Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome: An Overview.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease, commonly observed as a movement disorder in the group of parkinsonian diseases. The term PSP usually refers to PSP-Richardson's syndrome (PSP-RS), the most typical clinical presentation. However, the broad concept of progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome (PSP-S) applies to a set of clinical entities that share a pathophysiological origin and some symptoms. According to its clinical predominance, PSP-S is divided into subtypes. PSP-S has clinical similarities with Parkinson's disease, and both pathologies are classified in the group of parkinsonisms, but they do not share pathophysiological traits. By contrast, the pathophysiology of corticobasal syndrome (CBS) depends on tau expression and shares similarities with PSP-S in both pathophysiology and clinical picture. An involvement of the immune system has been proposed as a cause of neurodegeneration. The role of neuroinflammation in PSP-S has been studied by neuroimaging, among other methods. As it is the case in other neurodegenerative pathologies, microglial cells have been attributed a major role in PSP-S. While various studies have explored the detection and use of possible inflammatory biomarkers in PSP-S, no significant advances have been made in this regard. This review is aimed at highlighting the most relevant information on neuroinflammation and peripheral inflammation in the development and progression of PSP-S, to lay the groundwork for further research on the pathophysiology, potential biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies for PSP-S.

Genome-wide association study for growth traits in Blanco Orejinegro and Romosinuano cattle.

Growth traits are economically important characteristics for the genetic improvement of local cattle breeds. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide valuable information to enhance the understanding on the genetics of complex traits. The aim of this study was to perform a GWAS to identify genomic regions and genes associated to birth weight, weaning weight adjusted for 240 days, 16 months, and 24 months weight in Romosinuano (ROMO) and Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle. A single-step genomic-BLUP was implemented using 596 BON and 569 ROMO individuals that were genotyped with an Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. There were 25 regions of interest identified on different chromosomes, with few of them simultaneously associated with two or more growth traits and some were common to both breeds. The gene mapping allowed to find 173 annotations on these regions, from which 49 represent potential candidate genes with known growth-related functions in cattle and other species. Among the regions that were associated with several growth traits, that at 24 - 27 MB of BTA14, has important candidate genes such as LYPLA1, XKR4, TMEM68 and PLAG1. Another region of interest at 0.40-0.77 Mb of BTA23 was identified in both breeds, containing KHDRBS2 as a potential candidate gene influencing body weight. Future studies targeting these regions could provide more knowledge to uncover the genetic architecture underlying growth traits in BON and ROMO cattle. The genomic regions and genes identified in this study could be used to improve the prediction of genetic merit for growth traits in these creole cattle breeds.

A light-induced shortcut in the planktonic microbial loop.

Mixotrophs combine photosynthesis with phagotrophy to cover their demands in energy and essential nutrients. This gives them a competitive advantage under oligotropihc conditions, where nutrients and bacteria concentrations are low. As the advantage for the mixotroph depends on light, the competition between mixo- and heterotrophic bacterivores should be regulated by light. To test this hypothesis, we incubated natural plankton from the ultra-oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean in a set of mesocosms maintained at 4 light levels spanning a 10-fold light gradient. Picoplankton (heterotrophic bacteria (HB), pico-sized cyanobacteria, and small-sized flagellates) showed the fastest and most marked response to light, with pronounced predator-prey cycles, in the high-light treatments. Albeit cell specific activity of heterotrophic bacteria was constant across the light gradient, bacterial abundances exhibited an inverse relationship with light. This pattern was explained by light-induced top-down control of HB by bacterivorous phototrophic eukaryotes (PE), which was evidenced by a significant inverse relationship between HB net growth rate and PE abundances. Our results show that light mediates the impact of mixotrophic bacterivores. As mixo- and heterotrophs differ in the way they remineralize nutrients, these results have far-reaching implications for how nutrient cycling is affected by light.

Future climate scenarios for a coastal productive planktonic food web resulting in microplankton phenology changes and decreased trophic transfer efficiency.

