Child-to-Parent Violence, Peer Victimization and Cybervictimization in Spanish Adolescents.

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between child-to-parent violence (CPV) (high, moderate and low), peer victimization (PV) (relational and overt, both physical and verbal) and cybervictimization (CV) (relational and overt), taking into account the role of sex. 1304 adolescents (53.14% girls) between the ages of 11 and 18 enrolled at secondary schools in the Autonomous Communities of Valencia, Aragón and Andalusia participated in the study. Adolescents with high CPV scores obtained higher scores for all types of PV and CV compared to the other CPV groups. Boys scored higher than girls in overt physical PV and in overt CV and girls obtained higher scores in relational PV. A statistically significant interaction effect was observed; boys with high CPV scores reported greater overt CV. The results suggest the importance of CPV in relation to specific forms of PV and CV and highlight the need to take into account the different processes of family socialization between boys and girls to reduce the likelihood of adolescents being victimized.

Cybervictimization, Offline Victimization, and Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of the Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites in Boys and Girls / Cibervictimización, victimización offline y ciberbullying: el rol mediador del uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales en chicos y chicas

The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of the problematic social networking sites use (PSNSU) in the relationship between both cybervictimization and offline victimization and cyberbullying in boys and girls. The sample consisted of 2,011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17, SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia, Spain. To examine this objective, moderated mediation model of the PROCESS macro was used. The results showed that both cybervictimization and offline victimization are positively related to cyberbullying directly and indirectly through PSNSU. Moreover, it was observed that boys victimized both online and offline demonstrated a higher involvement in cyberbullying, whereas girls reported a higher PSNSU. However, the PSNSU mediating effect was not moderated by gender. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed. (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el papel mediador del uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales (UPRSV) en la relación entre la cibervictimización, la victimización offline y el ciberbullying en chicos y chicas. Los participantes fueron 2,011 adolescentes (50.67% chicos y 49.32% chicas), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.17, DT = 1.47), escolarizados en centros educativos de Andalucía (España). Para examinar este objetivo se utilizó el modelo de mediación moderada de la macro de PROCESS. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la cibervictimización y la victimización offline se relacionan positivamente con el ciberbullying de manera directa e indirecta, a través del UPRSV. Además, se observó que los chicos victimizados tanto online como offline mostraron una mayor implicación en el ciberbullying mientras que las chicas mostraron un mayor UPRSV. Sin embargo, el efecto mediador del UPRSV no era moderado por el género. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas. (AU)

Assessment of a Multidimensional School Collective Efficacy Scale to Prevent Student Bullying: Examining Dimensionality and Measurement Invariance / Una evaluación de la Multidimensional School Collective Efficacy Scale para prevenir el acoso en escolares: el examen de la dimensionalidad y la invarianza de medida

The construct of a school collective efficacy to prevent bullying has attracted attention as a way to increase a positive, school-wide climate. The current study tested the fit of several first-order models of school collective efficacy to prevent (uni-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional) bullying using a sample of 579 male (Mage = 14.31, SD = 1.78 years old) and 589 female (Mage = 14.56, SD = 1.83 years old) Mexican adolescents. The models were validated by the extent to which the model was invariant by gender and by educational level (secondary vs. high school). Moreover, the discriminant and concurrent validity of model dimensions were examined through their relationships with other constructs. The results suggest that school collective efficacy is a three-dimensional construct, with supporting evidence for cohesion, students’ social control, and teachers’ social control dimensions. Measurement invariance was found in this three-dimensional measurement model by gender and educational level. The latent means difference analysis showed some differences by gender and educational level on factors of school collective efficacy. Finally, results support our hypotheses related to discriminant and concurrent validity in relation to external variables. Overall, findings indicate this three-dimensional model is useful to measure adolescents’ perceptions of school collective efficacy. (AU)

