Fibrobroncoscopia en una unidad de vigilancia intensiva respiratoria / Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in a respiratory intensive care unit

Objetivo: Describir las indicaciones, rentabilidad diagnóstica y complicaciones de la fibrobroncoscopia (FBS) en una unidad de vigilancia intensiva respiratoria (UVIR). Diseño: Estudio prospectivo observacional. Ámbito: UVIR de 6 camas en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Pacientes: Pacientes admitidos en una UVIR a los que se les realizó una FBS. Intervenciones: Ninguna. Variables de interés: Indicaciones y complicaciones de la FBS, técnicas endoscópicas realizadas y tiempo empleado en la FBS. Resultados: Se realizaron 107 (23%) FBS a 69 de los 297 pacientes admitidos en la UVIR. El 68% de las FBS se practicaron a pacientes con ventilación mecánica. La FBS se realizó con fines diagnósticos en 88 ocasiones (82%) y terapéuticos en 19 (18%). La indicación más frecuente para la FBS diagnóstica fue el estudio de infiltrados pulmonares (44 casos; 50%), particularmente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos (24 casos; 27%). Para esta indicación, la rentabilidad diagnóstica de la FBS fue significativamente mejor en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos, respecto a los inmunocompetentes (48% vs 30%; p<0,01). La FBS no causó complicaciones mayores; únicamente se observó un descenso significativo en la PaO2/FiO2 (182±74 vs 163±79; p<0,005) cuando se realizó un lavado broncoalveolar. La mortalidad global en la UVIR fue del 14%; del 25% en los pacientes que precisaron FBS y del 45% en aquellos que precisaron FBS adicionales. Conclusiones: La FBS es un procedimiento seguro y rápido que se utiliza con frecuencia en la UVIR y que contribuye significativamente al manejo clínico. Los pacientes de la UVIR que requieren FBS adicionales tienen una elevada mortalidad (AU)

Objective: To describe the indications, diagnostic performance and safety of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) performed in a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). Design: A prospective, observational study was carried out. Setting: A 6-bed RICU in a tertiary university hospital. Patients: Patients admitted to RICU who required FOB. Interventions: None. Main measurements: FOB indications and complications, endoscopic procedures, time required to perform FOB. Results: Sixty-nine out (23%) of the 297 patients admitted to the RICU underwent a total of 107 FOB. Sixty-eight percent of FOB were performed in patients on mechanical ventilation. FOB was performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in 88 (82%) and 19 cases (18%), respectively. The study of pulmonary infiltrates was the main indication for diagnostic FOB (44 cases; 50%), particularly in immunocompromised patients (24 cases; 27%). In immunocompromised patients the diagnostic performance of FOB was significantly higher than in immunocompetent subjects (48% vs 30%; p<0.01). No major complications were recorded. Only a significant drop in PaO2/FiO2 ratio was observed (182±74 vs 163±79; p<0.005) in patients undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage. Overall mortality in patients in the RICU was 14%. In patients requiring a single FOB procedure, mortality was 25%, versus 45% among those requiring more than one FOB procedure. Conclusions: These results show that FOB is used commonly in the RICU. It is a safe and fast procedure that contributes significantly to clinical management. Patients requiring additional FOB during admission to the RICU show high mortality (AU)

[Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in a respiratory intensive care unit]. / Fibrobroncoscopia en una unidad de vigilancia intensiva respiratoria.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the indications, diagnostic performance and safety of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) performed in a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). DESIGN: A prospective, observational study was carried out. SETTING: A 6-bed RICU in a tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients admitted to RICU who required FOB. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: FOB indications and complications, endoscopic procedures, time required to perform FOB. RESULTS: Sixty-nine out (23%) of the 297 patients admitted to the RICU underwent a total of 107 FOB. Sixty-eight percent of FOB were performed in patients on mechanical ventilation. FOB was performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in 88 (82%) and 19 cases (18%), respectively. The study of pulmonary infiltrates was the main indication for diagnostic FOB (44 cases; 50%), particularly in immunocompromised patients (24 cases; 27%). In immunocompromised patients the diagnostic performance of FOB was significantly higher than in immunocompetent subjects (48% vs 30%; p<0.01). No major complications were recorded. Only a significant drop in PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio was observed (182 ± 74 vs 163 ± 79; p<0.005) in patients undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage. Overall mortality in patients in the RICU was 14%. In patients requiring a single FOB procedure, mortality was 25%, versus 45% among those requiring more than one FOB procedure. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that FOB is used commonly in the RICU. It is a safe and fast procedure that contributes significantly to clinical management. Patients requiring additional FOB during admission to the RICU show high mortality.

An experimental model of pneumonia induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in ventilated piglets.

The objectives of the study were to validate a model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia in ventilated piglets and to study the time-course of biological markers and histopathological changes. 12 piglets were intubated and inoculated with 15 mL of a suspension of 10(6) colony forming units of MRSA in every lobe through the bronchoscope channel. The piglets were ventilated for 12 h (n = 6) and 24 h (n = 6). Clinical parameters were assessed every 6 h and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at baseline and sacrifice. Histopathology of each lobe and cultures from blood, lungs and BAL were performed. Animals developed histopathological evidence of pneumonia at necropsy. At 12 h, pneumonia was present in all animals and was severe pneumonia at 24 h. Microbiological studies confirmed the presence of MRSA. A significant increase in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α values was seen in BAL at 24 h and IL-6 at 12 h. In serum, only IL-6 levels had increased significantly at 24 h. In ventilated piglets, bronchoscopic inoculation of MRSA induces pneumonia at 12 h and severe pneumonia at 24 h. This severity was associated with a corresponding increase in systemic and local inflammatory response.

What lessons have been learnt from animal models of MRSA in the lung?

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic options for patients with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection are limited. In addition, little is known about the S. aureus virulence factors that may influence the presentation and prognosis of severe lower respiratory tract infections. Animal models of severe pneumonia allow investigators to control and exclude potential confounders and to examine the influence of comorbid conditions. Therefore, these models may improve our knowledge of the intimate pathophysiological mechanisms affecting pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapy. So far, animal research studies on MRSA and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus, performed both in small and large animal models, have improved knowledge of the mechanisms of disease, which may lead to a better treatment for this severe and complex infection in humans.