We studied the effects of future climate change scenarios on plankton communities of a Norwegian fjord using a mesocosm approach. After the spring bloom, natural plankton were enclosed and treated in duplicates with inorganic nutrients elevated to pre-bloom conditions (N, P, Si; eutrophication), lowering of 0.4 pH units (acidification), and rising 3°C temperature (warming). All nutrient-amended treatments resulted in phytoplankton blooms dominated by chain-forming diatoms, and reached 13-16 µg chlorophyll (chl) a l-1. In the control mesocosms, chl a remained below 1 µg l-1. Acidification and warming had contrasting effects on the phenology and bloom-dynamics of autotrophic and heterotrophic microplankton. Bacillariophyceae, prymnesiophyceae, cryptophyta, and Protoperidinium spp. peaked earlier at higher temperature and lower pH. Chlorophyta showed lower peak abundances with acidification, but higher peak abundances with increased temperature. The peak magnitude of autotrophic dinophyceae and ciliates was, on the other hand, lowered with combined warming and acidification. Over time, the plankton communities shifted from autotrophic phytoplankton blooms to a more heterotrophic system in all mesocosms, especially in the control unaltered mesocosms. The development of mass balance and proportion of heterotrophic/autotrophic biomass predict a shift towards a more autotrophic community and less-efficient food web transfer when temperature, nutrients and acidification are combined in a future climate-change scenario. We suggest that this result may be related to a lower food quality for microzooplankton under acidification and warming scenarios and to an increase of catabolic processes compared to anabolic ones at higher temperatures.

Growth performance of Blanco Orejinegro and Romosinuano bullocks on pasture / Desempeño de toretes de las razas criollas Blanco Orejinegro y Romosinuano en prueba de crecimiento en pastoreo / Teste de desempenho para crescimento de touros jovens das raças Blanco Orejinegro e Romosinuano avaliados a pasto

Objective: to describe the first performance test on Romosinuano (ROMO) and Blanco-Orejinegro (BON) bullocks held at the Nus Experiment Station in northeastern Antioquia (Colombia). Methods: a total of 15 commercial farms participated in the evaluation. The animals were tested under rotational grazing with three planes of nutrition and weighed every 28 days. The measured traits were daily gain, adjusted weight to 540 days, scrotal circumference, morphometric measurements at the end of the test, and carcass traits by ultrasound. Results: a “bull index” was obtained using these characteristics to select the four most outstanding bulls of each breed. Weight gain for the best Blanco-Oreginegro and Romosinuano bulls was higher than 1,000 and 890 g / animal / day, respectively. In addition, their final weight was greater than 340 kg. Animals were genotyped for variants of genes coding for carcass quality and meat, such as calpain (Capn), myostatin (MYO) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1). Conclusions: all Romosinuano individuals had desirable genotype for the CAPN 316 marker, which is associated with increased meat tenderness. On the other hand, Blanco- Orejinegro animals had the desirable genotype for the DGAT1 gene variant, related to fat deposition and fat content in milk. This is the first study that has been reported to select outstanding bulls in Colombian creole cattle breeds to facilitate the evaluation and use of superior genetic material.

Objetivo: el presente trabajo tiene por objeto describir los resultados obtenidos en la primera prueba de desempeño de toretes de las razas bovinas criollas Romosinuano (ROMO) y Blanco Orejinegro (BON), realizada en la Estación Experimental el Nus, en el Nordeste Antioqueño, con la participación de 15 ganaderías comerciales. Métodos: los animales fueron mantenidos en pastoreo rotacional, con tres diferentes planos nutricionales a lo largo de la prueba. Se realizaron pesajes cada 28 días y se evaluó la ganancia diaria de peso, el peso ajustado a los 540 días, la circunferencia escrotal, medidas morfométricas de los animales al final de la prueba, y características de la canal medida por ultrasonido. Resultados: a partir de estas características se definió un índice de toro, para seleccionar los animales sobresalientes (cuatro toretes por cada raza), dichos toros superiores presentaron valores de ganancia de peso en la prueba de desempeño superiores a los 1000 gramos animal día en la raza Blanco Oreginegro y 890 gramos animal día en la raza Romosinuano, además presentaron un peso final superior a los 340 kg. Adicionalmente, los animales fueron genotipados para variantes de genes que codifican para Calpaina (CAPN), Miostatina (MYO) y Diacilglicerol Aciltransferesa (DGAT1) relacionados con la calidad de la canal y la carne. Conclusiones: se encontró que todos los individuos de la raza Romosinuano presentaron el genotipo deseable para el marcador CAPN 316, relacionado con mayor terneza de la carne, por otro lado los animales de la raza Blanco Orejinegro presentaron el genotipo deseable para la variante del gen DGAT1, relacionado con deposición grasa y contenido de grasa en la leche. Este es el primer trabajo que se realiza para seleccionar toros sobresalientes en las razas criollas colombianas y permitirá la evaluación y uso de material genético de calidad superior.

