Crystalline Structure and Vacancy Ordering across a Surface Phase Transition in Sn/Cu(001).

We report a surface X-ray diffraction study of the crystalline structure changes and critical behavior across the (3√2 × âˆš2)R45° → (√2 × âˆš2)R45° surface phase transition at 360 K for 0.5 monolayers of Sn on Cu(100). The phase transition is of the order-disorder type and is due to the disordering of the Cu atomic vacancies present in the low temperature phase. Two different atomic sites for Sn atoms, characterized by two different heights, are maintained across the surface phase transition.

Exploratory analysis of preventable first day mortality in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to inform public health policy which can reduce Colombia's estimated infant mortality rate (IMR), 17.78 deaths for 1000 live births (2011), by lowering preventable first day mortality (PFDM). STUDY DESIGN: This study combined a time series analysis, using a linear regression method, for the period 2001-2012 with a cross-sectional analysis, using odds ratios and bi-variate methods, for the year 2012 to study first day mortality (FDM) and PFDM classified by biological, socio-economic, and medical correlates. METHODS: The study examined the trends for 2001-2012 in Colombia's infant mortality rate per 1000, and in the relative significance of PFDM by cause. It established the relative odds of PFDM for 2012 by major risk categories, defined by birthweight and gestational age, and within those by biological, sociodemographic risk factors or groups and by potential access to and use of care. Then, the study established the major causes of PFDM within major risk categories and groups. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2012, the average annual rate of FDM declined by 6.30%, while overall infant mortality only declined by 4.20%. Yet, in 2012, 37.04% of FDM was preventable by using proper pregnancy control (7.00% of total preventable), proper care during childbirth (37.20%), and handling causes associated with late diagnosis and treatment (55.80%). PFDM is primarily a socio-economic phenomenon, even among normal weight and gestational age newborns, who account for 32.73% of PFDM due to improper management of pregnancy and delivery among lower socio-economic and outlying populations, specifically in rural areas and among members of the inferior subsidised social insurance regime. CONCLUSION: From efficacy and probable cost effectiveness perspectives, intervention priority should be given to handling babies with normal gestation age and birthweight, and then to babies with very low gestation age and birthweight. At the same time, more prenatal visits could lead to fewer very high-risk situations at the outset. In view of the Colombian regulation to the contrary, the use of foetal monitoring and echography methods by all general practitioners should be considered. They should be trained accordingly. Policies should focus on members of the underprovided subsidised health insurance regime, rural areas, young, low-educated and single mothers during pregnancy, mainly delivery.

Oblicuidad pélvica o contractura congénita en abducción de la cadera: una entidad poco conocida / Congenital pelvic obliquity or congenital hip’s abduction contracture: a little known entity

La oblicuidad pélvica congénita es una patología frecuente en el lactante y poco conocida por los pediatras. Se presentan cuatro casos de oblicuidad pélvica simple en lactantes mujeres. Se describen los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos en el momento del diagnóstico, la actitud terapéutica y la evolución de cada uno de ellos. Los pediatras de Atención Primaria debemos estar atentos a los antecedentes, signos acompañantes y al diagnóstico de esta entidad, así como tener formación en la exploración de la cadera para detectar clínicamente una inestabilidad, preferentemente en la cadera aducta (opuesta a la contracturada). Es importante la interrelación entre Pediatría, Radiología Infantil, Traumatología Infantil y Rehabilitación (AU)

Congenital pelvic obliquity is frequent, although pediatricians are not used to diagnose it. We report four female infants with simple pelvic obliquity. We describe clinical and radiologic findings, their treatment and outcome. Primary care pediatricians must be alert looking for pelvic obliquity in infants. We need to improve our abilities in hip exploration, to detect instability in the adduct hip (in the opposite of the contractured hip). Is very important to work together: pediatricians, radiologist, orthopedist and rehabilitation physician (AU)

Uso de anticatarrales en menores de 14 años en consultas de Atención Primaria / Use of cold and cough medications prescribed in Primary Care clinics for children less than 14 years