El constructo eficacia escolar colectiva para la prevención del acoso escolar ha recibido una creciente atención como una forma de mejorar el clima escolar. En el presente estudio se evaluó el ajuste de varios modelos de primer orden para medir la autoeficacia escolar colectiva para la prevención del acoso escolar (unidimensional, bidimensional y tridimensional), utilizando una muestra de 579 chicos (Medad = 14.31, DS = 1.78 años) y 589 chicas (Medad = 14.56, DS = 1.83 años) mexicanos. Para validar el modelo en distintos grupos se analizó la invarianza de medida por sexo y nivel educativo (secundaria vs. bachillerato). Además, se examinó la validez discriminante y concurrente analizando la relación de la eficacia escolar colectiva con otros constructos. Los resultados indican que la eficacia escolar colectiva es un constructo tridimensional conformado por las dimensiones de cohesión y confianza, control social de los estudiantes y control social de los docentes. La evidencia constata la invarianza de medida del modelo por sexo y nivel educativo. El análisis de las diferencias de medias latentes muestra diferencias por sexo y nivel educativo en las dimensiones de la eficacia escolar colectiva. Finalmente, los resultados confirman las hipótesis relativas a las relaciones de la eficacia escolar colectiva con otros constructos. Los hallazgos sugieren que el modelo tridimensional es útil para medir la percepción adolescente de la eficacia escolar colectiva. (AU)

The Mediating Role of Classroom Climate on School Violence.

Mediation analysis has been confirmed as a very useful statistical tool in the social sciences, especially in school-related studies. This type of analysis was used in the present study to examine the mediating role of classroom climate (measured with the classroom environmental scale), categorized into three dimensions, namely involvement, affiliation, and teacher support, on the relationship between peer victimization and peer aggression. The participants consisted of 2011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17; SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia (Spain). Findings revealed a significant direct relationship of all the dimensions. They also revealed that teacher support was the only dimension that mediates in the relationship between peer violence and peer aggression. The results and their implications for improving classroom climate and school violence are discussed.

Forgiveness and Loneliness in Peer-Victimized Adolescents.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationships between forgiveness, motivations for revenge, avoidance, and benevolence; loneliness, emotional loneliness and positive subjective evaluation of the social network; and peer victimization in schools, relational, overt physical, and overt verbal, based on gender. A battery of instruments was administered to 617 Spanish students (50.7% boys and 49.3% girls), aged between 10 and 16 years (M = 13.04 years, SD = 1.80 years) from primary and secondary education. A multivariate analysis of variance and a multiple block regression for data analysis was used. Study results revealed that the most victimized students showed greater motivation for revenge and avoidance, as well as a greater perception of emotional loneliness and less positive subjective evaluation of their social network. In addition, the findings obtained in the regression analysis (stepwise) indicated that being a boy between 11 and 13 years old and having a high level of emotional loneliness and high avoidance motivation were the most important predictors of peer victimization. Finally, the findings and their possible implications in the design of intervention projects that encourage forgiveness in interpersonal conflicts and integration in social networks as preventive strategies of peer victimization were discussed.

Cyberbullying among Adolescents: Psychometric Properties of the CYB-AGS Cyber-Aggressor Scale.

The present study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the revised version of the Adolescent Cyber-Aggressor scale (CYB-AGS). This scale is composed of 18 items that measure direct and indirect cyberbullying. A cross-sectional study was conducted using two independent samples of adolescents. The first sample included 1318 adolescents (52.6% girls) from 12 to 16 years old (M = 13.89, SD = 1.32). The second sample included 1188 adolescents (48.5% boys) from 12 to 16 years old (M = 14.19, SD = 1.80). First, to study the psychometric properties of the CYB-AGS, exploratory factor analysis was performed on Sample 1. Results indicated a two-factor structure: direct cyber-aggression and indirect cyber-aggression. Second, to verify the structure of the CYB-AGS, we selected Sample 2 to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and test the scale's convergent validity with theoretically-related measures. Results confirmed the reliability and validity of the two-dimensional model. Moreover, measurement invariance was established. Finally, regarding convergent validity, positive correlations were obtained between cyberbullying and aggressive behaviors in school, anger expression, negative attitudes towards school, and transgression of norms. Furthermore, negative correlations were found between cyberbullying and attitudes towards institutional authority.

Suicidal Ideation, Psychological Distress and Child-To-Parent Violence: A Gender Analysis.

Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a growing public health problem with consequences for perpetrators and families. Most research has focused on individual and family risk factors. However, little is known about its links with individual outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between CPV and psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and self-concept in school-aged adolescents, taking into account the gender perspective. A study was conducted with a sample of 8,115 adolescents, aged between 11 and 16 years (M = 13.34; SD = 1.04) from the State of Nuevo León, Mexico. A MANOVA 3 × 2 was performed to analyze the data. The results revealed that adolescents involved in CPV showed higher levels of psychological distress and suicidal ideation and lower levels of family and social self-concept. It was also observed that girls with higher levels of CPV scored the lowest levels of psychological distress and suicidal ideation, as well as the lowest levels of family self-concept. The findings highlight that adolescents and especially girls involved in CPV also report internal maladjustment outcomes. Finally, the results and their implications for research and intervention with adolescents involved in CPV are discussed.

