Probióticos como tratamiento psiconutricional para la anorexia nerviosa. Una revisión sistemática / Probiotics as a psychonutritional treatment for anorexia nervosa. A systematic review

Resumen Se afirma que la anorexia nerviosa es sinónimo de una comunidad microbiana intestinal desregula da. Al parecer, existen diferencias notables en la composición de la microbiota de las personas con anorexia nerviosa en comparación con personas sanas. Por otro lado, se advierte que los probióticos modifican la microbiota y mejoran el bienestar mental y síntomas intestinales, pero actualmente no se han documentado los resultados de aquellos estudios que evidencien la eficacia de los probióticos en la terapia psiconutricional de la anorexia nerviosa. Por lo anterior, se realizó una revisión siste mática con el objetivo de identificar estudios que suministraron probióticos a personas con anorexia nerviosa y analizar sus efectos en el tratamiento. El método incluyó los procedimientos de la Medi cina Basada en Evidencia y la declaración PRISMA (lista de verificación con dominios que incluye el documento de elaboración y diagrama de flujo) a través del formato PICO. Se encontraron siete estu dios que demuestran efectos positivos en la recuperación del peso corporal, salud mental e intestinal y respuesta antiinflamatoria. La escasa información al respecto representa un área de oportunidad para establecer protocolos de investigación que indaguen más acerca de los efectos de los probióticos en la recuperación de personas con anorexia nerviosa.

Abstract Anorexia nervosa is claimed to be synonymous with a dysregulated gut microbial community. The re appear to be notable differences in the composition of the microbiota of people with anorexia nervosa compared to healthy people. On the other hand, it is noted that probiotics modify the mi crobiota and improve mental well-being and intestinal symptoms, but currently the results of those studies that show the efficacy of probiotics in the psycho-nutritional therapy of anorexia nervosa have not been documented. A systematic review was carried out with the aim of identifying studies that provided probiotics to people with anorexia nervosa and analyzing their effects on treatment. The method included the procedures of Evidence-Based Medicine and the PRISMA statement (chec klist with domains that includes the elaboration document and flowchart) through the PICO format. Seven studies were found that demonstrate positive effects on body weight regain, mental and gut health, and anti-inflammatory response. The scarce information in this regard represents an area of opportunity to establish research protocols that investigate more about the effects of probiotics on the recovery of people with anorexia nervosa.

Velocidad al comer en personas con normopeso y sobrepeso-obesidad: un análisis experimental / Eating speed in people with normal-weight and overweight-obese: An experimental analysis

Resumen La obesidad se ha posicionado como uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en México. Su estudio involucra el análisis de la conducta alimentaria (CA) y de algunos de sus parámetros, como la velocidad al comer (VC). El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la VC, tamaño y número de mordiscos, número y patrón de masticaciones que realizan personas con normopeso (n = 5) y sobrepeso-obesidad (n = 4). Mediante un diseño cuasiexperimental de una sola evaluación, los participantes fueron video-grabados mientras comían una rebana de pizza (90 gramos). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tamaño del mordisco (Z = 2.357, p = 0.016) y el número de mordiscos (Z = -2.357, p = 0.016), con un tamaño del efecto pequeño en ambos parámetros (r = 0.29), lo que indica que las personas con sobrepeso-obesidad tienen un mordisco de mayor tamaño y realizan un menor número de mordiscos. México posee un ambiente obesogénico y una prevalencia alta en enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, que comparten a la CA como una de las principales causas de su génesis, continuar con el estudio de la VC y parámetros asociados permitirá sentar las bases para el diseño de intervenciones para la prevención de sobrepeso-obesidad.

Abstract Obesity has become one of the main public health problems in Mexico. Its study involves the analysis of eating behavior (EB) and some of its parameters, such as eating speed (ES). The objective of this study was to compare the ES, size and number of bites, number and pattern of chewing performed by normal-weight (n = 5) and overweight-obese (n = 4) individuals. Using a single-assessment quasi-experimental design, participants were videotaped while eating a slice of pizza (90 grams). Significant differences were found in bite size (Z = 2.357, p = 0.016) and number of bites (Z = -2.357, p = 0.016), with a small effect size in both parameters (r = 0.29), indicating that overweight-obese individuals have a larger bite size and take a smaller number of bites. Mexico has an obesogenic environment and a high prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases, which share EB as one of the main causes of their genesis; continuing with the study of ES and associated parameters will allow us to lay the foundations for the design of interventions for the prevention of overweight-obesity.