OBJETIVO: Conocer el perfil de prescripción de anticatarrales en las consultas de Pediatría de Atención Primaria en el Área V del Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias y valorar su idoneidad. Material y métodos; Estudio transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se analizaron las prescripciones para el tratamiento de los procesos respiratorios en 6 consultas de Pediatría de Atención Primaria en el Área Sanitaria V del Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias en el año 2011. Se valoraron la idoneidad de los tratamientos prescritos mediante las fichas técnicas de los fármacos y las indicaciones clínicas según el diagnóstico, siguiendo las recomendaciones de guías clínicas, protocolos o en su defecto la bibliografía disponible más actual. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 424 anticatarrales: 249 antitusígenos, 155 mucolíticos y 20 clasificados en otros. La media de edad de los pacientes es de 5 años. Un 85,1% de las prescripciones se consideran inadecuadas. El 11,6% de ellos fueron prescritos fuera de ficha técnica. Se consideraron inadecuados el 82,8% de los asociados al diagnóstico R74 y el 73% al R05. Todos los fármacos de los menores de 6 años se consideraron inadecuados. El 99,4% de los mucolíticos/otros y el 75,1% de los antitusígenos se consideraron inadecuados. CONCLUSIONES: Se observa un alto porcentaje de prescripción de fármacos anticatarrales en menores de 14 años en nuestro medio, encontrándose un 85% de las prescripciones inadecuadas. Los niños deberían recibir solo medicamentos con una relación beneficio-riesgo favorable; para ello es necesario mejorar la información sobre el uso pediátrico y promover acciones formativas dirigidas a los padres y a los profesionales sanitarios

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate cold and cough medications and their suitability in children in Primary Health Care in Area V of the Asturian Health Service. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in which an analysis was performed of the respiratory diseases and the prescriptions of 6 Primary Health Care paediatricians who worked in Area V of the Asturian Health Service in 2011. An evaluation was made on the suitability of these medications. An analysis was also made of the drug datasheet and clinical recommendations (clinical guidelines, protocols or reports). RESULTS: A total of 424 cold and cough drugs: 249 antitussives, 155 mucolytics, and 20 'others' were analyzed. The mean age was 5 years old. There was a total of 85.1% unsuitable prescriptions. Off-label drugs were used in 11.6%. The prescribing was considered unsuitable in 82.8% of prescriptions associated with R74, and 73% of R05. All of the prescription drugs in children under 6 years old were unsuitable. Mucolytics/'others' were not suitable in 99.4%, nor antitussives in 75.1%. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high level of cold and cough drugs being prescribed in children, with 85% of these being unsuitable. Children should only receive drugs with a good risk and benefit ratio. Pediatricians should try to improve the information about pediatric drug use and spread this information to parents, doctors and nurses

[Use of cold and cough medications prescribed in Primary Care clinics for children less than 14 years]. / Uso de anticatarrales en menores de 14 años en consultas de Atención Primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cold and cough medications and their suitability in children in Primary Health Care in Area V of the Asturian Health Service. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in which an analysis was performed of the respiratory diseases and the prescriptions of 6 Primary Health Care paediatricians who worked in Area V of the Asturian Health Service in 2011. An evaluation was made on the suitability of these medications. An analysis was also made of the drug datasheet and clinical recommendations (clinical guidelines, protocols or reports). RESULTS: A total of 424 cold and cough drugs: 249 antitussives, 155 mucolytics, and 20 "others" were analyzed. The mean age was 5 years old. There was a total of 85.1% unsuitable prescriptions. Off-label drugs were used in 11.6%. The prescribing was considered unsuitable in 82.8% of prescriptions associated with R74, and 73% of R05. All of the prescription drugs in children under 6 years old were unsuitable. Mucolytics/"others" were not suitable in 99.4%, nor antitussives in 75.1%. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high level of cold and cough drugs being prescribed in children, with 85% of these being unsuitable. Children should only receive drugs with a good risk and benefit ratio. Pediatricians should try to improve the information about pediatric drug use and spread this information to parents, doctors and nurses.

Membrana laríngea congénita / Congenital laryngeal membrane

La membrana laríngea congénita es una malformación infrecuente de las vías aéreas. La clínica que produce depende del grado de obstrucción que produzca en dichas vías. Debe tenerse en consideración al realizar el diagnóstico diferencial de la dificultad respiratoria del recién nacido. El tratamiento dependerá asimismo del grado de obstrucción de la vía respiratoria. Se describe el caso de una lactante de dos semanas de vida que presenta afonía desde el nacimiento y dificultad respiratoria en el curso de infecciones de las vías aéreas superiores. Mediante laringoscopia directa, se realiza el diagnóstico de membrana laríngea congénita. El tratamiento realizado consiste en varias intervenciones de vaporización con láser de dióxido de carbono (AU)