The Role of Parental Communication and Emotional Intelligence in Child-to-Parent Violence.

In recent years, cases of child-to-parent violence (CPV) have increased significantly, prompting greater scientific interest in clarifying its causes. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between styles of family communication (open, offensive and avoidant), emotional intelligence or EI (attention, repair and perceived emotional clarity) and CPV, taking into account the gender of the aggressors. The participants of the study were 1200 adolescents (46.86% boys) between the ages of 12 and 18 enrolled at secondary schools in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia and Valencia (M = 13.88, SD = 1.32). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA, 3 × 2) was performed with CPV and gender as independent variables and family communication styles and EI as dependent variables. The results showed that the adolescents with low CPV obtained lower scores for offensive and avoidant family communication and higher scores for both positive family communication and emotional repair. The girls scored higher than the boys in both offensive communication and perceived emotional attention. The results highlight the importance of encouraging positive communication, as well as the need to strengthen perceived emotional repair to prevent future cases of CPV.

Parental Socialization, School Adjustment and Cyber-Aggression among Adolescents.

The objective of the present study is to analyse the relationships between parental socialization styles-indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative and negligent, school adjustment (social integration, academic competence and family involvement) and cyber-aggression (direct and indirect) in adolescents. Participating in this study were 1304 Spanish students of both sexes (53.1% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 13.87, SD = 1.33). Multivariate analyses of variance were performed. The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, school adjustment and cyber-aggression. It was observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed greater academic competence and greater family involvement. Additionally, the children from authoritarian families displayed greater involvement in direct and indirect cyber-aggression behaviours. The results obtained and their implications are discussed in the final section.

Family Communication Problems, Psychosocial Adjustment and Cyberbullying.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between family communication problems and cyberbullying, through psychosocial adjustment-psychological distress, attitude towards institutional authority, and problematic use of social networking sites-in adolescents. Random sampling by conglomerates was performed. A total of 8115 adolescents participated in the study (51.5% boys, 49.5% girls), and were aged between 11 and 16 years old (M = 13.34, SD = 1.04) and enrolled in the State of Nuevo León (Mexico). A structural equations model was developed using the Structural Equation Modeling Software (EQS). The results showed that problematic family communication is directly associated with cyberbullying, and also indirectly through the relationships of psychological distress and attitude towards transgression of social norms with the problematic use of social networking sites. The multi-group analyses also revealed gender differences in these relationships. Finally, the obtained results were discussed and their practical implications were shown.

Effects of Intervention Program Prev@cib on Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying.

Due to the negative consequences of being bullied and the increase in cyberbullying among adolescents, there is a need for evidence-based programs to prevent and intervene in these types of peer violence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Prev@cib bullying and cyberbullying program, drawing on three theoretical frameworks: the ecological model, empowerment theory, and the model of personal and social responsibility. The Prev@cib program was evaluated using a repeated-measures pre-post-test design with an experimental group and a control group. The sample consisted of 660 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 13.58, SD = 1.26), randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Repeated-measures ANOVA of pre-post-test scores were conducted. Results showed a significant decrease in bullying and victimization and cyberbullying and cybervictimization in the experimental group, compared to the control group, indicating that the Prev@cib program is effective in reducing bullying and cyberbullying. Taking into account the harmful effects of these types of violence, the results have important implications in the prevention of these behaviors because they provide scientific evidence of the program's effectiveness.

A psychosocial analysis of relational aggression in mexican adolescents based on sex and age / Un análisis psicosocial de la violencia relacional en adolescentes mexicanos en función del sexo y la edad

Background: This paper aims to identify predictive variables of relational aggression related to the individual, family and school environment in Mexican adolescents according to sex and age. Method: A total of 8,115 Mexican adolescents (51.5% boys), aged 11 to 16 years old (M = 13.34 years, SD = 1.040), selected by proportional stratified sampling. Results: From a stepwise regression analysis it was observed that the main predictors of relational aggression were non-conformist self-perception of social reputation, psychological distress, attitude toward institutional authority and offensive communication with the mother. Conclusions: Relational aggression underlies important explanatory dimensions for the prevention of school aggression, such as social reputation and psychological distress, which have been little explored in this field of study