Evaluation of Taste Aversion Learning Procedure for the Generalization of Aversion Using Palatable Foods / Evaluación del procedimiento aprendizaje aversivo gustativo para la generalización de la aversión con dos alimentos palatables

Abstract An experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the taste aversion conditioning paradigm in the generalization of aversion with palatable foods was performed. Ten experimentally naive females Wistar rats and three types of foods were used: a) standard purina rodent chow, b) vanilla flavor cookies and c) chocolate-flavored cookies. Subjects were divided into two groups, five subjects per group. Using the taste aversion conditioning paradigm protocol, subjects were exposed to the types of food keeping an intake record. The experiment demonstrated that rats can acquire an aversion to palatable foods accompanied by a tendency to generalize, when using elements that share characteristics such as nutritional content and texture. In addition, the intake of a food that does not share the characteristics of texture, taste, smell and energy content with the one used for conditioning was not been affected. These findings indicate that the aversion generalization seems to depend on the properties of the food used.

Resumen Se evaluó experimentalmente la efectividad del paradigma de aprendizaje aversivo gustativo en la generalización de la aversión utilizando alimentos palatables. Se utilizaron diez ratas Wistar hembras experimentalmente ingenuas y tres tipos de alimentos: a) purina comida estándar para roedores, b) galletas con sabor a vainilla y c) galletas con sabor a chocolate. Los sujetos fueron divididos en dos grupos, cinco sujetos en cada uno. Usando el paradigma de condicionamiento de aversión al sabor, los sujetos fueron expuestos a los tipos de alimentos manteniendo un registro de ingesta. El experimento demostró que las ratas pueden adquirir una aversión a los alimentos palatables acompañados por una tendencia a generalizarse, cuando se utilizan elementos que comparten características como el contenido nutricional y la textura. Además, la ingesta de un alimento que no comparte características como la textura, sabor, olor y contenido energético como el utilizado para el condicionamiento no se vio afectada. Estos hallazgos demuestran que la generalización de la aversión parece depender de las propiedades de los alimentos utilizados.

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), a Promising Alternative in the Treatment of Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemias.

Raspberry production and consumption have increased in recent years due to its polyphenol content such as anthocyanins and ketones, bioactive compounds that have been studied to reduce blood glucose levels and stabilize the blood lipid profile. The objective of this study was to systematically recover and review scientific evidence regarding the consumption of raspberry or its bioactive compounds and the action mechanisms involved in the hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects they present. Original articles from in vitro and in vivo enzyme inhibition studies, animal models, and human clinical studies were compiled in PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases. Studies showed satisfactory results regarding blood glucose level reduction after consumption of frozen or lyophilized raspberry, infusion of raspberry leaves, seed oil, as well as compounds, extracted from the fruit by inhibiting enzymes such as α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and other mechanisms that increase insulin production and insulin sensitivity. However, regarding the lipid-lowering effect, the results were heterogeneous, mainly in terms of stabilization in triglyceride levels. However, a reduction in cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels is reported, as well as an increase in high-density lipoproteins. According to the results, raspberry can be included in the nonpharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemias; however, further research is considered necessary.

The role of ghrelin and leptin in feeding behavior: Genetic and molecular evidence.

Feeding behavior is integrated within a wide variety of eating behaviors, which depend on psychosocial, biological and environmental factors. These types of behavior can cause nutrition-related diseases such as obesity, which affects more than 650 million people worldwide. Ghrelin and leptin are key hormones that regulate appetite, food intake and energy metabolism. Research in genetics suggests that genetic variants of both hormones are associated with complex forms of eating behavior, such as a preference for palatable food, making individuals susceptible to the modern obesogenic environment. This review analyses the scientific evidence around polymorphisms in the ghrelin and leptin genes and their association with eating behavior. The understanding of these mechanisms is relevant since it could impact on the objectives of pharmacological or behavioral interventions for their treatment.

Administración crónica de cafeína evita la alteración de la glucosa postprandial en ratas / Chronic caffeine administration prevents postprandial glucose disturbance in rats

