate ligament, 2) opening of the fascia over the abductor hallucis muscle, 3) exoneurolysis of the posterior tibial nerve and its terminal branches, identifying the emergence and pathway of the medial calcaneal branch, the lateral plantar nerve and its Baxter nerve branch and the medial plantar nerve. Baxter nerve was found in 100% of cases. In 100% of cases in our series the nerve going to the abductor digiti minimi muscle of the foot was found; 87.5% of cases had two terminal branches. The dissections proved that a crucial step was the release of the distal tarsal tunnel.

[Irreducible physeal fracture of the distal radius due to entrapment of the extensor pollicis longus. A case report]. / Fractura fisaria de radio distal irreducible por atrapamiento del extensor pollicis longus. Reporte de un caso.

We present a clinical case of entrapment of the extensor pollicis longus at the level of the fracture site in a distal radius epiphysiolysthesis. The active mobility deficit of the patient's thumb, pain upon passive mobility, and the X-rays should make us suspect this lesion.

Arrancamiento del flexor profundo a través de un encodroma: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Avulsion of the deep flexor muscle enchondroma through an enchondroma: presentation of a case and review of the literature

Se presenta un caso clínico donde coexis en un arrancamiento del flexor profundo del dedo meñique con un encondroma en la base de la tercera falange. Se trata de una combinación poco frecuente; se expone el tratamiento realizado y se revisa la bibliografía existente (AU)

We report a case with coexistence of an avulsion of the deep flexor muscle of the 5th finger with an enchodroma at the base of the third phalanx. This is a rare combination; we describe the treatment given and review the literature (AU)

Hallux rígidus: etiología, diagnóstico, clasificación y tratamiento / Hallux rígidus: aetiology, diagnosis, classification and treatment

El hallux rígidus es una patología degenerativa y progresiva de la articulación metatarsofalángica del hallux, cuyo principal síntoma es el dolor y la pérdida de la movilidad articular. Existen distintos mecanismos etiológicos que se han involucrado en su desarrollo y la anamnesis clínica y los exámenes radiológicos son indispensables para llegar a su preciso diagnóstico y poder concretar el correcto estadio evolutivo, con la finalidad de efectuar un adecuado tratamiento en cada caso. El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado en la mayoría de casos y es indispensable tener un amplio conocimiento de las diversas técnicas quirúrgicas para realizar el tratamiento correcto a cada paciente (AU)

Hallux rígidus is a degenerative and progressive disease of the metatarsal phalangeal joint of the hallux, with its main symptoms being pain and loss of joint movement. Different aetiological mechanisms are involved in its development, and clinical anamnesis and radiological examinations are essential for an accurate diagnosis and to be able to establish the correct stage of progression, with the aim of giving suitable treatment in each case. Surgical treatment is indicated in most cases and is necessary to know all the surgical techniques to make the right treatment for each patient (AU)

[Metastasis of an ameloblastoma to the iliac crest]. / Implantation ou métastase d'un améloblastome sur la crête iliaque.

A woman aged 31 had an ameloblastoma of the inferior part of the maxilla treated by excision and a bone graft from the iliac crest. Nine years later she presented with a metastasis from the tumour at the donor site. Metastases from an ameloblastoma are rarely encountered. In this case there might have been contamination of the donor site by tumour cells at the time of operation.