Antecedentes: este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las variables predictoras de la violencia relacional relacionadas con el ámbito individual, familiar y escolar en adolescentes mexicanos, en función del sexo y la edad. Método: participaron 8.115 adolescentes mexicanos (51,5% chicos), de 11 a 16 años (M= 13.34 años; DT= 1.040), seleccionados a partir de un muestreo estratificado proporcional. Resultados: a partir de un análisis de regresión múltiple por pasos se observó que los principales predictores de la violencia relacional fueron la autopercepción no-conformista de la reputación y el malestar psicológico, la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional y la comunicación ofensiva con la madre. Conclusiones: en la violencia relacional subyacen dimensiones explicativas relevantes para la prevención de la violencia escolar como son la reputación social y el malestar psicológico que, sin embargo, han sido poco exploradas en este ámbito de estudio

A psychosocial analysis of relational aggression in Mexican adolescents based on sex and age.

BACKGROUND: This paper aims to identify predictive variables of relational aggression related to the individual, family and school environment in Mexican adolescents according to sex and age. METHOD: A total of 8,115 Mexican adolescents (51.5% boys), aged 11 to 16 years old (M = 13.34 years, SD = 1.040), selected by proportional stratified sampling. RESULTS: From a stepwise regression analysis it was observed that the main predictors of relational aggression were non-conformist self-perception of social reputation, psychological distress, attitude toward institutional authority and offensive communication with the mother. CONCLUSIONS: Relational aggression underlies important explanatory dimensions for the prevention of school aggression, such as social reputation and psychological distress, which have been little explored in this field of study.

Forgiveness, Gratitude, Happiness, and Prosocial Bystander Behavior in Bullying.

The relationships among character strengths (forgiveness and gratitude), happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior in bullying were analyzed. The sample includes 500 (early adolescents) and 500 (middle adolescents) of both genders, between 12 and 18 years old (M age = 14.70, SD = 1.58). Two structural equation models were calculated. Results of the first model indicated that forgiveness, gratitude, and happiness had a direct positive relation with prosocial bystander behavior. Furthermore, human strengths were indirectly related to prosocial behavior in bullying for this effect in happiness. The second model showed that prosocial bystander behavior had a positive effect on human strengths and happiness. Multigroup analyses indicated that gender and stage of adolescence did not moderate the relations found in the model. Overall findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between character strengths, happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior.

Propiedades Psicométricas de la Adaptación al Español de la Participant Role Approach (PRA) / Psychometric Properties of the Adaptation to Spanish of the Participant Role Approach (PRA) / Propriedades Psicométricas da Adaptação da Participant Role Approach (PRA) para o Espanhol

Resumen El estudio se propuso analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Participant Role Appoach (PRA) para medir roles de espectadores en el acoso escolar en pre-adolescentes. Participaron 787 estudiantes, 415 (52.7%) niños (M edad=10.59, DE=.66 años) y 372 (47.3%) niñas (M edad=10.51, DE=.64 años). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio sugirieron que el modelo de tres roles (pro-acoso, pro-social y no comprometido) se ajusta mejor a los datos que el de cuatro roles (alentador, asistente, defensor y no comprometido). La PRA mostró invariancia de medición en ambos sexos, y evidencias de validez concurrente. Se concluyó que la escala posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la medición de roles de espectadores en pre-adolescentes.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Positive Adolescent Development Value Scale (EVDPA, according to its acronym in Spanish) in Chilean students. The sample for the study was made up of 2250 adolescent male and female students between the ages of 12 and 21, from 25 secondary schools in Chile. A robust analysis procedure based on the cross-validation method was used. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis made it possible to obtain a reduced factorial structure with three latent factors: social values, personal values, and individualistic values. Evidence of reliability due to internal coherence was favorable. The conclusion is that despite the significant reduction of items and first-order dimensions, the EVDPA delivers sufficient evidence and can be used in the population of Chilean adolescent students.

Resumo O estudo propôs-se a analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Participant Role Approach (PRA) para medir os papéis de observadores no bullying em pré-adolescentes. Participaram 787 estudantes, 415 (52.7%) meninos (M idade=io.59, DP=.66 anos) e 372 (47.3%) meninas (M idade=io.5i, DP=.64 anos). Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatoria sugeriram que o modelo de três papéis (pró-bullying, pró-social e não comprometido) ajusta-se melhor aos dados do que o modelo de quatro papéis (encorajador, assistente, defensor e não comprometido). A PRA mostrou invariância de medição em ambos os sexos e evidências de validez concorrente. Concluiu-se que a escala tem propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a medição de papéis de observadores em pré-adolescentes.