La administración crónica de cafeína evita la alteración de la glucosa postprandial en ratas. El aumento en el consumo de la cafeína alrededor del mundo no es discutible, es así como su investigación se ha vuelto extensa en sus diferentes campos. Objetivo. Analizar los efectos de la administración crónica de cafeína en ratas alimentadas con dieta de cafetería, a través de evaluar índices de consumo, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Materiales y métodos. La dieta de cafetería es un modelo dietético equivalente a las características de la dieta occidental típica que origina síndrome metabólico en humanos. En esta investigación se realizó la administración crónica vía intraperitoneal de cafeína por ocho semanas a ratas adultas macho Wistar alimentadas con dieta de cafetería. Dada la poca evidencia acerca de los efectos biológicos y comportamentales de la administración crónica de dicha sustancia frente a un modelo de dieta de cafetería se evaluaron parámetros de consumo, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Resultados. La dieta de cafetería ocasionó anomalías asociadas al síndrome metabólico; no obstante, la administración de cafeína en las ratas alimentadas con esa dieta resultó ser un factor protector en la glucosa postprandial, más no en la alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa o perfil lipídico. Conclusiones. La cafeína permitió proteger los niveles de glucosa postprandial al término del experimento y un descenso en el peso corporal y consumo de alimento solo en la primera semana. Sin embargo, no se observaron mejoras significativas en el perfil de lípidos, adiposidad, tolerancia a la glucosa y glucosa plasmática(AU)

Chronic caffeine administration prevents postprandial glucose disturbance in rats. The increase in caffeine consumption is not debatable, this is how his research has become extensive in his different fields. Objective. To analyze the effects of chronic administration of caffeine in rats fed a cafeteria diet, by evaluating consumption, anthropometric and biochemical indices. Previous studies refer to administering caffeine in diets high in carbohydrates and / or in fat that induce obesity or symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Material and methods. The cafeteria diet is a dietary model equivalent to the characteristics of the typical western diet that causes metabolic syndrome in humans. In this research, chronic intraperitoneal administration of caffeine was performed for 8 weeks to adult male Wistar rats fed a cafeteria diet. Given the little evidence about the biological and behavioral effects of the chronic administration of this substance against a cafeteria diet model, consumption, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results. After eight weeks it was found that the cafeteria diet given to the controls caused abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome; regarding the administration of caffeine in the rats fed this diet, the treatment turned out to be a protective factor in postprandial glucose, but not in the alteration of glucose tolerance or lipid profile. Conclusions. Caffeine allowed to protect postprandial glucose levels at the end of the experiment and a decrease in body weight and food consumption only in the first week. However, no significant improvements were seen in lipid profile, adiposity, glucose tolerance, and plasma glucose(AU)

Compuestos fenólicos y su efecto en las dislipidemias en seres humanos: Una revisión sistemática

RESUMEN Las muertes por enfermedades del corazón y otras patologías cardiovasculares han aumentado en las últimas décadas. Dentro de los principales factores que pueden desencadenar las enfermedades cardíacas se encuentran las dislipidemias, trastornos que afectan directamente la capacidad de irrigación sanguínea a través del desarrollo de ateromas en el sistema cardiovascular. Se ha propuesto que la ingesta de compuestos fenólicos tiene un importante efecto antilipidémico, hecho que sugiere una cualidad de prevención y protección del compuesto contra estas enfermedades. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un análisis de la información relacionada con el tratamiento que incluye la utilización de los compuestos fenólicos sobre parámetros de dislipidemias en seres humanos; comparando la muestra, los componentes y los resultados ante este tipo de trastornos. Aunque el número de artículos que incorporan esta relación es diverso, esta revisión sistemática explora las investigaciones que se han realizado sobre una posible reacción benéfica en el metabolismo del ser humano. La búsqueda se realizó en dos bases de datos: PubMed y Web of Science, que arrojaron un total de 2.229 artículos potenciales, de los que se excluyeron 2.194 restando 35 artículos para la revisión. En conjunto, los resultados mostraron que, si bien se han comprobado ciertas propiedades benéficas de los compuestos fenólicos como isoflavonas, taninos, teaflavinas y antocianinas sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares, específicamente en las dislipidemias en un paradigma de estudio muy amplio, aún es difícil conjugar resultados concluyentes. En estas circunstancias, la información disponible resulta un punto de referencia para seguir indagando en la acción de los compuestos fenólicos sobre este tipo de patologías.

ABSTRACT Deaths from heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases have increased in recent decades. Among the main factors that lead to the development of heart disease is dyslipidemia, which are disorders that directly affect the blood supply through the development of atheroma in the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed that phenolic compound intake has an important antilipidemic effect, a fact that suggests a preventive and protective characteristic against these diseases. The objective of this work is to present an analysis of the information related to treatment that includes the use of phenolic compounds on dyslipidemia parameters in humans; comparing samples, the components and the results of these types of disorders. Although the number of articles exploring this relationship is diverse, this systematic review explores the data related to a possible beneficial reaction of human metabolism. The search was carried out in two databases: PubMed and Web of Science, where a total of 2229 potential articles were obtained, of which 2194 were excluded, leaving 35 articles for review. Altogether, the results showed that, although there are certain beneficial properties of phenolic compounds such as isoflavones, tannins, theaflavins and anthocyanins that have been proven beneficial for cardiovascular diseases, for dyslipidemia specifically, it is still difficult to combine conclusive results. In these circumstances, the available information indicates the necessity to continue investigating the action of phenolic compounds on these types of pathologies.