Congenital laryngeal membrane is a rare malformation of the airways. The symptoms depend on the degree of obstruction that triggers in these pathways. It must be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of the newborn respiratory distress. The treatment depends on the degree of airway obstruction. We report the case of an infant 2 weeks old with aphonia from birth and respiratory distress with upper airways infections. She is diagnosed of congenital laryngeal membrane by direct laryngoscopy. The treatment is performed with lasser (AU)

Agenesia sacra tipo I: diagnóstico a través de la exploración / Sacral agenesis type I: diagnosis through the exploration

La agenesia sacra es una malformación poco frecuente que forma parte del síndrome de regresión caudal. Presentamos el caso de una recién nacida que muestra en la exploración física una desviación del surco interglúteo, una fosita lumbar y máculas hipocrómicas a la altura del sacro, que hacen sospechar una anomalía congénita lumbosacra. Se realizan estudios de imagen (radiografía, ecografía y resonancia magnética) que confirman el diagnóstico de agenesia sacra tipo I. La paciente presenta, a su vez, una displasia congénita de cadera izquierda que precisó una férula de Pavlik para su corrección. Su evolución fue favorable, manteniéndose asintomática hasta el momento actual (AU)

Sacral agenesis is a rare malformation which is part of caudal regression syndrome. We report a case of a newborn with deviation of the groove cleft, sacral dimple and sacral hypochromic macules, which are suspicious of a lumbosacral anomaly. It's carried out a lumbosacral radiography, echography and magnetic resonance which confirm the diagnosis, a sacral agenesis type I. She also has a congenital hip dysplasia which is treated with a Pavlik harness. At this moment the girl is asymptomatic (AU)

Tag himeneal / Hymeneal tags

Es importante una exploración adecuada de todas las estructuras genitales de las recién nacidas, diferenciando las variantes normales de las patológicas. Dentro de las variaciones congénitas de la mucosa himeneal, el pólipo o tag es la variante anatómica más frecuente. Presentamos los casos de dos recién nacidas que en la primera revisión en el centro de salud, a las dos semanas y a los nueve meses de vida, presentaban un tag himeneal (AU)

It is important to make an appropriate examination of the genital structures of the female newborn to differentiate normal from pathological variations. Among the congenital variations of the hymeneal mucosa, a polyp or tag is the most common anatomic variant. We report two cases: a two week old girl and a nine month old girl with hymeneal tag detected in a well child review at the primary care centre (AU)

Hamartoma de músculo liso congénito: importancia de un correcto diagnóstico diferencial / Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma: the importance of a correct differential diagnosis

No disponible

Vertical manipulation of native adatoms on the InAs(111)A surface.

We achieved the repositioning of native In adatoms on the polar III-V semiconductor surface InAs(111)A-(2 × 2) with atomic precision in a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) operated at 5 K. The repositioning is performed by vertical manipulation, i.e., a reversible transfer of an individual adatom between the surface and the STM tip. Surface-to-tip transfer is achieved by a stepwise vibrational excitation of the adsorbate-surface bond via inelastic electron tunnelling assisted by the tip-induced electric field. In contrast, tip-to-surface back-transfer occurs upon tip-surface point contact formation governed by short-range adhesive forces between the surface and the In atom located at the tip apex. In addition, we found that carrier transport through the point contact is not of ballistic nature but is due to electron tunnelling. The vertical manipulation scheme used here enables us to assemble nanostructures of diverse sizes and shapes with the In adatoms residing on vacancy sites of the (2 × 2)-reconstructed surface (nearest-neighbour vacancy spacing: 8.57 Å).

Telorragia en la infancia, ¿motivo de alarma? / Bleeding from the nipple in infancy: a reason for alarm?

La telorragia es una entidad poco frecuente en pediatría. Por esta razón y por su asociación con patología tumoral en el adulto suele ser un motivo de preocupación. Su causa más frecuente es la ectasia ductal mamaria, aunque se deben descartar otras patologías, como son la mastitis, los trastornos hormonales y las masas y quistes de la glándula mamaria. Se describe el caso de una niña de un mes y medio de vida que acude por presentar un sangrado intermitente y escaso a través del pezón derecho. En la exploración física se objetiva la presencia de una descarga sanguinolenta al presionar dicha mama, sin apreciarse hipertrofia de la glándula ni nódulos palpables. Dado que, ni la exploración ni los resultados de las pruebas complementarias sugerían la presencia de un proceso maligno se adoptó una actitud expectante y, al cabo de unos días, la telorragia había desaparecido espontáneamente y la niña se encontraba asintomática. Es importante tener en cuenta que la mayoría de patologías que dan lugar a telorragia en la infancia tienen buen pronóstico y son de carácter autolimitado. Se debe, pues, evitar la realización de procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos innecesarios (AU)