Child-to-parent violence and parenting styles: its relations to problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and attitude towards institutional authority in adolescence / La violencia filioparental y los estilos de socialización parental: sus relaciones con el uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, la alexitimia y la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional en la adolescencia

The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationships between child-to-parent violence and parental socialization styles with the problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia and attitude towards institutional authority in adolescents. A sample of 2,399 adolescents (50.2% boys and 49.8% girls) enrolled in schools in Andalusia, aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) participated in the study. A MANOVA 4 × 2 × 2 was carried out. The results showed that high child-to-parent violence was related to high levels of problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and a more positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms. It was also found that adolescents from families with an indulgent style showed the lowest scores in problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms. Additionally, in situations of high child-to-parent violence, girls had higher scores in problematic use of social networking sites and alexithymia than boys. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre la violencia filioparental y los estilos de socialización parental con el uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, la alexitimia y la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional en adolescentes. Participaron 2,399 adolescentes (50.2% chicos y 49,8% chicas) escolarizados en centros educativos de Andalucía, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.63, DT = 1.91). Se realizó un MANOVA 4 × 2 × 2. Los resultados mostraron que la alta violencia filioparental se relacionaba con altos niveles de uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, de alexitimia y con una actitud más positiva hacia la transgresión de normas sociales. También se constató que los adolescentes procedentes de familias con un estilo indulgente mostraron las menores puntuaciones en uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, alexitimia y actitud positiva hacia la transgresión de normas sociales. Además, en situaciones de alta violencia filioparental, las chicas presentaron mayores puntuaciones en uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales y de alexitimia que los chicos. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas

Are Adolescents Engaged in the Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites More Involved in Peer Aggression and Victimization?

The problematic use of social networking sites is becoming a major public health concern. Previous research has found that adolescents who engage in a problematic use of social networking sites are likely to show maladjustment problems. However, little is known about its links with peer aggression and victimization. The main goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between problematic use of online social networking sites, peer aggression -overt vs. relational and reactive vs. instrumental-, and peer victimization -overt physical and verbal, and relational-, taking into account gender and age (in early and mid-adolescence). Participants were selected using randomized cluster sampling considering school and class as clusters. A battery of instruments was applied to 1,952 adolescents' secondary students from Spain (Andalusia) (50.4% boys), aged 11 to 16 (M = 14.07, SD = 1.39). Results showed that girls and 14-16 adolescents were more involved in a problematic use of online social networking sites. Furthermore, adolescents with high problematic use of online social networking sites were more involved in overt-reactive and instrumental-and relational-reactive and instrumental-aggressive behaviors, and self-reported higher levels of overt-physical and verbal-and relational victimization. Even though boys indicated higher levels of all types of victimization, girls with high problematic use of online social networking sites scored the highest on relational victimization. Relating to age, early adolescents (aged 11-14) with higher problematic use of online social networking sites reported the highest levels of overt verbal and relational victimization. Overall, results suggested the co-occurrence of problematic use of online social networking sites, peer aggression and victimization. In addition, results showed the influence that gender and age had on peer victimization. This study highlights the continuity between offline and online domains with regard to maladjustment problems in adolescence.

New Directions for Preventing Dating Violence in Adolescence: The Study of Gender Models.

Dating violence is a huge transcultural and alarming phenomenon, directly linked with endless discrimination against women. The latest research on dating violence in adolescence shows how dating violence is persistent and common in the adolescent period as well and pinpoints the origin of gender violence from first adolescent relationships. This element takes us to considerate how recent gender violence studies and policies, increased also thanks to international efforts on this issue, are not bringing expected results, especially among young people. This mini-review aims to analyze the main characteristics of current gender studies and policies on dating violence, focusing on percentages with a woman-centered approach, which stresses the consequences of gender violence. Other gender studies, that consider gender as a relational product, stress the importance of integrating the analysis of gender models as a key instrument to understand the main causes of dating violence, providing new elements to develop effective policies against dating violence. Indeed, gender models of femininity and masculinity are based on a binary system, which is also a reciprocal recognition and identity system: gender models define female and male characteristics, roles, stereotypes, and expectation, being complementary and foreclosing at the same time. Recent studies on gender relationships, especially among the youth, allows us to propose a new dialog between dating violence studies and gender model studies, underling the need of a complete and complex understanding of gender structure, and of its tensions and contradictions, to put an end to gender and dating violence, through effective programs.