The Effects of Avocado Waste and Its Functional Compounds in Animal Models on Dyslipidemia Parameters.

Ischemic heart disease and stroke are two main causes of death that have prevailed for more than 15 years. Dyslipidemia and its parameters like hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increase in low-density cholesterol, and a reduction of high-density cholesterol have been related with heart disease and risk of stroke. Approaches to improve the health and specifically reduce the risk of heart disease, such as medications and dietary interventions have been effective, but there are other potential sources of biological compounds that could have an effect due to their antioxidant properties. Avocado is a commonly consumed fruit especially its pulp, while the peel, seed, and leaf are usually discarded as waste. Some researchers have reported antioxidant, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic effects in these wastes. In this review article, we have summarized the current evidence on the effect of biological compounds from avocado waste on dyslipidemia parameters in preclinical models. Also, we have included the compound extracted and the extraction method from the selected articles.

La ingesta de stevia modifica la dinámica del peso corporal, la glucosa y el colesterol en ratas hembras: Algoritmo k-NNs / Stevia availability modifies body weight dynamics, glucose and cholesterol in female rats: k-NN algorithm

El consumo de stevia ha sido promovido por su bajo aporte calórico, su efecto antidiabético y antihipercolesterolémico. Sin embargo, los efectos de la ingesta de stevia parecen no ser los mismos para las ratas hembras respecto de los machos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la ingesta de stevia sobre el consumo de alimento, peso corporal y niveles de glucosa, insulina, colesterol y triglicéridos en ratas hembras Wistar durante 13 semanas y realizar un análisis predictivo del peso corporal y la ingesta de alimento a 20 semanas. Se utilizaron 20 ratas hembras adultas, que se dividieron en 2 grupos: control (CG) y stevia (SG), ambos grupos recibieron agua y comida a libre acceso, así como una solución de stevia al 0,2 % para el grupo SG. Se registró diariamente el consumo de alimento, agua y solución de stevia; la medición del peso corporal se realizó semanalmente. Al final de las 13 semanas de experimentación, los animales se sacrificaron para evaluar los parámetros metabolicos. El grupo SG mostró un mayor consumo de alimento, mayor proporción de ganancia de peso corporal, niveles de glucosa y colesterol que el grupo CG. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de triglicéridos e insulina. Respecto al análisis predictivo (semanas 14-20), se mantiene un incremento significativo en el consumo de alimento y se observa una tendencia de aumento en la proporción de ganancia de peso corporal. Esto indica que el consumo de stevia en ratas hembras parece no tener los mismos efectos benéficos reportados en machos(AU)

Consumption of stevia has been promoted due to its low caloric intake, it's effects as anti-diabetic and anti-hypercholesterolemic. However, the effects of stevia consumption is apparently not the same in females than males. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of stevia intake on meal consumption, body weight and levels of glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides in female Wistar rats during 13 weeks and develop a predictive analysis of the body weight and meal intake over 20 weeks. 20 adult female rats were utilized, these were divided into two groups: control (CG) and stevia (SG), both groups received free access to water and food, the SG also received a stevia solution at 0.2%. Consumption of food, water and stevia solution was recorded daily, while weight was recorded weekly. At the end of the 13 weeks of experiment, the subjects were sacrificed to evaluate the metabolic parameters. The SG group showed a higher consumption of food, higher proportion of body weight gain, glucose levels and cholesterol than the CG. No significant differences were found in levels of triglyceride or insulin. Respect to the predictive analysis (weeks 14-20), a significant increase in food consumption is maintained and an increasing trend is observed in the proportion of body weight gain. This indicates that stevia consumption appears not to have the same benefit effects in female rats than male rats(AU)

Potential Hypoglycemic Effect of Pomegranate Juice and Its Mechanism of Action: A Systematic Review.