Objetivo: este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever os resultados obtidos no primeiro teste de desempenho de touros jovens das raças crioulas Blanco Orejinegro (BON) e Romosinuano (ROMO), realizada na estação experimental El Nus, localizada no nordeste do departamento de Antioquia. Métodos: o teste teve a participação de 15 fazendas de produtores comerciais. Os animais foram mantidos em pastagem rotacional com três diferentes planos nutricionais ao longo do teste. Realizaram-se pesagens a cada 28 dias e avaliou-se o ganho diário de peso, o peso ajustado aos 540 dias, a circunferência escrotal, medidas morfométricas dos animais ao final do teste, e características da carcaça medidas por ultra-som. A partir destas características definiou-se um índice de touro, para selecionar os bois destacados (quatro touros novos por cada raça). Resultados: os touros superiores apresentaram ganhos de peso no teste de desempenho acima de 1000 gramas por cada animal ao dia na raça Blanco Orejinegro e 890 gramas na raça Romosinuano, além disto, apresentaram um peso final superior aos 340 kg. Adicionalmente, os animais foram genotipados para as variantes genéticas que codificam para a Calpaina (CAPN), miostatina (MYO), e Diacilglicerol Aciltransferase (DGAT1) relacionados com a qualidade da carcaça e da carne. Conclusões: encontrou-se que todos os indivíduos da raça Romosinuano apresentaram o genótipo desejável para o marcador CAPN316, relacionado com maior maciez da carne. De outro lado, os animas da raça Blanco Orejinegro apresentaram o genótipo desejável para a variante do gene DGAT1, relacionado coma deposição de gordura e o conteúdo de gordura no leite. Esta é a primeira pesquisa que se realiza para selecionar touros destacados nas raças crioulas colombianas e permitirá a avaliação e o uso de material genético de qualidade superior.

[Subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with corrected cyanotic congenital cardiopathy]. / Hemorragia subaracnoidea en un paciente con una cardiopatía congénita cianótica corregida.

A 19-year-old man with congenital cyanotic heart disease experienced subarachnoid bleeding from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Immediate rebleeding with disordered hemostasis caused by prophylactic anticoagulation treatment was the cause of death. Medical progress in repairing congenital heart disease or attenuating its effects has increased the life expectancy of such patients. Anesthesiologists who are not specialized in this area may find themselves assuming responsibility for these patients during non-cardiac surgery of greater or lesser extension.

Hemorragia subaracnoidea en un paciente con una cardiopatía congénita cianótica corregida / Subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with repaired congenital cyanotic heart disease

Un varón de 19 años, con una cardiopatía congénita de tipo cianótico, sufrió una hemorragia subaracnoidea debido a la ruptura de un aneurisma cerebral. La aparición de un resangrado inmediato junto a un trastorno de la hemostasia por la anticoagulación profiláctica fueron los determinantes que le ocasionaron el exitus. Las cardiopatías congénitas corregidas o paliadas, aumentan las expectativas de vida gracias a los avances médicos, los anestesiólogos no especializados en este área deben asumir el cuidado de aquellos pacientes que se someten a cirugía no cardíaca, de mayor o menor envergadura (AU)

Mujer de 74 años con bacteriemia estafilocócica y dolor lumbar / Seventy-four year old woman with staphylococcal bacteremia and back pain

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