Percepción de inseguridad, victimización y restricciones en la vida cotidiana en función del ciclo vital, en Morelos, México / Perception of insecurity, victimization and restrictions in daily life according to the life cycle, in Morelos, Mexico / Percepção da insegurança, vitimização e as limitações na vida diária baseada no ciclo vital, em Morelos, México

Resumen Los estudios sobre percepción de inseguridad, victimización y restricciones en la vida cotidiana en países con altos índices de criminalidad son escasos. Objetivo: examinar la percepción de inseguridad, victimización y variaciones de las rutinas en función de la edad. Método: se ha realizado una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Victimización y Percepción de Inseguridad (ENVIPE). Participaron 8.170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49,9 % mujeres y 50,1 % hombres), de entre 12 y 75 años, residentes en el Estado de Morelos, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo probabilístico estratificado y proporcional. Respecto a la edad, se establecieron los siguientes intervalos en función de las distintas etapas del ciclo vital: [12-17 años] 24 %, [18-20 años] 8 %, [21-30 años] 14 %, [31 y 40 años] 14 %, [41 y 60 años] 20 % y [61 o más años] 20 %. Resultados: indicaron diferencias significativas en la percepción de inseguridad, victimización y restricciones en las actividades cotidianas en función de la edad. Los adolescentes informaron de mayor percepción de inseguridad y de menos restricciones en su vida cotidiana. También, los adolescentes y los mayores de 61 años presentaron una menor victimización. Conclusión: los adolescentes constituyen el grupo de mayor vulnerabilidad para la victimización, perciben mayor inseguridad y realizan menos cambios en sus rutinas para protegerse de la delincuencia. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados.

Abstract Studies on the perception of insecurity, victimization and restrictions in daily life in countries with high crime rates are scarce. Objective: examining the awareness of insecurity and victimization, and the routine variations taking place according to age. Method: an adaptation has been made of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Insecurity (ENVIPE). A total of 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men), between 12 and 75 years old, residents in the State of Morelos, selected from a stratified and proportional probabilistic sampling. Regarding age, the following intervals were established depending on the different stages of the life cycle: [12-17 years] 24%, [18-20 years] 8%, [21-30 years] 14%, [31 and 40 years] 14%, [41 and 60 years] 20% and [61 or above] 20%. Results: Significant differences in the perception of insecurity, victimization and restrictions in daily activities based on age were shown. Adolescents reported greater insight with respect to insecurity and fewer restrictions in their daily lives. Also, adolescents and those over 61 years of age presented lower victimization. Conclusion: adolescents are the most vulnerable group for victimization; they perceive higher uncertainty and generally introduce fewer changes in their routines to protect themselves from crime. Finally, the results are discussed.

Resumo Os estudos sobre a percepção da insegurança, vitimização e as limitações na vida diária nos países com índices elevados de criminalidade são escassos. Objetivo: examinar a percepção da insegurança, vitimização e as variações das rotinas baseadas na idade. Método: uma adaptação da Escola Nacional sobre Vitimização e Percepção de Insegurança (ENVIPE) foi realizada. 8.170 sujeitos de ambos os sexos participaram (49.9% mulheres e 50.1% homens), entre e 75 anos, residentes no estado de Morelos, selecionados de uma amostra probabilística estratificada e proporcional. Com respeito à idade, os seguintes intervalos baseados nos diferentes estágios do ciclo vital forma estabelecidos: [12-17 anos] 24%, [18-20 anos] 8%, [21-30 anos] 14%, [31 e 40 anos] 14%, [41 e 60 anos] 20% e [61 ou mais anos] 20%. Resultados: indicaram diferenças significativas na percepção de insegurança, vitimização e as limitações nas atividades diárias baseadas na idade. Os adolescentes informaram uma maior percepção de insegurança e de menos limitações em sua vida diária. Também, os adolescentes e maiores de 61 anos apresentaram uma vitimização menor. Conclusão: os adolescentes constituem o grupo de maior vulnerabilidade para a vitimização, percebem maior insegurança e fazem menos mudanças em suas rotinas para proteger-se da delinquência. Finalmente, os resultados são discutidos.