Pomegranate juice (PJ) has gained popularity attributed to its phenolic compounds and their medicinal properties. Its potential hypoglycemic effect has been related to enzymatic inhibition, insulin release, and the protection of pancreatic tissue. These effects depend on several aspects, such as the content and composition of phenols in pomegranate and characteristics of the organism that consumes the juice. The objective of this study was to systematically review scientific evidence investigating the hypoglycemic effect of PJ; the factors that affect bioactive compounds; and the mechanisms of action attributed to this effect. Human and rodent in vivo and in vitro studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. After reviewing the articles, it was identified that the methodologies and results among the scientific evidence were quite heterogeneous. Despite these limitations, many of the in vivo and in vitro studies found important hypoglycemic effects from PJ, as well as an increase in the function of ß-cell, insulin secretion, a significantly lower activity of α-amylase enzyme, an inhibition of the enzyme α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), and the protection against DNA damage. Determining the potential health benefits of polyphenols contained in the pomegranate is limited for multiple factors that could affect the efficacy of PJ. Overall, the results of this review suggest the need for further experimentation, using controlled variable factors and testing the effect of PJ under similar experimental conditions.

Efectos diferenciales del condicionamiento aversivo a sabores sobre la ingesta de sacarosa y estevia / Differential effects of conditioned taste aversion on sucrose and stevia intake

Resumen La asociación entre un estímulo alimentario y una sensación de malestar produce una aversión alimentaria, procedimiento denominado condicionamiento aversivo a sabores (CAS). Dado que no existen evidencias claras acerca de los efectos de este procedimiento sobre el consumo de endulzantes, el propósito de este estudio fue examinar la efectividad del CAS para disminuir el consumo de dos endulzantes naturales. Se trabajó con 30 ratas Wistar, distribuidas en tres grupos. En la fase 1 los grupos fueron expuestos a alimento y cada uno a una solución distinta: agua + sacarosa (G1), agua + estevia (G2) y agua sin endulzar (GC). En la fase 2 los grupos experimentales recibieron una inyección intraperitoneal de cloruro de litio. En la fase 3 los grupos retornaron a las condiciones de la primera fase. Después del CAS, G1 y G2 disminuyeron significativamente su consumo de bebida, sin embargo fue mayor al registrado en GC. Los resultados se discuten en función de la asociación entre el sabor y el contenido energético, lo que permite establecer nuevas directrices en el estudio del consumo de endulzantes. Se concluye que los procedimientos que producen aversión condicionada podrían resultar eficaces en el control de algunas conductas alimentarias alteradas.

Abstract The association between a food stimulus and a feeling of discomfort produces a food aversion; this procedure is called aversive taste conditioning (ATC). Since there is no clear evidence about the effects of this procedure on the consumption of sweeteners, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of ATC to decrease the consumption of two natural sweeteners. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups. In phase 1 all groups were exposed to free food access and each group to a different solution: water + sucrose (G1), water + stevia (G2) and unsweetened water (CG). In phase 2 the experimental groups received an intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride. In phase 3 the groups returned to the conditions of the first phase. After the ATC, the G1 and G2 significantly decreased their beverage consumption, although it was higher than the consumption of CG. The results are discussed in terms of the association between flavor and energy content, which allows establishing new guidelines in the study of the consumption of sweeteners. It is concluded that procedures such as ATC are effective in the control of some disordered eating behaviors.

Estudio e investigación del comportamiento alimentario: Raíces, desarrollo y retos / Study and research of feeding behavior: Roots, development and challenges

Resumen El presente trabajo expone una revisión de las raíces y el desarrollo del estudio e investigación sobre comportamiento alimentario (CA). Se destacan las aportaciones iniciales y algunas otras que le han venido dotando de identidad a esta área de estudio. Entre ellas, el señalamiento de la conducta como medio indispensable para mantener el estado de equilibrio en los organismos, y el papel del aprendizaje como determinante de la preferencia, la selección y el consumo de alimento. Posteriormente se presentan los argumentos que establecen al CA como elemento integrador del conocimiento que sobre alimentación han generado otras áreas de la ciencia. Finalmente se puntualizan los principales retos a enfrentar por parte de los académicos dedicados al estudio e investigación sobre CA, y se pondera el papel de la educación en alimentación y nutrición como la solución óptima a las problemáticas alimentarias.

Abstract The present work provides a review of the basis and development of the study and research on feeding behavior (FB). Initial contributions and those that gave identity to this field are highlighted. Among them, the behavior is approached as an essential mean to maintain the state of balance in the organisms, as well as the role of learning as a determinant of food preference, selection and consumption. Subsequently, are presented the arguments that establish FB as an element that integrate the knowledge related to feeding generated by other areas of science. Finally, are stated the main challenges for academics dedicated to the study and research of FB and the role of education on food and nutrition as an optimal solution for food problems.