Thelorrhagia is a rare entity in children. For this reason and for its association with tumour pathology in adults, it is usually a cause of concern. Its most common cause is mammary duct ectasia, although we must rule out other pathologies, such as mastitis, hormonal disorders, and tumours and cysts of the mammary gland. We report the case of a one-month-old girl, who attends consultation after having small intermittent bleeding from the right nipple. The physical examination revealed the presence of a bloody discharge when we pressed this breast, showing no hypertrophy of the gland or any palpable nodules. In view of the exploration and the results of additional tests which did not suggest the presence of any malignant process, we adopted an expectant attitude. After a few days, thelorrhagia spontaneously disappeared and the girl became asymptomatic. It is important to note that most diseases that result in childhood thelorrhagia are mild and self-limited. We must therefore avoid performing unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (AU)

Electronic structure of Sn/Cu(100)-[Formula: see text].

We present measurements of the Fermi surface and underlying band structure of Sn/Cu(100)-[Formula: see text]. This phase is observed for a coverage of 0.60-0.65 monolayers. Its electronic structure is characterized by a free-electron-like surface band folded with the reconstruction periodicity. At variance with other surface phases of Sn on Cu(100), no temperature-induced phase transition is observed for this phase from 100 K up to the desorption of Sn.

Surface x-ray diffraction analysis using a genetic algorithm: the case of Sn/Cu(100)-[Formula: see text].

The application of genetic algorithms to the analysis of surface x-ray diffraction data is discussed and the implementation of a genetic algorithm of evolutionary type is described in detail. The structure of Sn/Cu(100)-[Formula: see text] is determined on the basis of surface x-ray diffraction data analysed using this algorithm. The results are compared to previous findings using other techniques.

Surface electronic structure of Pb/Cu(100): surface band filling and folding.

We report an investigation into the surface electronic structure of Pb/Cu(100) in the submonolayer coverage range. A prominent surface band is detected in the whole coverage range analysed. The band is gradually filled as Pb coverage increases. For a Pb coverage of 0.375 ML, corresponding to the c(4 × 4) phase, a strong c(4 × 4) folding of this state is observed in the valence band. The origin of these results and the nature of the surface electronic structure of Pb/Cu(100)- c(4 × 4) are discussed.

Varón joven con fiebre, clínica neurológica y deposiciones patológicas / Young male with fever, neurological symptoms and pathological stools

Las parasitosis por tenias constituyen una patología de baja incidencia en nuestro entorno predominando en zonas rurales en consumidores de carne poco preparada y de animales no inspeccionados de origen porcino o vacuno. Los síntomas más frecuentes que pueden ocasionar son de origen gastrointestinal aunque las reacciones urticariales, cefalea y anorexia pueden estar presentes. Las complicaciones como apendicitis, obstrucción o perforación intestinal y afectación muscular o cerebral no son habituales. Se presenta un caso de parasitosis por Taenia saginata cuya manifestación clínica sugirió inicialmente un proceso neurológico de gravedad

Parasitosis due to taenia is a disease with low incidence in our setting, it predominating in the rural area in those who eat undercooked meat and animal origin food such as pork or beef. The most frequent symptoms that they can cause are gastrointestinal. However, urticarial reactions, headache and anorexia may be present. Complications such as appendicitis, obstruction or intestinal perforation and muscle or brain involvement are unusual. A case of parasitosis due to Taenia Saginata whose clinical manifestation initially suggested a serious neurological condition is presented

Electronic structure of C60 on Au(887).

We present an analysis of the electronic structure of C60 adsorbed on a vicinal Au(111) surface at different fullerene coverages using photoemission, x-ray absorption, and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STS). STS provides a straightforward determination of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels with respect to the Fermi energy. At C60 coverages of 0.5 and 1 ML a 2.7 eV wide HOMO-LUMO gap is found. The near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectrum for the 0.5 ML C60 nanomesh structure displays a significant intensity at the low energy side of the LUMO exciton peak, which is explained as due to absorption into HOMO-LUMO gap states localized at individual C60 cluster edges. From 0.5 to 1 ML we observe a rigid shift of the HOMO-LUMO peaks in the STS spectra and an almost complete quenching of the gap states feature in NEXAFS.