Consumo de jugo de granada (Punica granatum) y su efecto sobre la glucemia, perfil lipídico e histología del páncreas en un modelo de hiperglucemia inducida mediante estreptozotocina / Pomegranate juice consumption (Punica granatum) and its effect on glycemia, lipid profile and histology of the pancreas in a model of induced hyperglycemia by streptozotocin

Diversos compuestos bioactivos de los alimentos se han empleado en el tratamiento alterativo de la diabetes mellitus. El jugo de granada posee un alto contenido en compuestos fenólicos a los cuales se les atribuyen propiedades biológicas como hipolipemiante, hipoglucemiante y protector del tejido pancreático. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del libre acceso de jugo de granada sobre los niveles de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos e integridad del tejido pancreático in vivo. Se emplearon 18 ratas macho Wistar inducidas a hiperglucemia con 60 mg estreptozotocina/kg de peso corporal intraperitoneal (IP). Se formaron tres grupos experimentales. El grupo HS expuesto a solución de sacarosa, el grupo HJG expuesto a jugo de granada y el grupo HSI expuesto a solución de sacarosa y tratamiento con insulina. Los resultados mostraron que, las ratas del grupo HJG consumieron jugo de granada durante 21 días, lo que resultó en la reducción de los niveles de glucosa con respecto a su valor inicial de 417 a 356 mg/dL, no de manera significativa (p>0.05). Los niveles de lípidos mostraron una reducción no significativa al finalizar la intervención (p>0.05). El estudio histológico del páncreas en el grupo HJG mostró conservación de la arquitectura pancreática y presencia de islotes de Langerhans; mientras que el grupo HS mostró extensa necrosis pancreática y el grupo HSI mostró daño intermedio con escasos islotes de Langerhans. Se sugiere que el jugo de granada posee efectos hipoglucemiantes y protege el tejido pancreático en ratas hiperglucémicas inducidas(AU)

Diverse bioactive compounds of foods have been used in the alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus. Pomegranate juice has a high content of phenolic compounds to which biological properties are attributed as lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic and protective of pancreatic tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of free access of pomegranate juice on the levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and the integrity of pancreatic tissue in vivo. Eighteen male Wistar rats were induced to hyperglycemia with 60 mg streptozotocin/kg of body weight intraperitoneal (IP). Three experimental groups were formed. The HS group exposed to sucrose solution, the HJG group exposed to pomegranate juice and the HSI group exposed to sucrose solution and insulin treatment. The results showed that the rats of the HJG group consumed pomegranate juice for 21 days, which resulted in the reduction of glucose levels from its initial value of 417 to 356 mg/dL, not significantly (p>0.05). Lipid levels showed a non-significant reduction at the end of the intervention (p>0.05). The histological study of the pancreas in the HJG group showed conservation of the pancreatic architecture and the presence of islets of Langerhans; while the HS group showed extensive pancreatic necrosis and the HSI group showed intermediate damage with few islets of Langerhans. It is suggested that pomegranate juice has hypoglycaemic effects and protects pancreatic tissue in induced hyperglycemic rats(AU)

Iron bioavailability of Lupinus rotundiflorus seeds and roots in low-iron-diet treated rats / Biodisponibilidade do ferro das sementes e raízes do Lupinus rotundiflorus em ratos tratados com uma dieta de baixo teor de ferro

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate iron bioavailability of roots and cooked seeds of Lupinus rotundiflorus for human consumption using a low-iron-diet rat model. Methods A hemoglobin depletion-repletion test was performed using rats. A standard diet containing 8mg kg-1 of iron was used. Three experimental diets were prepared based on the standard diet: 2.3g of root flour added to D1, 21.5g cooked seed flour added to D2, and 0.03g of ferrous sulfate added to D3 (control diet), adjusting iron concentration of the diets to 24mg kg-1. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency was used to measure iron bioavailability. Results Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency showed values of 13.80+2.49%, 13.70+1.60% and 18.38+1.56 in D1, D2 and D3 respectively, and biological relative values of 72.8, 75.08, and 100.00% (.<0.05). Conclusion Roots and cooked seeds of Lupinus rotundiflorus showed potential iron bioavailability, despite being a vegetal source, which could also encourage the study of other species of lupin as a source of iron.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a biodisponibilidade do ferro das semente e raízes cozidas de Lupinus rotundiflorus para humanos usando um modelo de rato com deficiência de ferro. Métodos Um teste de depleção-repleção de hemoglobina foi feito usando ratos. Uma dieta base com 8mg kg-1 de ferro foi usada. Partindo da dieta base, três dietas experimentais foram preparadas: D1 com 2,3g de farinha de raiz adicionada, D2 com 21,5g de farinha da semente cozida adicionada e D3 com 0,03g de sulfato ferroso adicionado (dieta controle), ajustando a concentração de ferro das dietas a 24mg kg-1. A eficiência da regeneração da hemoglobina foi usada para medir a biodisponibilidade do ferro. Resultados Regeneração da hemoglobina apresenta valores de 13,80+2,49%, 13,70+1,60% e 18,38+1,56 na D1, D2 e D3 respectivamente e, valores biológicos relativos de 72,8, 75,08 e 100,00% (p<0.05). Conclusão As raízes e sementes cozidas do Lupinus rotundiflorus mostraram potencial biodisponibilidade de ferro, apesar de ser uma fonte vegetal, que poderia também incentivar o estudo de outras espécies de lupino como uma fonte de ferro.

Saciación vs saciedad: reguladores del consumo alimentario / Satiation and satiety in the regulation of energy intake

The study of the factors that regulate high energy food intake is especially relevant nowadays due to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Food intake regulation can be divided in two basic processes, namely satiation and satiety. Satiation is the process that determines the moment in which feeding stops and regulates the amount of ingested food during a single meal. Satiety is the interval between meals and regulates the time elapsed between two meals. The longer the interval, the lower energy intake. Each of these processes are regulated by different factors, which are here reviewed.

Conducta alimentaria y estado nutricional: antes, durante y después del cáncer / EATING BEHAVIOR AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS: BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER CANCER

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una clasificación para el estudio de las conductas alimentarias y el estado nutricional en el proceso de enfermedad del cáncer. Las conductas alimentarias son un factor que interviene en la aparición, progresión y tratamiento del cáncer, además de comprometer el estado nutricional de los individuos. La relación entre nutrición y cáncer es bidireccional: por un lado, una alimentación inadecuada puede aumentar la incidencia de determinados cánceres, así como alterar el estado nutricional de los pacientes que ya presentan la enfermedad, y por otro lado, el propio cáncer y sus tratamientos pueden inducir la aparición de problemas nutricionales que se presentan en un 40-80% de los pacientes en el curso de la enfermedad. Por esta relación se hace evidente la dependencia que existe entre conducta alimentaria y cáncer. Las conductas alimentarias pueden estudiarse en tres etapas: conducta alimentaria antes del cáncer, conducta alimentaria durante el cáncer y conducta alimentaria después de los tratamientos. Por tal motivo, la investigación acerca del estado nutricional de los pacientes y las conductas alimentarias que se manifiestan en este lapso es fundamental para conocer y evitar el aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad de las personas por cáncer.

[Satiation and satiety in the regulation of energy intake]. / Saciación vs saciedad: reguladores del consumo alimentario.

The study of the factors that regulate high energy food intake is especially relevant nowadays due to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Food intake regulation can be divided in two basic processes, namely satiation and satiety. Satiation is the process that determines the moment in which feeding stops and regulates the amount of ingested food during a single meal. Satiety is the interval between meals and regulates the time elapsed between two meals. The longer the interval, the lower energy intake. Each of these processes are regulated by different factors, which are here reviewed.

La transición del comportamiento alimentario: una explicación desde la teoría de la conducta / Feeding Behavior Transition: An Explanation from Behavior Theory

La Teoría de la Conducta representa un medio para explicar la transición del comportamiento alimentario de los seres humanos, pues organiza los eventos psicológicos y clasifica cualitativamente las funciones estímulo-respuesta. Por esta razón, el propósito del presente documento es abordar el proceso de transición del comportamiento alimentario, detallando las cinco funciones psicológicas propuestas por dicha teoría, con la finalidad de diferenciar los cambios conductuales de las prácticas alimentarias tradicionalmente explicadas en función de factores biológicos y culturales en la transición de la dieta. El análisis se organizó de tal modo que se distinguieron las dimensiones de los sistemas de alimentación respecto a las funciones psicológicas propuestas por Ribes y López en 1985.

Behavior Theory represents a way to explain to human's feeding behavior transition. This theory organizes the psychologist's events and classifies stimulus-response functions through qualitative analysis. For this reason, the purpose of the present document is to approach the feeding behavior transition processes detailing the five psychological functions proposed by Behavior Theory. The target was to characterize the behavioral changes of feeding practices in diet transition that were explained through biological and cultural factors traditionally. The analysis was organized until way that feeding systems dimensions were distinguished to respect to the psychological functions proposed by Ribes and López in 1985.

Efecto del número de interrupciones en el patrón de conducta sedentaria sobre el gasto energético / Effect of the number of interruptions in the pattern of sedentary behavior on energy expenditure

Resumen: El papel de la conducta sedentaria sobre el deterioro del estado de salud ha sido ampliamente documentado como factor promotor de patologías. La evidencia científica demuestra que el porcentaje de personas que mantienen una actividad sedentaria aumenta en las grandes ciudades, y con ello el sobrepeso, la obesidad, la diabetes, la hipertensión, etc. Recientemente se ha evaluado el efecto de interrumpir los periodos de conducta sedentaria con actividad física, demostrando que con ello se aumenta el gasto energético. El objetivo del presente experimento fue comparar el efecto de 2 programas de interrupción del patrón de conducta sedentaria sobre el gasto calórico. Ocho alumnos universitarios se expusieron a 2 programas de interrupción de la conducta sedentaria. Para obtener el gasto energético se utilizaron monitores cardiacos de la marca Beurer modelo pm18. El primer programa consistió en periodos de 15 min de conducta sedentaria seguidos de una interrupción de 2.5 min de caminata como actividad física. El segundo presentó periodos de 30 min de conducta sedentaria seguidos de una interrupción de 5 min de actividad física. El análisis utilizando t de Student para muestras pareadas mostró que existe una diferencia significativa en el gasto calórico durante la conducta sedentaria entre el programa 1 y el 2. Se concluye que aumentar el número de interrupciones en los periodos de conducta sedentaria tiene un efecto directo sobre el gasto calórico.

Abstract: Sedentary behavior's role on health damage has been documented as a promoting factor of pathologies. Scientific evidence shows an increasing percentage of people with sedentary activity especially in large cities causing overweight, obesity, diabetes, hypertension etc. Effects of interrupting sedentary behavior periods with physical activity have been recently evaluated, demonstrating increases on energy expenditure. The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of two interruption programs of sedentary behavior pattern on caloric expenditure. Participants were exposed to two interruption programs of sedentary behavior. For energy expenditure, heart monitors brand Beurer PM18 model used. First program consisted on 15-minutes periods of sedentary behavior followed by a 2.5 minutes walking break as physical activity. Second program consisted on periods of 30 minutes of sedentary behavior followed by a 5 minutes break of physical activity. Analysis used Student t test for paired samples showed a significant difference in caloric expenditure during sedentary behavior between program 1 and 2. Concluding that increasing the number of interruptions of periods of sedentary behavior has a direct effect on caloric expenditure.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y obesidad en trabajadores de manufacturas en jalisco, méxico / Health-related quality of life and obesity in manufacturing workers in jalisco, mexico

Poco se sabe sobre el impacto del sobrepeso y la obesidad en la calidad de vida (CV), casi siempre se asocia a enfermedades crónicas. El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar los patrones de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y algunos comportamientos de salud en relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), en una muestra de trabajadores de la industria manufacturera en Jalisco, México, que no contaban con alguna enfermedad manifiesta. Se utilizó un diseño transversal con una muestra de 392 trabajadores de la industria manufacturera, 200 (51%) proceden de industrias pequeñas, 118 (30%) de la industria mediana y 74 (19%) de la industria grande. De los 392 trabajadores encuestados, la mayoría era mujer (65.1%), soltera (72%), en su mayor parte trabajadoras de producción (91%); el decremento de la actividad física, la disminución de los componentes mentales del SF-36 y el incremento de la percepción de problemas de salud se ven relacionados con el incremento IMC, en ambos sexos, con una asociación lineal significativa en el deterioro de la función física y la percepción de salud en mujeres en contaste con los hombre. En conclusión, existen comportamientos en salud, así como un deterioro físico e incremento en la percepción de malestares de salud asociados al incremento de IMC en los trabajadores de la industria manufacturera, con diferencias significativas por género(AU)

Little is known about the impact of overweight and obesity related quality of life (Qol)), almost always associated with chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns health related quality of life (HRQoL) and some health behaviors in relation to body mass index (BMI) in a sample of manufacturing workers who did not have any overt disease. A cross-sectional study was used with a sample of 392 manufacturing workers, 200 (51%) come from small industries, 118 (30%) of the industry median and 74 (19%) of the largest industry. Of the 392 workers surveyed, most were female (65,1%), single (72%), for the most part of production workers (91%); the decrease in physical activity, decreased mental components of the SF-36 and the increase in the perception of health problems are related to increased BMI for both gender, with a significant linear association in the impaired function and perceived physical health in women told the men. Scores on the mental components of the SF-36 did not differ by BMI categories in both sexes. In conclusion, there are health behaviors and physical deterioration and increase in the perception of health ailments associated to increased BMI on workers in the manufacturing industry, with significant differences by gender(AU)